FIRST DIVISION
March 29, 2004

Defendant, Raymond Wolst, suffers from paranoid schizophrenia. In 1996, defendant shot and killed astranger in a health club while under the delusional belief that the victim was a federal agent. While initially foundunfit for trial, defendant was subsequently found fit and not guilty by reason of insanity in November 1997. Defendantwas thereafter confined to Elgin Mental Health Center. On January 23, 2002, the facility director at Elginrecommended that defendant be transferred to a non-secure setting and that he be granted supervised off-grounds andunsupervised on-grounds pass privileges. On February 28, 2002, defendant petitioned the trial court for a transfer toa non-secure setting; supervised off-grounds pass privileges; and unsupervised on-grounds pass privileges under section5-2-4(e) of the Unified Code of Corrections (Corrections Code) (730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(e) (West 2000)). On August 15,2002, the trial court granted the unsupervised on-grounds pass privilege, but denied defendant's request to betransferred to a nonsecure setting and request for supervised off-grounds pass privileges. Defendant appeals the trialcourt's denial of these two privileges.

We address the following issues: (1) whether the trial court's decision to deny the two requested privileges wasagainst the manifest weight of the evidence; (2) whether the trial court's application of the current version of section5-2-4(g) of the Corrections Code was an improper retroactive application of the law in violation of section 4 of theStatute on Statutes (5 ILCS 70/4 (West 2000); (3) whether the application of the current version of section 5-2-4(g)violates the ex post facto clause of the United States Constitution; (4) whether section 5-2-4(g), as amended, violatesdefendant's substantive due process rights under the United States Constitution by shifting the burden of proof todefendant; and (5) whether section 5-2-4(g), as amended, violates procedural due process by failing to ensure adequatesafeguards for the protection of defendant's liberty interest. We state the following background facts.

At a hearing on July 17, 2002, defendant presented the testimony of four witnesses to support the reliefrequested.

Judy Long, a social worker at Elgin, said she had known the defendant since 1997, and that he was the most"appropriate" patient in the unit. She stated defendant did not fight or argue with anyone, nor did he threaten or harmanyone. Long said that defendant had changed while admitted at Elgin, that he had a "good range of emotions," andthat he was no longer suffering from delusions.

Long explained that defendant had requested a transfer to William White Cottage (WWC), which is anonsecure unit approximately half a block from the Elgin facility. While the windows and doors at WWC were lockedall the time, she stated that there was no security fence around the building. She explained that if a patient wanted toleave WWC, the patient would need an authorized pass and a legitimate destination. A staff person at the doorwaychecks the patients in and out. To her knowledge, no one had ever escaped from WWC.

Long described an unsupervised on-ground pass privilege as allowing the bearer to travel about a half a blockbetween the housing building and the program building for treatment purposes. In conjunction with the pass, thepatient's psychiatric ability is evaluated on a daily basis. If the patient is determined to be unstable, then the privilegeis revoked.

Long then characterized defendant's third request, the off-grounds supervised privilege pass, as allowing thepatient to occasionally "go off the unit" with staff supervision for the purpose of reintegration into society. An exampleof this privilege might be "[going] to a driver's license facility and [getting] a state ID, or *** [learning] aboutresources in the community." For the off-ground trips, there is one staff member for every three patients. In the eventa patient attempted to escape while on a trip, staff are trained in the use of restraints and handcuff procedures.

Dr. Roni Seltzberg, a medical doctor and staff psychiatrist for the circuit court of Cook County forensicmedical services, testified that she evaluated defendant on June 6, 2002, pursuant to a court order. In her opinion,defendant's mental status had changed significantly since the crime. She determined that defendant was no longerhaving delusions. She diagnosed defendant as suffering from schizophrenia, paranoid type, which is currently inremission with medication. Seltzberg said that the medication is the major reason defendant had improved. Defendantcurrently receives two milligrams of Risperidone daily. Risperidone is an antipsychotic agent.

Seltzberg stated that defendant does not present a danger to himself or to others provided he continues withhis medication. She pointed out that defendant has not threatened anyone or injured himself since he has been inremission. Seltzberg opined that defendant's transfer to WWC would not pose a danger to defendant or others andwould continue to benefit defendant. She did not think the transfer created a risk that defendant would escape or thatother patients in the WWC unit would be at risk, as long as defendant continued to take his medication. Seltzberg alsosaid that the transfer would not jeopardize the likelihood that defendant would continue to take his medicine becausehe would still be in the structured, supervised, and hospital-like setting of WWC.

With regard to the unsupervised on-ground passes, Seltzberg opined that granting this privilege would notpose a risk because defendant did not represent any threat to others or any indication of an intent to escape. With regardto the supervised off-ground pass, she found no evidence that defendant posed a risk of harm to himself or to others,provided he continued taking his medication. The Doctor said that her opinion would absolutely change if defendantstopped taking his medication because her opinion was based upon defendant's continued compliance with takingprescribed medications. Seltzberg stated that the only thing that keeps defendant's symptoms from returning is the drugdefendant takes and that defendant will likely need to take the drug forever. She also indicated that stress affecteddefendant's disease.

Seltzberg described WWC as:

"a non-secure building in that it is outside the forensic fence that surrounds themain forensic building, but it is still secure in the sense that it is a locked unit, andthe people that are residents are monitored, are provided medications, supervision,and treatment as if they were in any other secured hospital where the doors arelocked. They can't just walk in and out at will."

Counsel for the State then asked Seltzberg:

"Q. But the only new stressers would be [defendant's responsibility for]requesting his medicine at the appropriate time and being left alone?

A. I don't know that I would refer to it as being a stresser necessarily inthis case.

Q. You wouldn't consider that a difference in his environment thatwouldn't be considered a stress factor?

A. That may or may not [be] to certain individuals. I don't believe thatwould be a problem for Mr. Wolst."

Finally, Seltzberg said that defendant's failure to take medication would increase the likelihood that defendant couldpotentially injure someone or himself.

Dr. Albert Stipes, a staff psychiatrist and assistant director for forensic clinical services at the Cook Countycircuit court, testified that he examined defendant on April 13, 2002. He said that defendant's condition had changedsince the time of the offense and he diagnosed defendant as having schizophrenia, paranoid type, in remission withmedication. Stipes stated that defendant's medication is the most important reason for defendant's improvement. Hereiterated that defendant receives two milligrams of Risperidone daily which prevents delusions, hallucinations, and thought disorder associated with schizophrenia.

