Citicorp Savings v. Rucker
State: Illinois
Court: 1st District Appellate
Docket No: 1-95-3551
Case Date: 03/26/1998
FOURTH DIVISION
March 26, 1998
No. 1-95-3551
CITICORP SAVINGS OF ILLINOIS, )
)
Plaintiff and ) Appeal from the
Counterdefendant-Appellee, ) Circuit Court
) of Cook County.
v. )
)
FRED RUCKER, AMERICAN NATIONAL BANK )
AND TRUST COMPANY OF CHICAGO, as )
Trustee, HARRY "BUS" YOURELL, CHICAGO )
TITLE AND TRUST COMPANY, as Trustee, )
LAVERGNE JONES, UNKNOWN OWNERS and ) Honorable
NONRECORD CLAIMANTS, ) JOHN K. MADDEN,
) Judge Presiding.
Defendants and )
Counterplaintiffs-Appellants. )
JUSTICE SOUTH delivered the opinion of the court:
On January 30, 1978, American National Bank and Trust
Company of Chicago, as trustee, executed a promissory note in
favor of Citicorp Savings of Illinois, n/k/a Citibank, F.S.B., in
the original principal amount of $25,000. The note was secured
by a mortgage on a six-unit apartment building located at 1456-
1458 East 71st Place in Chicago, Illinois. At all relevant
times, title to the property was held by the trustee.
On May 1, 1987, counterplaintiff Fred Rucker allowed the
insurance on the property to expire. In accordance with
paragraph B(1) of the mortgage, Citicorp advised Rucker that it
would obtain insurance coverage on the property and add the
premium cost to the indebtedness due on the note if Rucker failed
to reinstate or replace his cancelled insurance policy. The
mortgage documents provided that in the event of Rucker's failure
to obtain or maintain the required property insurance, Citicorp
could obtain the insurance on Rucker's behalf and charge it to
Rucker's account.
Rucker did not reinstate or replace the insurance policy on
the property. On May 21, 1987, Citicorp's subsidiary, Citicorp
Savings Insurance Agency, Inc., notified Rucker that the property
had been added to a blanket insurance policy for Citicorp Savings
of Illinois, and the "annual premium of $422" was being charged
to Rucker's account. Notwithstanding Citicorp's notification,
without disclosure to Rucker, Citicorp added premiums for the
insurance coverage to the indebtedness due under Rucker's note at
a rate of $422 monthly, not $422 annually, as previously
represented to Rucker.
Thereafter, Rucker fell behind in his mortgage payments.
When Rucker tendered to Citicorp the total for back payments that
had been specified by Citicorp, he was notified for the first
time that the premium rate stated to him as an annual rate was
instead a monthly rate of premium and that an additional amount
of $4,300 was past due. As a result, Citicorp rejected Rucker's
tender of payment, which excluded the monthly insurance premiums
of $422, and Rucker remained in default under the mortgage
contract.
On December 2, 1988, Citicorp filed a complaint for
foreclosure of mortgage seeking to foreclose the mortgage based
upon Rucker's failure to make the monthly payments due and owing
under the note. On September 27, 1990, the circuit court granted
Citicorp's motion for summary judgment. A judgment of
foreclosure and sale was entered on October 10, 1990. Pursuant
to the judgment, the court awarded Citicorp $11,314.70 for its
advances for insurance.
On October 25, 1990, Rucker filed a three-count counterclaim
against Citicorp alleging negligence and fraud in the procurement
of insurance on the property and excessive premiums charged.
Citicorp filed a motion to strike and dismiss the counterclaim,
and the motion was set for hearing on February 20, 1991.
On January 30, 1991, Rucker filed a chapter 13 bankruptcy
petition, and the hearing on Citicorp's motion to strike and
dismiss the counterclaim was never held. On July 15, 1993, the
bankruptcy case was dismissed.
On November 16, 1993, a sheriff's sale was conducted at
which Citicorp was the successful bidder for the property. An
order was entered approving the sheriff's report of sale and
distribution on December 10, 1993.
