State Bank of Countryside v. City of Chicago
State: Illinois
Court: 1st District Appellate
Docket No: 1-96-2185
Case Date: 04/15/1997
SECOND DIVISION
APRIL 15, 1997
No. 1-96-2185
STATE BANK OF COUNTRYSIDE, as Trustee ) Appeal from the
under Trust Agreement Number 87-322, ) Circuit Court of
and BLACKWATER CONSTRUCTION ) Cook County
CORPORATION, )
)
Plaintiffs-Appellants, )
)
v. ) 94 CH 9861
)
THE CITY OF CHICAGO, ) The Honorable
) Dorothy Kirie Kinnaird,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding
PRESIDING JUSTICE DiVITO delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiffs State Bank of Countryside and Blackwater Construc-
tion Company (Blackwater) were the legal title holder and sole
beneficiary, respectively, of a piece of property in Chicago.
Plaintiffs filed a petition with the Chicago city council to obtain
a change in the subject property's zoning classification from M1-1,
restricted manufacturing district, to R-4, general residence
district. After the city council denied the petition, plaintiffs
filed a complaint for declaratory judgment against the City of
Chicago (the City). They asked the court to declare that the
zoning ordinance containing these classifications was unconstitu-
tional as it applied to the subject property. After a trial, the
circuit court entered judgment in favor of the City.
The parties raise the following issues on appeal: (1) whether
the circuit court's conclusion that the City's zoning ordinance was
valid was against the manifest weight of the evidence and (2)
whether, to be valid, a zoning ordinance must bear a real and
substantial relation to the public health, safety, morals, comfort,
and general welfare or whether a rational relationship to a
legitimate governmental interest is sufficient.
In their first-amended complaint for declaratory judgment,
plaintiffs alleged that the M1-1 classification of their property
did not bear any substantial relation to the public health,
comfort, morals, safety, or general welfare. The classification
was arbitrary and capricious, it deprived plaintiffs and the public
of the property's highest and best use, it was a cloud on plain-
tiffs' title, and it violated the municipal zoning enabling
statutes. Consequently, plaintiffs asked the court to declare the
zoning ordinance invalid as it applied to their property and to
grant them the right to develop the property as they had proposed.
Before the trial on the first-amended complaint, the parties
submitted a set of stipulated facts to the circuit court. They
stipulated that the subject property was a rectangular asphalt
parking lot enclosed by a chain link fence. The size of the lot
was 2.6 acres, and it was bordered by West 64th Place to the north,
a public alley to the east, West 65th Street to the south, and
Natchez Avenue to the west. Plaintiffs purchased this property for
$650,000 in April 1994.
The parties further stipulated that plaintiffs petitioned the
City for a zoning reclassification because the existing zoning
classification, M1-1, did not permit the development plaintiffs
proposed. They wanted an R-4 zoning classification in order to
build a development containing 84 condominiums with 151 off-street
parking spaces. Each unit in the proposed development would have
1,200 square feet and two bedrooms, and the average sale price
would be $126,000. There would be six three-story buildings,
containing 12 units each, and two three-story buildings, containing
six units each. There would be 67 open parking spaces, and the
remaining spaces would be in 14 six-car garages.
According to the stipulations, the proposed development was
consistent with the use and bulk regulations under the R-4 zoning
classification. The proposed development was consistent with other
multifamily housing developments in the immediate area, and the M1-
1 zoning classification was consistent with other manufacturing
uses in the immediate area. North and east of the subject property
were three-story apartment buildings on property with the R-4
classification. South of the subject property were manufacturing
buildings on property in the Village of Bedford Park. This
property was zoned as H-1, heavy industrial district. West of the
subject property were buildings on City property with the M1-1
classification. Following a hearing, the city council unanimously
denied plaintiffs' petition.