Dr. Stipes testified that defendant's transfer would be safe for the defendant and others because the treatment,medication, and security measures would ensure everyone's safety. He stated that WWC is a locked unit and thatpatients can only leave if permitted by staff. He said that he did not believe that defendant posed a risk of harm toothers or risk of escape from WWC. In his view, defendant's request for an unsupervised on-ground pass should havebeen granted based on the improvement in defendant's clinical condition and the security measures in force for patientswith passes. Stipes further endorsed the granting of an supervised off-ground pass because defendant would beaccompanied by staff ensuring the safety of others. According to Stipes, it was necessary for defendant to continuetaking his medication, but none of the three requests made by defendant would interfere with him taking it. The doctorsaid that, if defendant stopped taking his medication, he would not be in favor of granting the passes or the transfer. Stipes admitted that, theoretically, defendant could walk off the grounds with an unsupervised on-ground pass. However, he said that staff would likely see defendant because they would be looking out the window to watch him.

Dr. Hargurmukh Signh, a psychiatrist employed by the forensic program at Elgin Mental Health Center,testified that he knew defendant and provided treatment to him almost every work day. He diagnosed defendant asschizophrenic, paranoid type. Signh explained that defendant had changed since the crime and that he no longer hadsymptoms of schizophrenia and that he was considered one of the most stable patients in the unit. The doctorconfirmed that defendant took two milligrams of Risperidone daily and he supported defendant receiving the reliefrequested. He said that no one from WWC had ever escaped because they were in possession of a supervised off-groundpass. The doctor stated that 25% of the patients who get the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia relapse when theydo not take their medication.

During Signh's testimony the trial judge asked the witness:

"THE COURT: Now, if I want to grant [defendant] to be transferred tothe [WWC] building, and I was to grant him unsupervised on-ground passes,where would he be allowed to go?

THE WITNESS: Mainly he will be allowed to come back to the mainforensic building to the programs which are available, and then when histreatment team sees him suitable he will be allowed to go to building 110, whichis rehab, because they have a separate workshop ***.

* * *

THE COURT: Is there a gate before you get to Route 131?

THE WITNESS: Yes there is a traffic light, 131, and there is Elgin ***,no security door.

THE COURT: No security, no guard?

THE WITNESS: No.

THE COURT: So, *** he could just walk out, correct?

THE WITNESS: Theoretically, yes.

* * *

THE COURT: Why is the proposal or recommendation, why is it [not]one step at a time, rather than all three at once?

THE WITNESS: Because doing one - this is just using the streetlanguage, if you put him in White Cottage, don't give him ground pass -

THE COURT: Let's make White Cottage the third step rather than thefirst step, let's look at it. Why would he go in a procedure where first we wouldhave on-ground passes unsupervised, the second step would be supervised off-ground passes, and the third step would be William White. Why wouldn't weproceed in that fashion? Why do we want to do all at once?

THE WITNESS: We have seen that this way it is more effective, becauseWhite Cottage [has] certain things available [that] we don't have. For example,they have what we call medication compliance program, which means there ismore emphasis on self-reliance, patients have to take their own risks, they have tohear the nurses remind them, well, this is medication time, people come and gettheir medication.

Everyone is expected to be there on time, they write it down, who cameon time, who didn't, and you keep score.

So, there are several little things where the emphasis that the patient takemore responsibility on their own.

So, having that environment, giving more privileges, responsibilities,privileges, they both go hand in hand so he get optimum benefits by thatarrangement.

It would take away one part, he doesn't get maximum benefits. That isthe way we as treatment team see it.

THE COURT: And you don't see that by doing it in that fashion there isnot a possibility, not exactly a scientific word, but overload, which would increasethe relapse possibility?

THE WITNESS: In my experience in the last several years, actually fromthe patients who were transferred from my case load to White Cottage, they doextremely well."

At the hearing on August 15, 2002, the court stated:

"Okay. There [have] been *** requests of the Court. The first is forunsupervised ground passes, the second is for a transfer to a less-secure facility onthe Elgin grounds; the William White Unit, and lastly, a request for supervisedoff-ground passes. Among the goals of the mental health center on behalf of Mr.Wolst are to remain in remission of psychosis and to develop an appropriaterelapse prevention plan and aftercare plan. The court and the Elgin Mental HealthCenter are concerned about the safety of Mr. Wolst and society. A relapse by Mr.Wolst could present a danger to Mr. Wolst or others. The need for medication isapparent by the progress that Mr. Wolst has made. The doctors have expressedthat Mr. Wolst has made great progress with medication and that the medicationis an [integral] part of his treatment as well as to ensure his safety and the safetyof others. The request for a transfer to a more non-secure facility in the WilliamWhite Unit is premature. There needs to be a time - a period of time ofunsupervised ground passes to ensure that Mr. Wolst will remain at Elgin whilehis medication is being fully monitored. The testimony and opinion regardingsupervised off-ground passes does not provide the Court with enough informationregarding these. There were a couple of examples given about passes with otherpatients, but there was not a plan or agenda on behalf of Mr. Wolst expressed; howoften Mr. Wolst would go on these outings; will Mr. Wolst be with other patients;how long do they last; who and how many people will supervise; who will Mr.Wolst come in contact with; will they involve contact with a small or large groupof people; will they entail situations where it will be difficult or easy to supervise. Additionally because of the need for medication and the risk and the graveconsequences if there was to be a relapse or an escape, the Court would want Mr.Wolst's medication to be in a controlled environment including the receiving andactual taking of the medication.

The Court also finds that the transfer to the William White Unit ispremature in order to assure Mr. Wolst's stability, recovery, and to protect him andso, I will need to proceed step by step without the danger of overloading him withtoo many options during his therapeutic course of treatment which includes thetaking of medication as requirement for remission.

Based on the testimony of the witnesses during the hearing, this Courtwill allow unsupervised ground passes at the discretion of the Elgin Mental HealthCenter, but the request for supervised off-ground passes and the transfer to theWilliam White Unit is denied."

Defendant appeals from the trial court's decision.

We first examine whether the trial court's decision was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Undersection 5-2-4(g) of the Corrections Code, the defendant must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the facilitydirector's determination supporting his transfer to a nonsecure setting or the entitlement to certain pass privileges isproper. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g)(West 2000); People v. Cross, 289 Ill. App. 3d 876, 886, 684 N.E.2d 135 (1997). Thetrial court's determination as to whether a defendant has carried his burden under section 5-2-4(g) by clear andconvincing evidence must be respected unless such determination is against the manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d 90, 908-09 (1998). "For decision to be against the manifest weight of the evidence,it must appear that a conclusion opposite to that reached by the trier of fact is clearly evident." People v. Barwig, 334Ill. App. 3d 738, 743, 778 N.E.2d 350 (2002).