On January 20, 1994, Rucker filed a motion for an order
vacating the order approving the sale. The circuit court denied
Rucker's motion on January 31, 1994, and granted Rucker leave to
file his amended counterclaim, which Rucker filed on February 7,
1994.
On February 14, 1994, Rucker filed a notice of appeal of the
court's order denying his motion to vacate the order approving
sale of the property. The appeal raised, inter alia, the issue
in the amended counterclaim concerning the propriety of the
advances for insurance by Citicorp. On June 15, 1995, the
appellate court entered an order dismissing the appeal on the
grounds of mootness.
On May 2, 1994, while the appeal was pending, Citicorp filed
a motion to strike and dismiss Rucker's amended counterclaim,
which the court granted on September 19, 1994. Thereafter,
Rucker filed his second amended counterclaim. On December 14,
1994, Citicorp filed a motion to strike and dismiss Rucker's
second amended counterclaim, which the court granted on January
13, 1995.
On March 1, 1995, Rucker filed a three-count third amended
counterclaim against Citicorp. Count I alleges that Citicorp
breached the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing in
connection with the procurement of insurance on the property.
Count II alleges that Citicorp was negligent in the procurement
of insurance on the property. Count III alleges that Citicorp
breached a fiduciary duty owed to Rucker.
On May 3, 1995, Citicorp filed a motion to strike and
dismiss Rucker's third amended counterclaim. Citicorp argued
that (1) the cause of action was barred by the law of the case
doctrine; (2) count II was barred by the Moorman doctrine
(Moorman Manufacturing Co. v. National Tank Co., 91 Ill. 2d 69,
435 N.E.2d 443 (1982)); and (3) counts I, II and III failed to
allege facts necessary to support the causes of action alleged.
On September 8, 1995, the circuit court granted Citicorp's
motion to strike and dismiss Rucker's third amended counterclaim
with prejudice as being substantially insufficient in law and
based upon the law of the case doctrine. Rucker appeals. We
reverse and remand.
Rucker first argues that the third amended counterclaim
should not be barred by the law of the case doctrine. The law of
the case is a rule of practice, based on sound policy that where
an issue is once litigated and decided, that should be the end of
the matter and the unreserved decision of a question of law or
fact made during the course of litigation settles that question
for all subsequent stages of the suit. Coldwell Banker Havens,
Inc. v. Renfro, 288 Ill. App. 3d 442, 679 N.E.2d 1299 (1997);
Continental Insurance Co. v. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 271 Ill.
App. 3d 692, 648 N.E.2d 959 (1995).
In this case, although Rucker made the very same arguments
regarding excessive overcharges for insurance in both the
foreclosure action and the third amended counterclaim, the
question of whether Rucker was overcharged for insurance was
never decided in the foreclosure action. This issue was
explicitly reserved by the court for determination in a separate
and distinct action by way of a counterclaim.
At the foreclosure proceedings before Judge Sodaro on
September 27, 1990, the following colloquy took place:
"THE COURT: No, its not a counter-claim
attacking the foreclosure, its a counter-
claim for the money that you made
overcharging them.
MR. RAPPIN [Citicorp's counsel]: Well,
that should be a separate action, judge.
THE COURT: I don't see why not."
Further, on January 30, 1991:
"THE COURT: [T]here are so many things
in default. That's ... why I decided the
only thing you [Rucker] can get is a
counterclaim if it's been overinsured
wrongfully.
MR. RAPPIN: None of those issues are
before this court. They are not, they are
not properly pled, they weren't involved in
the answer or anything else. ... If they want
to bring them up in the counterclaim they can
do that, but we can only deal with what's
present at the time the pleadings are filed.
THE COURT: Go ahead with the
counterclaim. If they overcharged this man
for insurance, for insurance that is
unreasonable, they are going to end up paying
for it, but I am not going to stop the
foreclosure."