The parties further stipulated that John Barrett was qualified
to render an expert opinion as a land developer and general
contractor, Terrance O'Brien was qualified to render an expert
opinion as a real estate appraiser, Anthony McNamara was qualified
to render an expert opinion as a registered professional engineer,
and Stephen E. Roman was qualified to render an expert opinion as
a registered architect and certified land planner.
At trial, John Barrett testified on behalf of plaintiffs. He
testified that he was a representative of Blackwater and that
Blackwater purchased the subject property in April 1994 from an
industrial company. The property had been used as a parking lot
for the industrial complex south of it, but it had been vacant for
a number of years and was overgrown with weeds. Blackwater bought
the property with the intention of building condominiums on it.
At the time Blackwater purchased the subject property, Barrett
knew that it was zoned M1-1 and that this classification would not
permit the proposed development. There was no zoning contingency
in the contract to purchase the property.
Barrett further testified that he had developed 500 condomini-
ums during his career as a developer. Thirteen years before the
trial, he built 18 units to the east of the subject property. In
1984, he developed 12 condominium units at 63rd and Mobile, but he
had developed no property in the area since that time.
Based on his experience, Barrett anticipated selling the
condominiums to residents of the immediate and nearby areas. He
expected that the buyers would be older residents and individuals
who worked for the City. He had received no calls from individuals
who were interested in purchasing a condominium in the proposed
development.
Anthony McNamara also testified on behalf of plaintiffs. He
stated that he was a consulting civil engineer and had been
retained by Blackwater to analyze the suitability of the subject
property for the proposed development. He determined that the
property, including available sewer and water connections, was
sufficient for the proposed development. He admitted that it would
also be suitable for a manufacturing business.
Next, plaintiffs called Stephen Roman, a registered architect
and urban planner, who had previously worked in the City of
Chicago's Department of Planning for 32 years. During his
testimony, he identified and referred to plaintiffs' exhibit 1, an
aerial base map of the area surrounding the subject property. The
exhibit showed the zoning classifications of the property on the
map and the dates on which zoning classifications on different
properties had changed.
Roman explained that, in 1957, when the City enacted the
zoning ordinance, the strip between 64th Place and 65th Street,
east of Oak Park Avenue, and west of Austin Boulevard was zoned M1-
1. After 1957, the classification of several of the parcels in
this strip was changed from M1-1 to R-4. The classifications of
six properties between Austin and Narragansett changed to accommo-
date apartment buildings. These changes occurred in 1965, 1967,
1968, 1969, 1974, and 1976. West of Narragansett, the classifica-
tions of three pieces of property changed from M1-1 to R-4; one
change occurred in 1978, one in 1982, and one in 1995. On the
north side of 64th Place, the classification of four properties had
changed from R-2, single-family district, to R-4. These changes
occurred in 1959, 1960, 1969, and 1972. Pursuant to these zoning
changes, 732 dwelling units had been built.
Despite the fact that only one of these zoning changes had
occurred since 1982, and the majority occurred in the sixties and
seventies, Roman believed there was a trend toward multiple-family
developments. In ascertaining this trend, he did not make an
extensive examination of the area west of Oak Park Avenue between
63rd and 65th Streets, but he admitted that there was only one
block in this area with an R-4 designation. East of Austin
Boulevard between 63rd and 65th Streets and west of Central Avenue,
there was also only one property with an R-4 designation.
According to Roman, the proposed development was consistent
with the existing buildings and the trend of development in the
area, although the proposed development included more "green space"
and parking. In addition, the development would serve as a
"buffer" between the single-family homes to the north of it and the
heavy industry to the south.
Roman opined that, if the property continued to be zoned M1-1,
it would remain vacant because only one industrial building had
been built in the M1-1 strip between Oak Park Avenue and Austin
Boulevard in the past 40 years. He explained that there was no
market in the area for industrial development because the area was
surrounded by residential areas. Also, the subject property was
not suitable for industry because new industrial standards for
development called for a minimum of five acres to accommodate
trucks, expansion, and employee parking.