In the instant case, there is ample evidence to support the trial court's decision. The record makes clear thatthe trial court's primary concern was that defendant, when placed in a less secure environment and charged with takinghis own medication, might fail to do so and relapse. Seltzberg and Stipes, defendant's own witnesses, testified thatthe sole reason defendant was not delusional, a danger to himself or to others, was because he took his dailymedication, Risperidone, an antipsychotic agent. They both concluded that the Risperidone was the major reason fordefendant's improvement. Seltzberg and Stipes also both testified that, if defendant stopped taking his medication, theywould not be in favor of the transfer and the passes. Dr. Seltzberg said that the only thing that keeps defendant'ssymptoms from returning is the Risperidone and that defendant will likely need to take the drug forever. Dr. Singhstated that 25% of the patients who get the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia relapse when they don't take theirmedication.

While all of the witnesses supported defendant's requests for relief, Seltzberg, Stipes, and Singh all testifiedthat defendant could relapse and could potentially injure someone in the event he stopped taking his medication. Therecord made clear that one of the responsibilities of defendant, if transferred to WWC, would be the addedresponsibility of reminding staff that it was time for his medication. While there was some indication that this taskwould be monitored by WWC personnel, the clear objective of WWC is to transfer responsibilities back to the patientfor the purpose of preparing them for release into the community.

Without question, the trial court determined that the grant of the transfer to WWC and the supervised off-grounds passes would overload defendant with too many responsibilities despite the witnesses' testimony to thecontrary. As we noted above, the trial court expressed concern that the facility director's recommendation allowed threeprivileges all at once as opposed to privileges being granted one at a time. In its ruling, the trial court noted defendant's"great progress with medication," but found that the request for transfer was "premature" because a period was neededwhere defendant utilized unsupervised grounds passes at the Elgin facility while his medication was being fullymonitored.

The trial court further held that the testimony and opinion regarding supervised off-grounds passes did notprovide the court with sufficient information. The court noted that there was no plan or agenda expressed with regardto defendant that set forth: how often he would go on outings; whether he would be with other patients; how long theoutings would last; who and how many people would supervise; who defendant would come into contact with; whetherthe contact would involve a large or small group of people; and whether the situations would be easy or difficult tosupervise.

The trial court also found that the transfer to WWC was premature in order to assure defendant's stability andrecovery, "and to protect him and so, [the court] will need to proceed step by step with out the danger of overloading[defendant] with too many options during his therapeutic course of treatment which include the taking or medicationas a requirement for remission." The court then allowed the unsupervised grounds pass at Elgin.

In analyzing section 5-2-4(b), this court has held that:

"The language of *** [section 5-2-4(b)] clearly gives the trial court widediscretion in granting and tailoring passes. The statute provides that the trialcourt may grant the passes, and may impose conditions on those passes. 730 ILCS5/5-2-4(b)(West 1996). We agree with the State that requiring the trial court togrant the passes any time a defendant's treatment team requests them because theteam believes they should be granted would defeat the purpose of the statute'slanguage mandating that the passes may only be granted based on the trial court'sapproval. We therefore find that the clear language of the statute does notmandate that the trial court grant pass privileges solely because defendant'streatment team, including the facility director, recommends the passes be granted." (Emphasis in original.) Cross, 301 Ill. App. 3d at 910.

The Cross court, citing People v. Williams, 140 Ill. App. 3d 216, 226, 488 N.E.2d 649 (1986), also acknowledged, "' it is the trier of fact, and not the psychiatrists, who is to consider and weigh all the evidence in [the] case.' " Cross,301 Ill. App. 3d at 911.

In its ruling here, the trial court stated its concern about the safety of defendant and society at large. As wediscussed above, the trial court was concerned with defendant's need for medication as a part of his treatment as wellas to ensure his safety and the safety of others. As a result, the court determined that the request for transfer to WWCand the supervised off-ground pass privilege were premature and could overload the defendant. We cannot say thatthis determination was against the manifest weight of the evidence because the opposite conclusion is not clearlyevident under these facts.

In support of his position, defendant relies on People v. Blumenshine, 72 Ill. App. 3d 949, 391 N.E.2d 232(1979), and People v. Nelson, 244 Ill. App. 3d 356, 614 N.E.2d 277 (1993).

Blumenshine considered whether the defendant, found not guilty by reason of insanity for the offense ofmurder, had established that he was entitled to a petition for discharge under section 5-2-4(e) by clear and convincingevidence. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(e) (West 2000) (formerly, Ill. Rev. Stat.1975, ch. 38 par. 1005-2-4)). After a hearinginvolving the testimony of two psychiatrists who recommended discharge, the trial court denied the petition.

At the hearing, Dr. Pai, who directly treated the defendant, concluded that the defendant's psychosis was inremission and recommended that the defendant should be discharged subject to certain conditions. The testimony ofDr. Bornstein, the court-appointed psychiatrist, was consistent with the opinion and evaluation of Dr. Pai. The Stateconcurred in defense counsel's recommendation that the defendant be discharged. The recommended discharge wasconditioned upon the defendant living with his mother; continuing outpatient care; and continuing participation inrehabilitative alcohol treatment.

Despite the unanimous testimony by Dr. Pai and Dr. Bornstein and the State's concurrence, the trial courtdenied the discharge and rejected the expert's opinions doubting that the defendant could refrain from drinking, despitethe condition that he continue in Alcoholics Anonymous, and doubting that the experts were correct in concluding thatthe defendant should live with his mother. The appellate court reversed because the trial court made its owndetermination that the three conditions could not be met "to the exclusion of adequate consideration of experttestimony." Blumenshine, 72 Ill. App. 3d at 953-54.

The facts in Blumenshine are distinguishable from those in this case. In Blumenshine, there was evidencethat defendant had not consumed alcohol since he had been hospitalized and had been off his medication for eightmonths. Two psychiatrists in that case determined that the defendant had gained control over his psychotic symptomsand the alcohol abuse that contributed to them. The State even concurred in defense counsel's recommendation thatdefendant be discharged subject to the three conditions. Contrary to the witnesses' testimony and all of the evidence,the trial court had doubts that the defendant could avoid relapse because of the witnesses' inability to guarantee thatthe defendant would remain nondangerous or not violent.