The record makes clear that the law of the case decided in the
foreclosure action was that despite evidence Citicorp may have
overcharged Rucker for insurance, Rucker had also defaulted on
several other items relating to his mortgage, i.e., the
principle, interest and taxes. Therefore, the court determined
that the foreclosure sale would go forward.
The court, however, did not make a determination as to
whether Rucker was overcharged for insurance. This question was
explicitly reserved by the court for determination by way of a
counterclaim and, therefore, remained after the conclusion of the
foreclosure proceedings.
Further, a counterclaim is not a defense on the merits, but
is an independent cause of action in favor of the defendant
against plaintiff, which seeks affirmative relief. 735 ILCS 5/2-
608 (West 1996); Dudek, Inc. v. Shred Pax Corp., 254 Ill. App. 3d
862, 626 N.E.2d 1204 (1993). Hence, Rucker's third amended
counterclaim, inasmuch as it sets forth allegations addressing
the undetermined issue of whether Citicorp overcharged him for
insurance, is not barred by the law of the case doctrine.
Rucker's next argument is that the allegations contained in
his third amended counterclaim are sufficient to state a cause of
action and, therefore, the circuit court erred in dismissing the
counterclaim. In reviewing Rucker's counterclaim, we accept as
true all well-pleaded facts and reasonable inferences therefrom,
but we need not accept conclusions or inferences that are not
supported by specific factual allegations. Nuccio v. Chicago
Commodities, Inc., 257 Ill. App. 3d 437, 628 N.E.2d 1134 (1993).
Although pleadings should be liberally construed, the complaint
must allege facts necessary to state a cause of action. Nuccio,
257 Ill. App. 3d 437, 628 N.E.2d 1134. In order to state a cause
of action, the counterclaim must be both legally and factually
sufficient, setting forth a legally recognized claim as its basis
for recovery, as well as pleading facts which bring the claim
within the legally recognized cause of action alleged. Nuccio,
257 Ill. App. 3d 437, 628 N.E.2d 1134.
Count I of Rucker's third amended counterclaim alleges that
Citicorp, in exercising its discretion under the mortgage
contract to procure insurance on behalf of Rucker and charge it
to Rucker's account, breached the implied duty of good faith and
fair dealing. Citicorp responds that the implied duty of good
faith and fair dealing does not apply, and even if it does apply,
Rucker's allegation that Citicorp breached the duty is misplaced.
The mortgage is merely a contract as between the immediate
parties. Petkus v. St. Charles Savings & Loan Ass'n, 182 Ill.
App. 3d 327, 538 N.E.2d 766 (1989). The rules of contract
provide that the parties to a contract are presumed to have
intended what their language clearly imports so that a court has
no discretion to require parties to accept any terms other than
those in their contract. Bornstein v. First United, 232 Ill.
App. 3d 623, 597 N.E.2d 870 (1992).
Here, in paragraph A(2) of the mortgage contract, Rucker
agreed "[t]o keep the improvements now or hereafter upon said
premises insured against damage by fire, windstorm and such other
hazards or liability as the mortgagee may require to be insured
against." Paragraph B(1) of the mortgage provides "[t]hat in
case of the failure of the [mortgagor] to perform any of the
covenants herein, the mortgagee may do on behalf of the
[mortgagor] everything so covenanted."
Absent an express disavowal by the parties, every contract
carries the duty of good faith and fair dealing, as a matter of
law. Jespersen v. Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co., 288 Ill.
App. 3d 889, 895 (1997). Although every contract implies good
faith and fair dealing, the duty of good faith and fair dealing
is a derivative principle of contract law. Resolution Trust
Corp. v. Holtzman, 248 Ill. App. 3d 105, 618 N.E.2d 418 (1993).
It is essentially used as a construction aid in determining the
intent of the parties where an instrument is susceptible of two
conflicting constructions. Anderson v. Burton Associates, Ltd.,
218 Ill. App. 3d 261, 578 N.E.2d 199 (1991).
Generally, problems involving the duty of good faith and
fair dealing arise where one party to a contract is given broad
discretion in performance. The doctrine of good faith then
requires the party vested with contractual discretion to exercise
that discretion reasonably and with proper motive, not
arbitrarily, capriciously, or in a manner inconsistent with the
reasonable expectations of the parties. Resolution, 248 Ill.