On the other hand, Roman found that there was a strong market
for condominiums in the area. The basis for his opinion was his
visits to two condominiums for sale. These were north of the
subject property and had been on the market for two weeks at the
time he visited them. He also spoke to a realtor at an open house
at a condominium somewhere east of the subject property. He did
not visit a new 18-unit development at 64th and Normandy. It was
also his opinion that the neighborhood was desirable because it had
good access to transportation, good parks, and good schools.
On cross-examination, Roman admitted that, in addition to
light industry, the M1-1 classification allows other uses, such as
restaurants, business offices, professional offices, medical
centers, and dental centers.
Terrance O'Brien, a professional real estate appraiser, also
testified on behalf of plaintiffs. He stated that he was familiar
with the value of properties in the area around the subject
property because he had reviewed public records concerning the
sales of homes, condominiums, and industrial properties in that
area.
O'Brien testified that it was his opinion that, with its
existing M1-1 zoning classification, the value of the subject
property would be $2 a square foot, or approximately $250,000. He
arrived at this number by considering the uses permitted under the
existing classification and sales of similar properties in the
area.
He was unable, however, to find any properties with an M1-1
classification for sale in the area depicted on plaintiff's exhibit
1. He examined two properties in Bedford Park, however, with M1-1
zoning. Both were smaller than the subject property. One was a
mile from the subject property and sold in August 1993 for $1.88
per square foot, or $149,864.20. The other was a half a mile away
and sold in December 1994 for $1.36 a square foot, or $114,928.
It was O'Brien's opinion that, if the zoning classification
were changed to R-4, the value of the subject property would be $6
per square foot, or approximately $750,000. He based this opinion
on the uses permitted under an R-4 classification, the proposed
development, the character of the area, the trend of development,
other land uses in the area, the availability of public utilities,
and sales of comparable properties with R-4 classifications. Ten
single-family homes in the area depicted by plaintiff's exhibit 1
sold for $103,000 to $163,000. He testified that other condomini-
ums in the area sold for $70 to $80 per square foot, but he could
not recall the number of condominium sale prices he had examined in
reaching his opinion. He did not analyze sales of condominiums in
a new development at 64th Place and Normandy because the majority
of his analysis had occurred before that property was rezoned in
March 1995.
O'Brien also examined the market demand for the type of
housing in the proposed development. He determined that there were
not a lot of condominiums available in the area by driving around
the area and noticing that there were not many for-sale signs.
Also, he had noticed an appreciation in the value of condominiums.
He acknowledged that the low turnover in the neighborhood could be
due to the fact that it is a mature neighborhood. He stated that
he had considered new condominium developments in the area, but he
did not know how many of the units in these developments were
occupied or vacant.
Like Roman, O'Brien testified that there was a trend toward
multifamily developments in the area. This opinion was based on
the fact that all rezonings in the area since 1959 had been from R-
2 or M1-1 to R-4. Also, O'Brien opined that the proposed develop-
ment would not adversely affect the health or welfare of the
community or the value of other properties in the area because
there would be other multifamily developments around it. In
addition, the sales price of the units in the proposed development
would be similar, on a per-square-foot basis, to other homes in the
area. According to O'Brien, the proposed development would put the
subject property to its highest and best use because it would
maximize the property value and would be in keeping with the trend
of development and character of the area.
Plaintiffs concluded the presentation of their case with
O'Brien's testimony, and the City then called Alderman Michael R.
Zalewski to testify on its behalf. He testified that he was the
alderman for the 23rd Ward, in which the subject property was
located.
Alderman Zalewski testified that he was familiar with the area
surrounding the subject property because he had lived there since
he was four years old and because he represented the area as an
alderman. According to Zalewski, a multifamily development the
size of the proposed development would not be in keeping with the
character of the area, which was comprised of mostly single-family
homes. The proposed development was also different from other
multifamily developments in the area because of its size. In
addition, developers of condominiums at 63rd and Melvina and 63rd
and Harlem, as well as community groups, had expressed concerns
about the number of vacant units in those developments.