Here, the evidence shows that defendant is progressing positively, but also indicates that defendant wouldrelapse in the event he did not take his medication. As a result, he could become a danger to himself and to others. The trial court reasoned that a transfer to a nonsecure setting and allowing defendant to leave the grounds, even underthe supervision of hospital staff, might place too much responsibility on defendant too quickly. As pointed out by theState, the trial court granted the unsupervised on-ground pass, a portion of the relief requested. The instant case doesnot place defendant in the "catch-22" paradox referred to in Blumenshine because all the evidence in Blumenshineestablished reasonable assurances for the safety of others, yet the trial court sought a guarantee from the twopsychiatrists that the defendant would remain nonviolent. Here, the testimony of the evaluating medical personnelreveals that defendant is required to take medication for the rest of his life to avoid psychotic delusions. The testimonyestablished that, in the event defendant failed to take his medication, the delusions that could lead to potentially violentbehavior will return. Despite these facts, defendant argues that he is ready for the responsibility of taking his ownmedication in a nonsecure setting which could lead to his escape or to the injury of others. Thus, Blumenshine isdistinguishable from this case.

Next, defendant relies upon Nelson, 244 Ill. App. 3d at 363, for the proposition that, "the statute [section 5-2-4of the Corrections Code] sets up a strong presumption that the professional staff treating the defendant is best capableof determining the proper treatment for defendant." While Nelson states this proposition, it was considering a previousversion of the statute. Under the Code at that time, the burden of proof rested with the State when a hearing was heldto review that determination of the facility director that the defendant should be transferred to a nonsecure setting. Ill.Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, par. 1005-2-4(g); Nelson, 244 Ill. App. 3d 358-59. As we have indicated above, section 5-2-4(g) of the Code now states: "The burden of proof and the burden of going forth with evidence rest with defendant ***when a hearing is held to review the determination of the facility director that the defendant should be transferred toa non-secure setting." 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g) (West 2000).

In Nelson, the facility director recommended the conditional release of the defendant, who had received over10 years of inpatient psychological treatment after his acquittal for murder by reason of insanity. Under the Code atthat time, the State had the burden of proving that the facility director's recommendation was improper. The Statepresented only one witness, a police detective, who testified to the facts of the murder. The witness admitted that hehad not spoken to the defendant since the defendant's trial, more than a decade before the hearing on the defendant'sconditional release. The witness also admitted that he had no training in the area of mental health.

On the defendant's behalf, the acting deputy facility director testified that, if granted conditional release, thedefendant would be accepted at a halfway house where the staff would assure that the defendant took his medicationdaily. Dr. Block, a psychiatrist, testified that he had been exposed to the defendant daily for the past year and a half. He opined that the defendant suffered from paranoid schizophrenia, but the illness was in remission and he was notdangerous. He emphasized that the defendant's medication at the halfway house would be supervised and that, if thedefendant stopped taking his medication, he would begin to decompensate and show signs of psychosis, but that staffat the halfway house would be able to observe any sign of decompensation. Later, the trial judge asked Block if he couldguarantee the defendant would take his medication if left the responsibility and if he could guarantee that thedefendant would not attack anybody. Block said he could not. Dr. Kelly, medical director of the outpatient clinicwhere defendant would receive treatment, also evaluated defendant and found the defendant suitable for conditionalrelease. He said that the staff and the halfway house would give him his medication and watch him take it daily.

Despite the testimony of these doctors, the trial court ruled that the evidence was insufficient to meet thedefendant's burden of showing that he was no longer an danger to himself and to others.

On review, the appellate court determined that, under the Code at that time, the State had the burden to showthat the petition for conditional release was inappropriate. Nelson, 244 Ill. App. 3d at 362. The court noted that theState presented only one witness and no evidence, apart from testimony regarding the killing, which occurred over adecade ago. Nelson, 244 Ill. App. 3d at 363. On the other hand, defendant's three witnesses, all qualified experts whoevaluated the defendant's mental condition, testified in support of the recommendation provided the defendant tookhis medication. Nelson, 244 Ill. App. 3d at 363. Ultimately, the appellate court found that the trial court contravenedthe express statutory language by imposing the burden of proof upon defendant. Nelson, 244 Ill. App. 3d at 363. Italso concluded that the State did not effectively impeach the witnesses' testimony that, if the defendant avoidedmedication at the halfway house, staff would observe the behavior and impose medication. Nelson, 244 Ill. App. 3dat 365. It further found that the State failed to counter the witnesses' consistent testimony that, when defendant wasmedicated, he was not a danger to himself or others. As a result, the trial court was reversed. Nelson, 244 Ill. App.3d at 365.

We do not find Nelson controlling because it was decided when the burden of proof rested with the State,unlike the current statute (section 5-2-4(g)), which requires a defendant to prove by clear and convincing evidence thatthe facility director's recommendation was proper. Moreover, Seltzberg's testimony reveals that she was not veryfamiliar with the procedure at WWC, saying, she "believe[d]" that the staff at WWC made sure patients took theirmedication. Thus, the assurance in this case that defendant would be administered his medicine if unwilling to do sohimself is absent, unlike Nelson, where it was stated that the halfway house would impose intramusuclar medicationif necessary. Nelson, 244 Ill. App. 3d at 365. As a result, we find Nelson to be distinguishable on this additionalground.

Finally, defendant argues that the trial court failed to apply a three-pronged standard for the two deniedrequests under section 5-2-4(b) of the Code. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(b) (West 2000). Defendant claims that the applicablestandard for each request is whether the request, "reasonably assure[s] the defendant's satisfactory progress in treatmentand the safety of defendant and others." 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(b) (West 2000). From this language, defendant gleans athree-pronged test requiring: (1) "the proposed privilege must reasonably assure the safety of the defendant"; (2) "theproposed privilege must assure the safety of others"; and (3) "the proposed privilege must reasonably assure thedefendant's satisfactory progress in treatment."

According to defendant, this three-pronged inquiry must be independently applied by the trial court for therequested relief. Defendant contends that the evidence overwhelmingly supported these requirements. We disagreewith this conclusion and because defendant has cited no authority for this proposition, the issue has been waived underSupreme Court Rule 341 (e)(7) (134 Ill. 2d R. 341 (e)(7). People v. Ford, 301 Ill. App. 3d 56, 59, 703 N.E. 2d 436(1998).