App. 3d. 105, 618 N.E.2d 418. Further, the duty of good faith
and fair dealing requires the party vested with contractual
discretion not to injure other parties to the contract by action
or omission and not to act inconsistently with other parties'
rights. Brzozowski v. Northern Trust Co., 248 Ill. App. 3d 95,
618 N.E.2d 405 (1993).
In the present case, after Rucker failed to reinstate or
replace the insurance on the mortgaged property, Citicorp had
unbridled discretion in procuring replacement insurance and
charging it to Rucker's account. The mortgage contract is devoid
of any express limitation on Citicorp's exercise in procuring the
insurance and charging it to Rucker once the condition precedent
that Rucker failed to maintain fire insurance is satisfied.
Moreover, the facts of record indicate that Citicorp, after
notifying Rucker that the property had been added to a blanket
insurance policy for Citicorp Savings of Illinois and that the
annual premium of $422 was being charged to Rucker's account,
subsequently, without prior notification to Rucker, charged his
account at a rate of $422 monthly.
The allegations in count I of Rucker's third amended
counterclaim, specifically, paragraphs 6 (c), (f), (h) and 7 in
regard to Citicorp's failure to timely notify Rucker that the
insurance premium had been substantially increased, raise a
question of fact not subject to a motion to dismiss as to whether
Citicorp breached its implied duty of good faith and fair
dealing. Accordingly, we find that Rucker has stated a cause of
action for breach of the implied duty, and the circuit court
therefore erred in dismissing count I of Rucker's third amended
counterclaim.
Count II of Rucker's third amended counterclaim alleges a
cause of action based upon negligence. Citicorp argues that
count II is barred by the Moorman doctrine. Pursuant to the
Moorman doctrine, Illinois law prohibits the recovery of economic
loss under a tort theory. Moorman Manufacturing Co. v. National
Tank Co., 91 Ill. 2d 69, 435 N.E.2d 443 (1982). On appeal,
Rucker has elected not to argue against Moorman and its
application to count II and is voluntarily waiving the negligence
and Moorman issues.
Count III of Rucker's third amended counterclaim alleges
that Citicorp breached its fiduciary duty to obtain replacement
insurance on Rucker's behalf by charging excessive insurance
premiums to Rucker's account, failing to notify Rucker, and then
preventing Rucker from curing a default exclusive of those
excessive charges which resulted in Citicorp profiting from the
acquisition of the foreclosed property. Rucker argues that count
III adequately pleads Citicorp assumed a fiduciary relationship
by becoming Rucker's agent, under the authority provided to and
exercised by it by reason of the language of the mortgage
contract Citicorp created.
Initially we note that, the question of agency is not a
question of law to be decided from the pleadings. Stefan v.
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 284 Ill. App. 3d 727,
672 N.E.2d 1329 (1996). Ordinarily, unless there is no dispute
regarding the parties' relationship, the existence and scope of
an agency relationship are factual questions under Illinois law
and are to be determined by the trier of fact. In re Telesphere
Communications, Inc., 205 B.R. 535 (N.D. Ill. 1997). Once an
agency relationship is found, a fiduciary relationship arises as
a matter of law. Letsos v. Century 21-New West Realty, 285 Ill.
App. 3d 1056, 675 N.E.2d 217 (1996).
A fiduciary relationship giving rise to a duty of loyalty
owed to the person for whom the fiduciary is acting exists when
one person places trust and confidence in another who, as a
result, gains influence and superiority over the other. People
v. Layne, 286 Ill. App. 3d 981, 677 N.E.2d 469 (1997). The
relationship may arise as a matter of law, such as between agent
and principal, or it may be moral, social, domestic, or personal
based upon the particular facts. Layne, 286 Ill. App. 3d 981,
677 N.E.2d 469.
The burden of pleading and proving the existence of a
fiduciary relationship lies with the party seeking to establish
it. In re Telesphere Communications, Inc., 205 B.R. 535.