Alderman Zalewski further testified that he was a member of
the City's economic development committee. One of the goals of
this committee was to attract businesses into the City to increase
the tax base and to increase employment opportunities for residents
of the areas in which the businesses were located. He testified
that it was important to maintain land zoned as M1-1 to attract
businesses to the area.
Zalewski admitted that the subject property had been vacant
for many years, and he had been unsuccessful in attracting
industrial users for M1-1-classified properties along West 65th
Street in the area near the subject property. These properties
were currently used for a restaurant, a business, and parking lots
for the industrial area across the street. Recently, however,
businesses had relocated into other portions of the 23rd Ward, and
one company that had relocated to 51st and Hamlin had pledged to
work with community groups and to hire within the community.
After the trial, the circuit court issued an oral ruling in
favor of the City. The court stated that, although plaintiffs
presented the unrebutted opinions of three experts, the experts'
testimony did not rise to the level of clear and convincing
evidence that the zoning ordinance was arbitrary and unreasonable
and had no substantial relation to the public's health, safety, and
welfare.
The court stated that the experts did not adequately explain
the bases for their opinions and that their opinions were largely
unsupported by specific facts. The court noted that O'Brien did
not have a written report, did not have his notes to support his
opinions, and was unable to answer some of the court's questions.
O'Brien also failed to demonstrate how long the subject property
had been on the market before plaintiffs purchased it. Although
the court found Roman to be a knowledgeable witness, it also found
that his testimony did not demonstrate that the existing M1-1
classification was unreasonable.
According to the court, there was an inadequate basis for the
experts' opinions that there was a need in the community for the
proposed development. Also, plaintiffs' experts failed to explain
to the court why there was no need in the area for the numerous
other uses permitted by the M1-1 classification. The court
found that plaintiffs had proved that the proposed development was
compatible with other uses in the area but found that the M1-1
classification was also compatible with other manufacturing uses in
the area. The court acknowledged that the proposed development
would make the land more valuable than it was as a parking lot, but
the court was not convinced that the land should not remain a part
of the M1-1 buffer zone between residences and heavy manufacturing,
as it was originally intended. It also stated that it was not
convinced that the area would not be better served by some of the
other uses permitted by the M1-1 restriction. The court concluded
that plaintiffs had purchased the subject property with no zoning
contingency, and "highest and best use of property means more than
the largest amount of money to the owner."
Zoning is primarily a legislative function (Cosmopolitan
National Bank v. County of Cook, 103 Ill. 2d 302, 313, 469 N.E.2d
183 (1984)), and therefore it is subject to court review only for
the purpose of determining whether the exercise of zoning powers
involves an undue invasion of private constitutional rights without
a reasonable justification with respect to the public welfare.
Kleidon v. City of Hickory Hills, 120 Ill. App. 3d 1043, 1046, 458
N.E.2d 931 (1983). A zoning ordinance is presumed valid, and a
party challenging its validity must show by clear and convincing
evidence that the application of the ordinance is arbitrary and
unreasonable and bears no substantial relation to public health,
safety, or welfare. Racich v. County of Boone, 254 Ill. App. 3d
311, 314, 625 N.E.2d 1095 (1993); see also La Salle National Bank
v. County of Cook, 12 Ill. 2d 40, 46, 145 N.E.2d 65 (1957). A
circuit court's determination as to the validity of a zoning
ordinance is entitled to great weight, and a reviewing court will
not overturn it unless it is against the manifest weight of the
evidence. Rosehill Cemetery Co. v. City of Chicago, 114 Ill. App.
3d 277, 283, 448 N.E.2d 930 (1983).