In sum, there was evidence in the record to support both the trial judge's decision to allow for the unsupervisedon-ground pass and the denial of the transfer and the supervised off-ground pass. We therefore find that defendantfailed to meet his burden that the two privileges denied should have been granted. As a result, the trial court'sdetermination to deny the two privileges at issue was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Defendant next argues that the current version of section 5-2-4(g), as amended by Public Act 91-770 (Pub.Act. 91-770 eff. January 1, 2001), should not have been applied to him because the retroactive application of this newstatute is a substantive change in the law. Defendant contends that the amended version of the statute imposes a newburden upon him that he had no notice of when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity and that violates section4 of the Statute on Statutes. 5 ILCS 70/4 (West 2000). Section 4 of the Statute on Statutes provides:

"No new law shall be construed to repeal a former law, whether suchformer law is expressly repealed or not, as to any offense committed against theformer law, or as to any act done, any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred,or any right accrued, or claim arising under the former law, or in any waywhatever to affect any such offense or act so committed or done, or any penalty,forfeiture or punishment so incurred, or any right accrued, or claim arising beforethe new law takes affect, save only that the proceedings thereafter shall conform,so far as practicable, to the laws in force at the time of such proceeding. If anypenalty, forfeiture or punishment be mitigated by any provisions of a new law,such provision may, by the consent of the party affected, be applied to anyjudgment pronounced after the new law takes effect. This section shall extend toall repeals, either by express words or by implication, whether the repeal is in theact making any new provision upon the same subject or in any other act." 5 ILCS70/4 (West 2000).

The current version of section 5-2-4(g) states:

"The findings of the Court shall be established by clear and convincing evidence. The burden of proof and the burden of going forth with the evidence rest with thedefendant *** when a hearing is held to review the determination of the facilitydirector that the defendant should be transferred to a non-secure setting ***." 730ILCS 5/5-2-4(g) (West 2000).

The prior version of section 5-2-4(g) stated:

"The findings of the court shall be established by clear and convincing evidence. The burden of proof and the burden of going forth with the evidence rest with theState when a hearing is held to review the determination of the facility directorthat the defendant should be transferred to a non-secure setting ***." 730 ILCS5/5-2-4(g) (West 1998).

As outlined above, prior to the enactment of Public Act 91-770, the burden of proof was on the State when a hearingwas "held to review the determination of the facility director that the defendant should be transferred to a non-securesetting." 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g) (West 1998).

Under the current law, section 5-2-4(g) places the burden on the defendant to present evidence and convincethe court that a change in status should be granted. 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(g)(West 2000).

On this issue, defendant first claims that the correct timing for purposes of a retroactivity analysis is "not whenthe Facility Director triggered the hearing, but when defendant made the decision to plead not guilty by reason ofinsanity," which occurred years before the current law became effective. Defendant next contends that at the time hepled "not guilty by reason of insanity, he had reason to believe that if he conformed his behavior to maximizepsychiatric treatment, the Facility Director would trigger the hearing necessary for [defendant] to continue progressingin treatment." Defendant further contends that, at the time he pled not guilty by reason of insanity, he was under thebelief that, upon being found not guilty by reason of insanity, he would be committed to a state psychiatric institutionand that the Facility Director "would control his treatment unless the States['] Attorney could prove the treatment didnot adequately provide for public safety." Therefore, defendant claims he was denied notice that his decision to pleadnot guilty by reason of insanity would result in him carrying the burden of proof to demonstrate "the adequacy of theFacility Director's determinations regarding his therapeutic progress." According to defendant, this change in theburden of proof is an improper retroactive application of a statute that violates section 4 of the Statute on Statutes.

The State responds that section 5-2-4(g), as currently codified, was properly applied because the amendmenthad already taken effect when the recommendations of the facility director were made. Further, it contends thatsection 5-2-4(g) was not triggered by the commission of the offenses or by the defendant's decision to plead not guiltyby reason of insanity, but by the facility director's recommendations, which occurred in 2002. Finally, the State claimsthat the application of section 5-2-4(g) does not violate section 4 of the Statute on Statutes because it is a proceduralchange that affects hearings on a defendant's mental condition and is not a substantive change that has a trueretroactive impact.

The State relies upon criteria set forth in Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Will County Collector ,196 Ill. 2d 27,39, 749 N.E.2d 964 (2001), to argue that this amendment is procedural in nature, does not affect defendant'ssubstantive rights, and does not violate section 4 of the Statute on Statutes. Before discussing Commonwealth Edison,we must decide at what point to begin the retroactivity analysis, and whether such an analysis is applicable under thesefacts.

Defendant contends that the analysis begins at the time he was found not guilty by reason of insanity, whilethe State argues that it begins at the time of the hearing triggered by the facility director's recommendations. We agreewith the State's position for several reasons.

Defendant does not cite a single case to support his conclusion that "the appropriate timing *** forretroactivity is the time when [defendant] made the decision to plead not guilty by reason of insanity." Failure to citeto any relevant authority in support of an argument results in its waiver. People v. Davis, 335 Ill. App. 3d 1, 20, 779N.E. 2d 443 (2002).

Next, while our research has revealed no authority directly on point, a decision involving a comparable statutesupports the State's position that a retroactivity analysis would begin at the time of the hearing triggered by the facilitydirector's recommendations.

In re Detention of Samuelson, 189 Ill. 2d 548, 558-59, 727 N.E.2d 228 (2000), involved proceedings underthe Illinois Sexually Violent Persons Commitment Act (SVPCA) (725 ILCS 207/1 et seq. (West 1998)). The SVPCApermits the State "to extend the incarceration of criminal defendants beyond the time they would otherwise be entitledto release if those defendants are found to be 'sexually violent.' " In re Detention of Samuelson, 189 Ill. 2d at 552.

Under the SVPCA, a person is considered a sexually violent person, and therefore subject to extendedincarceration, if he or she "has been convicted of a sexually violent offense, has been adjudicated delinquent for asexually violent offense, or has been found not guilty of a sexually violent offense by reason of insanity and *** isdangerous because he or she suffers from a mental disorder that makes it substantially probable that the person willengage in acts of sexual violence." 725 ILCS 207/5(f) (West 2000).

One of the issues in the Samuelson case was whether the SVPCA violated ex post facto principles under theUnited States Constitution. For the purposes of its analysis, the supreme court observed that the provisions of theSVPCA are triggered "when a defendant who has been *** found not guilty of a sexually violent offense by reason ofinsanity is nearing release or discharge from custody." In re Detention of Samuelson, 189 Ill. 2d at 553. It furtherfound that the SVPCA did not have a retroactive effect because a "defendant cannot be involuntarily committed basedon past conduct." In re Detention of Samuelson, 189 Ill. 2d at 559. Specifically, the court found that "[i]nvoluntaryconfinement is permissible only where the defendant presently suffers from a mental disorder and the disorder createsa substantial probability that he will engage in acts of sexual violence in the future." In re Detention of Samuelson,189 Ill. 2d at 559. On this ground, the court rejected the defendant's ex post facto challenge. In re Detention ofSamuelson, 189 Ill. 2d at 559.