"Factors to be considered in determining whether a fiduciary
relationship exists include the degree of kinship, disparity of
age, health, mental condition, education and business experience
between the parties, and the extent to which the allegedly
servient party entrusted the handling of his business and
financial affairs to the other and reposed faith and confidence
in him." Farmer City State Bank v. Guingrich, 139 Ill. App. 3d
416, 424, 487 N.E.2d 758 (1985).
Although there is nothing inherent in business dealings
between a lender and a borrower from which springs a cognizable
fiduciary relationship (McErlean v. Union National Bank, 90 Ill.
App. 3d 1141, 414 N.E.2d 128 (1980)), as noted above, a fiduciary
relationship may be found to exist by reason of the facts
surrounding a particular transaction. Layne, 286 Ill. App. 3d
981, 677 N.E.2d 469.
Particular words and phrases in a contract derive their
meaning from the context in which they are used. Thus, contracts
must be viewed as a whole. Board of Trade v. Dow Jones & Co., 98
Ill. 2d 109, 122, 456 N.E.2d 84 (1983). Considering the mortgage
agreement in its entirety, there is nothing that suggests that
the relationship between Rucker and Citicorp was intended to be
anything other than mortgagor and mortgagee. Although Rucker
agreed that Citicorp may perform certain acts "on behalf of"
Rucker, where Rucker himself fails to perform, we do not believe
this provision evinces an intent by Citicorp to assume the
fiduciary duties of an agent and act primarily for the benefit of
Rucker.
This interpretation is consistent with the generally held
view that a mortgagee is not the agent of the mortgagor,
notwithstanding the mortgagee's ability to affect the legal
relations of the mortgagor. Restatement (Second) of Agency 13
(1957). As more fully set forth in the Restatement:
"[T]he understanding that one is to act
primarily for the benefit of another is often
the determinative feature in distinguishing
the agency relation from other relations.
Thus, mortgagees, pledgees, and other similar
power holders, although having power to sell
the property involved under certain
conditions or to subject another to
contractual liability, are not agents of the
power giver; they have not undertaken to
exercise such power primarily for the benefit
of the person in whose name they formally
act, and they are entitled to prefer their
own interests in dealing with the subject
matter." Restatement (Second) of Agency 13
(1957).
Thus, although the mortgage authorized Citicorp to act "on behalf
of" Rucker, this did not change the basic nature of the
relationship between the parties and Citicorp was acting
primarily for its own benefit and interests.
Finally, Rucker contends that the third amended counterclaim
alleges the basis for the imposition of punitive damages.
Citicorp argues in response that Rucker's allegations do not rise
to the level of malice or wanton and wilful conduct necessary to
support the imposition of punitive damages.
The Illinois Supreme Court has stated that "[w]hile deceit
alone cannot support a punitive damage award, such damages may be
allowed 'where the wrong involves some violation of duty
springing from a relation of trust or confidence.'" Home Savings
& Loan Ass'n v. Schneider, 108 Ill. 2d 277, 284, 483 N.E.2d 1225
(1985), quoting Laughlin v. Hopkinson, 292 Ill. 80, 89 (1920).
Similarly, punitive damages are appropriate to punish and deter
conduct where the defendant is guilty of an intentional breach of
fiduciary duty. Levy v. Markal Sales Corp., 268 Ill. App. 3d
355, 378, 643 N.E.2d 1206 (1994), citing Obermaier v. Obermaier,
128 Ill. App. 3d 602, 470 N.E.2d 1047 (1984).
In this case, Rucker has not pled facts necessary to support
the imposition of punitive damages.
For the foregoing reasons, the order of the circuit court is
reversed and we remand the matter for answer to count I of the
third amended counterclaim and further proceedings not
inconsistent with this opinion. The circuit court's findings as
to counts II and III are affirmed.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.
HARTMAN, P.J., and HOURIHANE, J., concur.
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