In evaluating the validity of a zoning ordinance, courts
examine the following factors, which our supreme court outlined in
La Salle National Bank v. County of Cook, 12 Ill. 2d 40, 145 N.E.2d
65 (1957), and Sinclair Pipe Line Co. v. Village of Richton Park,
19 Ill. 2d 370, 167 N.E.2d 406 (1960): (1) the existing uses and
zoning of nearby property; (2) the extent to which the particular
zoning restrictions diminish property values; (3) the extent to
which diminishing the plaintiff's property values promotes public
health, safety, or general welfare; (4) the relative gain to the
public as compared to the hardship imposed upon the individual
property owner; (5) the suitability of the subject property for the
zoned purposes; (6) the length of time the subject property has
been vacant as zoned, in the context of land development in the
vicinity; (7) whether there is a comprehensive zoning plan for land
use and development; and (8) evidence of community need for the
proposed use (La Salle/Sinclair factors). La Salle National Bank,
12 Ill. 2d at 46-47; Sinclair Pipe Line Co., 19 Ill. 2d at 378.
The validity of a zoning ordinance depends on the facts of a
particular case, and no one factor is controlling. Oak Lawn Trust
& Savings Bank v. City of Palos Heights, 115 Ill. App. 3d 887, 892,
450 N.E.2d 788 (1983).
Plaintiffs argue that they met their burden of showing by
clear and convincing evidence that the M1-1 zoning classification
of the subject property bears no substantial relation to the public
health, safety, or general welfare. According to plaintiffs, the
circuit court's decision and application of the La Salle/Sinclair
factors was contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.
Plaintiffs argue that the evidence presented under the first
La Salle/Sinclair factor, existing uses and zoning of surrounding
property, supported their position that the existing zoning
classification was invalid. According to plaintiffs, their first
exhibit and Roman's testimony showed a trend toward multifamily
development. The City argues that plaintiffs failed to show that
the area had become "so predominantly multi-family residential,
that M1-1 zoning of the subject property was clearly unreasonable."
Under the La Salle/Sinclair analysis, no one factor is
controlling, but of paramount importance is the existing uses and
zoning of nearby property. Hamann v. Sumichrast, 222 Ill. App. 3d
962, 976, 584 N.E.2d 847 (1991). With respect to the first factor,
Roman and O'Brien testified that there was a trend toward multi-
family development in the area. Plaintiffs also presented evidence
that, in the corridor between 65th Street and 64th Place, Oak Park
Avenue and Austin Boulevard, the zoning classifications of nine
pieces of property had changed from M1-1 to R-4.
As the City points out, however, the majority of these
rezonings occurred in the sixties and seventies. There was only
one rezoning from M1-1 to R-4 in the eighties and only one in the
nineties. Also, as the City contends, only three of the nine R-4
properties in this corridor extend from 64th Place to 65th Street
like the subject property, and these three properties were rezoned
over two decades ago, between 1969 and 1974. The recent decline in
the number of rezonings and the timing of the rezonings of property
similar to the subject property contradict plaintiffs' claim that
there is a current trend toward multifamily development of
properties like the subject property.
Plaintiffs assert, however, that the multifamily developments
north of 64th Place also demonstrate the trend toward multifamily
development in the area. But these properties were originally
zoned R-2 for single-family use. While their rezoning may
demonstrate a trend toward replacing single-family homes with
multifamily homes, these properties do not show that there is a
trend toward converting industrial property to multifamily
developments, such that it is unreasonable for the subject property
to retain its M1-1 restriction.
Plaintiffs further contend that any M1-1 buffer zone between
residential property north of 64th Place and industrial property
south of 65th Street has been replaced with multifamily develop-
ments, and consequently it was unreasonable for the court to
conclude that the subject property should remain part of an M1-1
buffer zone. The evidence does show that a portion of the M1-1
buffer zone between 64th Place and 65th Street has been replaced by
multifamily housing. For six of these nine pieces of R-4-clas-
sified property in this strip, however, part of the original M1-1
buffer zone separates the property from 65th Street. Another two
of these pieces of property are L-shaped, such that a portion of
the original M1-1 buffer zone separates a portion of the property
from 65th Street. The circuit court's conclusion that one of the
existing uses of property in the area was as an M1-1 buffer zone
between 65th Street and 64th Place is therefore supported by the
record.