Similarly, we find that section 5-2-4 is triggered when the facility director makes a recommendation that achange be made in a defendant's commitment status resulting in a subsequent hearing on defendant's mental fitnessfor the requested privileges. As in In re Detention of Samuelson, defendant here suffers from a present mental disorderand the disorder continues to create a concern that he will engage in acts of violence in the future. As a result,defendant's continued commitment is not based on past conduct but, rather, his present mental condition.

Third, a serious question is raised as to whether the amended version of section 5-2-4(g) could have anyretroactive effect in the instant case because the statute became effective well before the facility director recommendeda change in defendant's confinement status. Section 5-2-4(g) became effective on January 1, 2001, more than one yearbefore the facility director made his recommendations on January 23, 2002.

Finally, there is other authority which suggests that the statute was not retroactively applied in this case. InCommonwealth Edison, cited above, the supreme court addressed the issue of whether certain tax rate amendmentsto the Counties Code (55 ILCS 5/5-1024 (1994)) and the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees TortImmunity Act (745 ILCS 10/9-107 (West 1994)) should be given retroactive application. In discussing whether astatute can be applied retroactively, the court held:

" 'A statute is not applied "retrospectively" merely because it is applied in a casearising from conduct antedating the statute's enactment *** or upsets expectationsbased in prior law. Rather the court must ask whether the new provision attachesnew legal consequences to events completed before its enactment. The conclusionthat a particular rule operates 'retroactively' comes at the end of a process ofjudgment concerning the nature and the extent of the change in the law and thedegree of connection between the operation of the new rule and a relevant pastevent." Commonwealth Edison, 196 Ill. 2d 39, quoting Landgraf v. USI FilmProducts, 511 U.S. 244, 269-70, 128 L.Ed. 229, 254-55, 114 S.Ct. 1483, 1499(1994).

In the instant case, the amendment to section 5-2-4(g), which shifts the burden of proof to defendant, did notattach new legal consequences to defendant's murder conviction or to his decision to plead not guilty by reason ofinsanity. It was the facility director's recommendations that triggered a hearing on the issue of defendant's presentmental condition, not the finding of not guilty by reason of insanity. Section 5-2-4(g) was amended more than one yearbefore those recommendations were ever made. We therefore conclude that the new version of section 5-2-4(g) hadno retroactive effect.

As further support we have reviewed People v. Valdez, 79 Ill. 2d 74, 81, 402 N.E.2d 187 (1980), whichreinforces our conclusion that the amendment to section 5-2-4(g) did not have a true retroactive impact under thesefacts. In Valdez, the supreme court addressed the issue of whether an amendment to section 5-2-4 could be appliedretroactively in instances where the offense, that served as the basis for the defendant's acquittal of not guilty by reasonof insanity was committed prior to the effective date of the amendment to the statute.

On May 3, 1978, following a bench trial, the defendant in Valdez was acquitted by reason of insanity formurdering two individuals on April 3, 1977, and April 4, 1977, respectively. After a hearing on May 11, 1978, thedefendant was placed into a mental health center for treatment. At the time of the murders, section 5-2-4(b) of theCorrections Code provided that, in the event of an acquittal, the trial court shall enter an order hospitalizing thedefendant for an initial period not to exceed 12 months. At the time of the defendant's trial, section 5-2-4 had beenamended, effective August 1, 1977, to provide that, in the event of an acquittal of not guilty by reason of insanity, ahearing was to be held to determine whether the defendant was in need of mental treatment. If the trial court foundthat the defendant was in need of mental treatment, the trial court could commit the defendant for an indefinite period,not to exceed the period of confinement, subject to certain criteria, had he been convicted. In response to a notice,dated November 1, 1978, that the Department was considering granting the defendant off-ground privileges, the State'sAttorney requested a hearing under the amended statute. After an evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied therequested privileges. The defendant argued that the retroactive application of the amended statute violated rules ofstatutory construction and equal protection.

The supreme court rejected the application of the amended statute as retroactive, stating that " ' it is wellestablished that a statute is not retroactive just because it relates to antecedent events. [Citations.]' " Valdez, 79 Ill.2d at 81, quoting Sipple v. University of Illinois, 4 Ill. 2d 593, 597 (1955). It further stated, "[t]he occurrence whichinvoked the provisions of the statute was not the commission of the offenses with which defendant was originallycharged." Valdez, 79 Ill. 2d at 81. Thus, the court found that the amendment to section 5-2-4 did not have aretroactive effect. The reasoning in Valdez was adopted by the appellate court in a similar case. See People v. Thiem,82 Ill. App. 3d 956, 960, 403 N.E.647 (1980). Based upon all of the above, we conclude the statute was not appliedretroactively.

Additionally, even if we were to conduct a retroactivity analysis in this case, we find that the amendment tosection 5-2-4(g) is procedural in nature and does not violate section 4 of the Stature on Statutes. In CommonwealthEdison, the Illinois Supreme Court, for the first time, adopted the retroactivity analysis established by the United StatesSupreme Court in Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 128 L. Ed. 2d 229, 114 S. Ct. 1483 (1994), forpurposes of determining whether an amendment to a statute can be retroactively applied. Commonwealth Edison, 196Ill. 2d at 39. In doing so, the Commonwealth Edison court said:

"Under the Landgraf test, if the legislature has clearly indicated what thetemporal reach of an amended statute should be, then, absent a constitutionalprohibition, that expression of legislative intent must be given effect. However,when the legislature has not indicated what the reach of a statute should be, thenthe court must determine whether applying the statute would have a retroactiveimpact, i.e., 'whether it would impair rights a party possessed when he acted,increase a party's liability for past conduct, or impose new duties with respect totransactions already completed.' [Citation.] If there would be no retroactiveimpact, as that term is defined by the court, then the amended law may be applied.[Citation.] If, however, applying the amended version of the law would have aretroactive impact, then the court must presume that the legislature did not intendthat it be so applied. [Citation.]" Commonwealth Edison, 196 Ill. 2d at 38.

The language relied upon by the State in Commonwealth Edison, quoting Landgraf, states, "retroactivity isa matter on which judges tend to have 'sound ... instinct[s],' and familiar considerations of fair notice, reasonablereliance, and settled expectations offer sound guidance." Commonwealth Edison, 196 Ill. 2d at 39 quoting Landgraf,511 U.S. at 269-70, 128 L. Ed. 2d at 255, 114 S.Ct. at 1499.

The State claims that Public Act 91-770, or the current amendment of section 5-2-4(g), did nothing to deprivedefendant of fair notice because defendant had no control over the triggering of the recommendations made by thefacility director. In essence, the State claims that a change in defendant's privileges was within the exclusive purviewof the facility director. Thus, prior to any recommendation by the facility director, a change in the burden of proofrequiring defendant to show the facility director's recommendation was proper did not violate defendant's right to fairnotice. The State explains that defendant's contention that he was denied fair notice is to claim that he would havebehaved differently before January 1, 2001, if he had known the burden of proof was going to change. However, priorto January 1, 2001, defendant had no control over his own fate absent a recommendation for change in privileges bythe facility director. Therefore, the State claims that defendant cannot assert that a change in the burden of proofdenied him fair notice under these circumstances.

The State also asserts that defendant's reasonable reliance on the old statute did not affect his substantiverights in the instant case for the same reason that he was not deprived of fair notice. Under these facts, the State claimsthat defendant cannot argue he reasonably relied upon the former statute because, even under the old statute, he hadno control over whether the facility director would trigger a hearing and subsequent recommendation for privileges.

Finally, the State contends that settled expectations, or the third element set forth above, means that "stabilityin the law promotes reliable planning, which is good for society." See Landgraf, 511 U.S. at 271, 128 L. Ed at 256,114 S. Ct. at 1500. Again, the State claims that defendant could not have had "any settled expectations as to theconsequences of the actions he took before the law changed on January 1, 2001, because he had no control over whetherthe director would trigger a hearing by making a recommendation that he be transferred." The State points out thatthe facility director's recommendation did not occur until January 23, 2002, more than a year after section 5-2-4(g) wasamended; thus, defendant could not have expected that a favorable recommendation would come before the statute wasamended. The State points out that the amendment of section 5-2-4(g) could not have disturbed any settled expectationof defendant's. Based on the above, the State concludes that section 5-2-4(g) is procedural in nature and that itsretroactive application did not affect defendant's substantive rights or violate section 4 of the Statute on Statutes. Weagree for two reasons.

First, defendant concedes that the amendment, which shifts the burden of proof, is a procedural change. Nevertheless, he argues the fact that an amendment to a statute is procedural in nature does not end the inquiry andthat his substantive rights have been affected. He contends that applying section 5-2-4(g) retroactively affected hissubstantive rights because, at the time he pled not guilty by reason of insanity, he "could not have known that thisaction would result in the legal consequence of him carrying the burden of proof to demonstrate the adequacy of theFacility Director's therapeutic proposals." As we noted above, however, defendant cites no authority for the propositionthat the correct timing of the retroactivity analysis was when defendant decided to plead not guilty by reason ofinsanity. Thus, we reject this argument.

Second, we agree with the State's analysis that defendant's substantive rights of fair notice, reasonable reliance,and settled expectations set forth in Commonwealth Edison have not been affected. As the State points out, once thedefendant was placed into Elgin, the most he could control was his own behavior in the hope that the facility directorwould some day recommend that he be transferred to a less secure facility. Therefore, a change in the law shifting theburden of proof to defendant for the purpose of showing that the facility director's decision was proper did not impactdefendant's substantive rights. We conclude the amendment to section 5-2-4(g) is procedural in nature and itsapplication in this case does not violate section 4 of the Statute on Statutes.

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We next address whether, by shifting the burden of proof to defendant, the application of amended section5-2-4(g) violated defendant's substantive due process rights under the due process clause of the United StatesConstitution. As we noted above, the constitutionality of a statute is a question of law that we review de novo. Peoplev. Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d 413, 418, 739 N.E.2d 433 (2000). Additionally, statutes are presumed constitutional and theparty challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of rebutting the presumption. People v. Maness,191 Ill. 2d 478, 483, 732 N.E.2d 545 (2000).

As a preliminary matter, defendant, in his reply brief, asserts that he is not claiming that his substantive dueprocess rights were violated. However, the first sentence in section VI of his opening brief states, "in addition toviolating the substantive Due Process requirements outlined in Foucha, Public Act 91-770 also violates procedural dueprocess." Thus, we will assume that defendant is making a substantive due process claim and address it.

As noted by the State, "the Due Process Clause contains a substantive component that bars certain arbitrary,wrongful government actions 'regardless of fairness of the procedures used to implement them.' [Citation.]" Zinermonv. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 125, 108 L. Ed.2d 100, 113, 110 S.Ct. 975, 983 (1990). In addition, " ' [t]he substantivecomponent of the Due Process Clause protects those rights that are 'fundamental,' that is, rights that are 'implicit inthe concept of ordered liberty.' [Citations.]" Vinyard v. Wilson, 311 F.3d 1340, 1356 (11th Cir. 2002).

Under the due process clause, the State may not confine a defendant once it has been determined that he isno longer mentally ill and dangerous. Foucha v. Louisiana, 504 U.S. 71, 77, 118 L. Ed.2d 437, 446, 112 S.Ct. 1780,1784 (1992). On the other hand, "the Constitution permits the Government, on the basis of the insanity judgment, toconfine [a defendant] to a mental institution until such time as he has regained his sanity or is no longer a danger tohimself or society." Jones v. United States, 463 U.S. 354, 370, 77 L. Ed. 2d 694, 709, 103 S. Ct. 3043, 3052-53 (1983).

We agree with the State that the way in which the government determines whether a defendant should remainconfined is a matter of procedural due process. In Addington v. Texas, the United States Supreme Court held that,"[a]s the substantive standards for civil commitment may vary from state to state, procedures must be allowed to varyso long as they meet the constitutional minimum." Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 431, 60 L. Ed. 2d 323, 334, 99S.Ct. 1804, 1812 (1979). The court then went on to hold that the use of a "clear, unequivocal, and convincing"evidence standard of proof in a civil commitment proceeding was constitutionally adequate. Addington, 441 U.S. at433, 60 L. Ed. 2d at 335, 99 S.Ct. at 1813. Therefore, Addington makes clear that the burden of proof at acommitment hearing is an issue of procedure not substance.

The defendant does not rely upon any authority where the burden of proof in a civil commitment proceedingwas treated as a matter of substantive due process. Defendant argues that section 5-2-4(g) is unconstitutional becauseit places the burden of proof on defendant, even when the State has determined that the original basis for confiningdefendant in a secure setting no longer exists. According to defendant, requiring him to prove, by clear and convincingevidence, that he no longer requires placement in a secure setting violates the due process clause of the fourteenthamendment to the United States Constitution. U.S. Const., amend XIV.

In support of this argument, defendant relies upon the United States Supreme Court decision in Foucha, citedabove. However, defendant's reliance upon Foucha is misplaced.