Not only did the evidence fail to show the existence of a
multifamily development trend, but also, in the stipulated facts,
plaintiffs agreed that the M1-1 zoning classification was consis-
tent with other manufacturing uses in the immediate area. To
successfully attack the validity of a zoning ordinance, it is not
enough to show that the property could reasonably be zoned
differently. Littlejohn v. City of North Chicago, 259 Ill. App. 3d
713, 724, 631 N.E.2d 358 (1994). Here, although plaintiffs may
have shown that the subject property may have reasonably been zoned
R-4, this was not enough to prove that the property's existing
classification was arbitrary and unreasonable. Instead, their
concession that the M1-1 restriction was consistent with other uses
in the area supports a conclusion that the existing zoning was
valid.
Under the second factor, plaintiffs argue that the existing
zoning classification was unreasonable because it diminished the
property value of the subject property. They rely on O'Brien's
testimony that the value of the property was $250,000 with the
existing classification but would be $750,000 if the classification
were changed to R-4.
The City counters that O'Brien's valuation was flawed because,
in valuing the property with the M1-1 restriction, O'Brien
considered only industrial uses for the property and did not
consider the other possible uses under the M1-1 restriction.
Second, the City argues that a diminution in value is not determi-
native because zoning restrictions almost always result in a
decreased value for property. Third, it contends, given that
plaintiffs acquired the subject property with full knowledge of the
restriction, they cannot rely on the loss of value from this
restriction in order to obtain a zoning change. Finally, the City
asserts that the fact that plaintiffs purchased the land for
$650,000 in an arm's-length transaction suggests that this is the
true value of the land under the existing M1-1 restriction.
O'Brien stated that he based his valuation of the subject
property with the M1-1 restriction on an evaluation of permitted
uses under this restriction and on the sales of comparable property
in the area. He did not explain, however, how different uses might
affect the valuation.
Also, he named only two pieces of "comparable" property. Both
had the M1-1 restriction and were vacant, but other similarities
between these properties and the subject property were not evident.
Both "comparable" properties were located in Bedford Park, one was
a mile away from the subject property, and one was a half a mile
away. One sold almost three years before the trial, and the other
sold almost 1 1/2 years before the trial. In addition, both were
significantly smaller than the subject property. O'Brien stated
that he had examined comparable industrial properties in the
Chicago area, but he did not give any information about these
properties, and he testified that these other properties were not
in the immediate vicinity of the subject property.
Also, in considering O'Brien's opinion that the subject
property was worth $250,000 with the M1-1 restriction, we agree
with the City that it is significant that plaintiffs paid $650,000
for the property with its existing classification.
O'Brien also provided few facts to support his opinion that,
with an R-4 classification, the value of the subject property would
be $750,000. Although he stated that he had arrived at this value
by analyzing sales of condominium property in the area, he could
not remember the number of condominium sale prices he had examined,
and he had conducted the majority of his analysis before March
1994, over two years before the trial.
Even accepting O'Brien's valuation, however, it is well estab-
lished that the fact property would be worth more if reclassified
is not determinative in deciding whether to change the zoning
because, in almost all rezoning cases, the subject property would
be worth more if reclassified. Glenview State Bank v. Village of
Deerfield, 213 Ill. App. 3d 747, 761, 572 N.E.2d 399 (1991).
Moreover, as the City argues, plaintiffs were aware of the M1-1
zoning restriction when they purchased the subject property, and
they purchased it without a zoning contingency in their contract.
A purchaser who has full knowledge of a zoning classification when
he purchases a piece of property cannot persuasively argue a loss
of value due to that classification. Oliver Construction Co. v.
Village of Villa Park, 257 Ill. App. 3d 750, 755, 629 N.E.2d 199
(1994).