In Foucha, it was undisputed that the defendant was no longer mentally ill under the State of Louisiana's notguilty-by-reason-of-insanity statute, yet the State sought to continue to confine the defendant on the basis of hisantisocial personality. The court held that "the State must establish insanity and dangerousness by clear andconvincing evidence in order to confine an insane convict beyond his criminal sentence, when the basis for his originalconfinement no longer exists." (Emphasis added.) Foucha, 504 U.S. at 86, 118 L. Ed. 2d at 1788, 112 S. Ct. at 452. Thus, Foucha required that, if the State wanted the continued commitment of the defendant despite the fact that he wasno longer considered mentally ill, it had to proceed through a civil commitment hearing and establish the defendant'sinsanity and dangerousness by clear and convincing evidence. The court also held that, the defendant "[could] nolonger be held as an insanity acquitee in a mental hospital, [and was] entitled to constitutionally adequate proceduresto establish the grounds for his confinement." (Emphasis added.) Foucha, 504 U.S. at 80, 118 L. Ed. 2d at 1785, 112S.Ct. at 447. Thus, Foucha reinforces the conclusion that the burden of proof in a civil commitment proceeding isprocedural and not substantive in nature.

Defendant suggests that Foucha stands for the proposition that "a state statute violates the Due Process Clause*** if it places on an insanity acquitee the burden of proof in a hearing for his release once the state itself has foundthat the basis for his initial commitment no longer exists." This statement is a misinterpretation of Foucha and section5-2-4(g) in the instant case. Foucha clearly places the burden on the State to establish, by clear and convincingevidence, a defendant's insanity and dangerousness when the basis for his original confinement no longer exists. Foucha does not prohibit a state statute that places the burden on a defendant to prove by clear and convincing evidencethat he is no longer in need of confinement. In Foucha, the State conceded that the defendant was no longer mentallyill. Thus, at issue was the State's burden to continue the defendant's confinement, not on the basis of his mental illness,but on the basis of his antisocial personality, which was not the ground for his original confinement.

In the instant case, the State correctly contends that section 5-2-4 "gives the facility director the power totrigger a hearing," but reserves for the trial court "the ultimate decision of whether an *** acquitee is still mentallyill and dangerous." See 730 ILCS 5/5-2-4(h) (West 2000). Thus, here, the question of whether defendant was in needof further commitment was still viable and was properly within the discretion of the trial court. We therefore find thatdefendant's reliance is on Foucha misplaced and we reject defendant's substantive due process claim.

Last we examine whether section 5-2-4(g), as amended, violates procedural due process by failing to ensureadequate safeguards for the protection of defendant's liberty interest in being free from confinement in a secure setting. Once again, the constitutionality of a statute is a question of law that we review de novo. Malchow, 193 Ill. 2d at 418. Moreover, statutes are presumed constitutional and the party challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears theburden of rebutting the presumption. Maness, 191 Ill. 2d at 483.

Defendant argues that section 5-2-4(g), as amended, violates procedural due process because it "createsinadequate procedural safeguards against the deprivation of an insanity acquitee's liberty interest in being free fromconfinement in a secure setting." The State responds that the statute comports with due process requirements.

As noted by the parties, the seminal case on procedural due process law is Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319,47 L.Ed.2d 18, 96 S.Ct. 893 (1976). Mathews set forth three distinct factors to be considered for the purpose ofprotecting individuals from an erroneous deprivation of a property or liberty interest: (1) the private interest that willbe affected by the individual action; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the proceduresused, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and (3) the government's interest,including the function involved and the fiscal and administrative burdens that the additional or substitute proceduralrequirement would entail. Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335, 47 L. Ed. 2d at 33, 96 S.Ct. at 903.

We note that seven years after Mathews, the Illinois appellate court upheld the constitutional validity of theprior version of section 5-2-4 which placed the burden on a not guilty by reason of insanity acquitee when the acquiteemade the request for a change in confinement conditions. In re King, 114 Ill. App. 3d 346, 351, 448 N.E.2d 887(1983). Specifically, the King court stated, "we believe that a statute requiring the petitioner to bear the burden of proofin showing a change of condition in a release hearing does not violate the petitioner's constitutional right to dueprocess." King, 114 Ill. App. 3d at 351.

Further, the federal court of appeals determined that a federal statute, which placed the burden on a not guiltyby reason of insanity acquitee to prove that he was no longer mentally ill or dangerous, did not violate due processrights after weighing the three factors set forth in Mathews. United States v. Wattleton, 296 F.3d 1184, 1201 (11thCir. 2002).

With regard to the first Mathews factor, the Wattleton court observed that commitment constituted asignificant deprivation of liberty requiring due process protection. However, the court noted that this concern wasoffset by countervailing factors ameliorating the negative effects on the insanity acquitee's private interests. Forinstance, the court noted that the defendant was committed in a facility where he would receive the benefits ofhospitalization, care, and treatment. Wattleton, 296 F.3d at 1199.

Concerning the second Mathews factor, the court in Wattleton noted that the difficulty of predicting whethera person is no longer mentally ill and dangerous exists regardless of which party had the burden of proof. Wattleton,296 F.3d at 1199. But the court noted that practical considerations support allocating the burden of proof to theinsanity acquitee. As part of the assessment of the acquitee's mental illness and dangerousness, mental health expertsexamine the insanity acquitee. If the government were to bear the burden of proof, these risk assessments could beimpeded by an acquitee who was reluctant or unwilling to participate in the process. However, if the acquitee bearsthe burden of proof, he has an incentive to cooperate in the mental examination. Wattleton, 296 F.3d at 1200.

Finally, with regard to the third Mathews factor, the Wattleton court stated,"[t]he government undoubtedlyhas a strong interest in safeguarding society from individuals who pose a danger to persons or property because of theirmental illness." Wattleton, 296 F.3d at 1200. The court also noted the government's interest in avoiding relitigationof the trial at the dangerousness hearing. Wattleton, 296 F.3d at 1200-01. It further repeated the concern that, in theevent the burden were on the government, the government could potentially confront an insanity acquitee who isunwilling to cooperate in a necessary mental examination. Wattleton, 296 F.3d at 1201. The court then concludedthat, after weighing all of the Mathews factors, the federal statute placing the burden on the insanity acquitee to provehis readiness for change in confinement did not violate his due process rights. Wattleton, 296 F.3d at 1201.

Based on the holdings in King, Wattleton, and the factors in Mathews, we find that section 5-2-4 did notviolate defendant's procedural due process rights.

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Based on the above, we find that the factors for consideration established in Mathews have been satisfied andthat section 5-2-4(g), as amended, does not unfairly deprive defendant of his liberty interest in violation of the dueprocess clause.

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

Affirmed.

O'MALLEY, P.J., and GORDON, J., concur.