Courts often consider the third and fourth La Salle/Sinclair
factors together. See Oliver, 257 Ill. App. 3d at 755. With
respect to these factors, plaintiffs rely on O'Brien's opinion that
there was no promotion of the public health, safety, or general
welfare that justified the diminution of their property value.
The City responds that the existing restriction did benefit
the public. It provided a buffer zone between residential areas
and heavy industry and preserved land with which the City could
attract businesses.
Although O'Brien testified that a change in the zoning of the
subject property and the proposed development would have no adverse
impact on the community, Alderman Zalewski contradicted his
opinion. The alderman testified that the M1-1 property in the area
served the important purpose of buffering residential property from
industrial property. He also believed that it was important to
retain property with an M1-1 classification in order to attract
businesses, and therefore jobs, tax revenue, and community support.
In addition, he testified that a multifamily development the size
of the one plaintiffs proposed was not in keeping with the
character of the neighborhood.
Zalewski's testimony supported the circuit court's conclusion
that the M1-1 classification was valid. Although O'Brien's
testimony conflicted with Zalewski's, where there is a conflict in
testimony concerning the reasonableness of the zoning ordinance,
the conflict relates to the credibility of the witnesses and the
weight of their testimony, and the circuit court is in a superior
position to resolve these matters. See Firstbank Co. v. City of
Springfield, 253 Ill. App. 3d 844, 849, 625 N.E.2d 804 (1993).
There is no dispute as to the fifth factor, the suitability of
the subject property for its proposed use. Under the sixth factor,
to successfully challenge a zoning ordinance a plaintiff must show
that the subject property is unsalable or vacant "because of the
zoning classification" (emphasis in original). St. Lucas Ass'n v.
City of Chicago, 212 Ill. App. 3d 817, 831-32, 571 N.E.2d 865
(1991). Plaintiffs argue that Barrett's testimony that the subject
property had been vacant for several years shows that the property
is vacant because of the zoning classification. Plaintiffs also
argue that Roman's testimony showed that the existing zoning caused
the subject property to be unsalable or vacant. He testified that
there was no market for industrial property like the subject
property and that the property would remain vacant if the zoning
classification were not changed. The City argues that plaintiffs
failed to present sufficient evidence concerning the property's
marketability and the length of time it had been vacant.
The court stated that the plaintiffs' experts' testimony was
"somewhat imprecise in *** the length of time this particular
property has been in use along with how long it was on the property
market before the plaintiff bought it [and] what other kinds of M1-
1 properties in the area are not selling." The record supports
this finding.
Barrett and Zalewski testified that the subject property had
been vacant for several years, but there was no evidence that this
was because of the M1-1 zoning restriction. Barrett testified
that, before he purchased the subject property, an industrial
company across the street had used the property as a parking lot.
It is not clear, however, why or when that company ceased to use
the subject property as a parking lot and when it decided to sell
the property. Roman's testimony also did not provide the
court with a sufficient basis for concluding that the subject
property was vacant and not salable because of the M1-1 restric-
tion. The court justifiably concluded that Roman had not provided
a "convincing presentation that the current M1-1 classification is
unreasonable." Although Roman testified that the subject property
was not salable because it was unsuitable for industrial uses, the
M1-1 restriction permitted other uses. There was no evidence that
the subject property was unsuitable for these other uses. There
was also no testimony concerning the marketability of other
properties in the area with the M1-1 classification.
Turning to the seventh factor, the parties agree that the
existing classification of the subject property is part of a
comprehensive zoning plan. Under the eighth factor, however, they
disagree as to whether there was a need for the proposed develop-
ment.
The court stated that there was an inadequate basis for the
plaintiffs' experts' opinions that there was a need for the
proposed development and that these experts failed to explain why
there was no need for the numerous uses the M1-1 classification
permits.
Plaintiffs object to the court's statement that they should
have offered testimony concerning other uses permitted under the
M1-1 restriction. The court stated: "There are multiple other
uses that the experts did not tell me would serve the community
less than what is proposed." According to plaintiffs, it was
unfair to require them to prove a negative, and the City should
have had the burden of showing the need for other uses. Plaintiffs
had the burden of proof of showing that the M1-1 classification was
unreasonable, however, and the failure of their experts to discuss
uses other than industrial uses for the subject property prevented
them from meeting this burden.
The record also supports the court's finding that plaintiffs'
experts did not provide sufficient bases for their opinions that
there was a need for the proposed development. Barrett testified
that he expected to sell the condominiums in the proposed develop-
ment to residents of the nearby area. His opinion was based on his
experience as a developer, but he testified that he had built no
condominiums in the area since 1984. He also admitted that he had
received no calls from individuals who were interested in purchas-
ing units in the proposed development.
Roman testified that there was a strong market for condomini-
ums in the area around the subject property, but his opinion was
based only on visits to three condominiums for sale, two across the
street from the proposed development and one somewhere east of the
development. O'Brien's opinion that there was a demand for
condominiums in the area was similarly unsupported. The basis for
his opinion was that there had been an appreciation in the value of
condominiums in the area and that he had not seen many for-sale
signs as he drove around the area. Although he testified that he
had considered new condominium developments in assessing the demand
for this type of housing, he did not know how many of the units in
these developments were vacant.
In addition, these experts' opinions were contradicted by
Alderman Zalewski's testimony that community groups and new
condominium developers in the area had expressed concerns about
condominium vacancies.
Plaintiffs ascribe error to the court's finding that their
experts' testimony was unpersuasive with respect to this factor, as
well as the other factors. An expert's opinion, however, is only
as valid as the bases and reasons for that opinion (Gyllin v.
College Craft Enterprises, Ltd., 260 Ill. App. 3d 707, 715, 633
N.E.2d 111 (1994)), and the record supports the court's conclusion
that plaintiffs' experts failed to provide sufficient bases for
their conclusions.
After reviewing all the relevant factors, we conclude that
plaintiffs failed to show that the M1-1 zoning restriction was
invalid with respect to the subject property. Although the
property was suitable for the proposed development, and the value
of the property would be less under the existing zoning than under
an R-4 classification, plaintiffs were aware of the zoning
restriction when they purchased the property. In addition, the
evidence showed that the existing zoning was consistent with other
manufacturing uses in the area, that the property was part of an
M1-1 buffer zone, and that the availability of commercial property
benefits the community. Furthermore, there was insufficient
evidence that the subject property had remained vacant because of
the existing zoning classification or that there was a need for the
proposed development.
The record, therefore, supports the circuit court's conclusion
that the plaintiffs failed to show by clear and convincing evidence
that the M1-1 restriction is arbitrary, unreasonable, and bears no
substantial relation to public health, safety, or welfare. At the
very most, the reasonableness of the subject property's M1-1
classification was debatable under the evidence presented at the
trial, and where opinions differ as to the reasonableness of a
zoning restriction, a court must defer to the legislative judgment
(Michalek v. Village of Midlothian, 116 Ill. App. 3d 1021, 1034,
452 N.E.2d 655 (1983)). For these reasons, the circuit court's
ruling was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, and we
affirm it.
In addition to arguing that the ordinance is valid because it
bears a substantial relation to public health, safety, and general
welfare, the City asks us to declare that the ordinance would also
be valid if it merely bore a rational relationship to a legitimate
governmental interest. Given our decision that the ordinance in
this case is valid under the "real and substantial relation"
standard, we need not decide whether it would also be valid under
a less stringent standard. Although we express no opinion on the
appropriateness of a rational relationship standard in zoning
ordinance cases, we
Illinois Law
Illinois State Laws
Illinois Tax
Illinois Court
Illinois Labor Laws
> Minimum Wage in Illinois
Illinois Agencies