Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Commerce Comm'n
State: Illinois
Court: 2nd District Appellate
Docket No: 2-97-0657
Case Date: 03/31/1998
No. 2--97--0657
_________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
_________________________________________________________________
COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY, ) Appeal from an Order of the
) Illinois Commerce Commission.
Petitioner, )
)
v. ) ICC Docket No. 96--0229
)
ILLINOIS COMMERCE COMMISSION, )
)
Respondent )
)
(Central Illinois Light Company, )
Northern Illinois Coalition for )
Fair Competition, and Cook )
County, Intervenors). )
)
_________________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE DOYLE delivered the opinion of the court:
Petitioner, Commonwealth Edison Company (ComEd), appeals
directly to this court from an order of respondent, the Illinois
Commerce Commission (Commission). The order denied ComEd s
petition to the Commission for consent and approval to provide
energy support services to energy users. ComEd contends that the
order was erroneous because the Commission improperly (1) applied
a required balancing test; (2) based its decision on a section of
the Public Utilities Act (220 ILCS 5/1-101 et seq. (West 1996))
that had no bearing on the proceedings; and (3) relied on two
central factual findings that were not supported by substantial
evidence.
On April 1, 1996, ComEd filed a petition with the Commission
seeking the Commission s consent and approval pursuant to section
7--102 of the Public Utilities Act (Act) (220 ILCS 5/7--102 (West
1996)) to provide energy support services to energy users. The
petition and a later amended petition described energy support
services as including the following: the furnishing, design,
engineering, construction, operation, analysis, and management of
electrical power equipment, energy systems, and energy conversion
systems; the selection, evaluation, acquisition, installation, and
testing of equipment used in such systems, including energy
efficiency and conservation equipment; and the auditing and
monitoring of such energy systems.
ComEd s amended petition stated that the business of providing
energy support services typically involved a number of components,
including evaluating an energy user s need for energy support
services; developing a proposal describing the work to be completed
in implementing the energy support services and the estimated cost
and benefit to the user; purchasing and financing the proposed
energy support services (including possible financing arranged by
ComEd); providing the energy support services, possibly involving
ComEd contracting with third-party service providers who would
perform portions of the work; and, in some cases, guaranteeing part
of the user s projected energy cost savings from the implementation
of the energy support services.
On October 16, 1996, and October 24, 1996, a hearing was
conducted regarding ComEd s petition. Both ComEd and the staff of
the Commission (Staff) appeared at the hearing and presented
evidence. The Central Illinois Light Company (CILCO) and the
Northern Illinois Coalition for Fair Competition (NICFC) also
appeared at the hearing and were allowed to intervene. Neither
CILCO nor NICFC presented evidence at the hearing.
ComEd presented the testimony of several witnesses. ComEd s
testimony included the following: ComEd filed the petition because
it perceived a need to provide energy support services to energy
users who had requested such services; ComEd is facing competition
on many fronts and it is therefore imperative that it be allowed to
provide energy support services so that it can be as competitive as
possible; ComEd s entry into the energy support services market
would constitute diversification for the company and would decrease
its overall business risks by better enabling it to retain
customers that it might otherwise lose to competitors that are able
to provide energy support services; and it is important that ComEd
be allowed to provide energy support services itself because
customers want one-stop shopping that would allow them to obtain
both energy and energy support services from a single provider.
ComEd also presented testimony regarding the benefits that
would result if it were allowed to provide energy support services.
This testimony was that ComEd s provision of energy support
services would result in the following benefits: (1) benefits to
all ComEd customers through the retention of customers by meeting
customers' needs; (2) promotion of the public interest in the safe
and efficient operation of electrical equipment; (3) establishment
of reliable energy supply and support services for customers; and
(4) enhancement of the skills of ComEd personnel who provide such
services.
Staff also presented testimony. Two Staff witnesses
recommended that the Commission deny ComEd s petition. One of
these Staff witnesses was Scott Rungren, a senior financial analyst
in the finance department of the public utilities division of the
Commission. Rungren based his recommendation on his opinion that
allowing ComEd to provide energy support services would impact
ComEd s risk and cost of capital in an unquantified way, creating
the potential for a violation of section 9--230 of the Act (220
ILCS 5/9--230 (West 1996)) in a future rate proceeding. Rungren
testified that if a nonregulated subsidiary of Unicom, ComEd s
parent holding company, provided energy support services instead
of ComEd, there would be no need to be concerned about the
Commission s ability to enforce section 9--230 in a future rate
proceeding. In Rungren s view, any risk associated with the
provision of energy support services would not be reflected in
ComEd s cost of capital if a Unicom subsidiary provided energy
support services instead of ComEd.
The other Staff witness who recommended that the Commission
deny the petition was Eric P. Schlaf, a senior economist with the
Commission s office of policy and planning. Schlaf testified that
it was not necessary for ComEd itself to provide energy support
services because an unregulated subsidiary of Unicom could provide
energy support services and accomplish each of the benefits that
ComEd asserted would result from its provision of energy support
services. Schlaf also testified that the approval of the petition
would allow ComEd to take unfair advantage of its competitors in
the energy support services market by exploiting a monopoly that
ComEd has with respect to the transmission of energy in its service
area.
ComEd presented testimony that was intended to rebut the
testimony of Rungren and Schlaf. This testimony included the
following: allowing ComEd to provide energy support services would
decrease, not increase, ComEd s business risks because not offering
energy support services would tend to increase the risk that ComEd
would lose customers to other providers that are able to provide
energy support services; because ComEd s entry into the energy
support services business would not increase its business risk, it
would not increase ComEd s cost of capital; the public interest
would best be served if ComEd, rather than an unregulated Unicom
subsidiary, provided energy support services because customers
benefit most from one-stop shopping; the provision of energy
support services by an unregulated Unicom subsidiary would place
ComEd at a competitive disadvantage to other suppliers of energy
support services; ComEd would not and could not take advantage of
competitors through any monopoly it had in the transmission of
energy; and, if the Commission were to deny ComEd s petition,
ComEd s core electric business would be exposed to greater risk.
On January 16, 1997, the hearing examiner issued a proposed
order. The proposed order included findings that ComEd s plan to
provide energy support services was reasonable and would promote
the public interest and convenience. The proposed order
recommended approval of ComEd s amended petition.
On March 31, 1997, the Commission issued its final order (the
order). The order denied ComEd s petition after finding that
ComEd s proposal to provide energy support services will not
promote the public convenience.
ComEd subsequently filed a petition for rehearing, which was
denied. ComEd s timely appeal followed.
A direct appeal from an order of the Commission is governed by
section 10--201 of the Act (220 ILCS 5/10--201(a) (West 1996)).
Section 10--201 provides that the appellate court shall reverse a
commission order if the court determines, inter alia, that the
order was not supported by substantial evidence, or the order was
in violation of the state or federal constitutions or laws. 220
ILCS 5/10--201(e)(iv)(A), (C) (West 1996).
On appeal, ComEd first contends that the Commission committed
legal error by improperly applying a required balancing test when
it decided to deny ComEd s petition. The parties agree that
section 7--102 of the Act governs ComEd s petition.
Section 7--102 requires a public utility to seek formal
approval from the Commission before the utility may, inter alia,
make a contractual guarantee, engage in a nonutility business (such
as the provision of energy support services), or provide financing
to third parties. See 220 ILCS 5/7--102(f),(g),(h) (West 1996).
Section 7--102 directs the Commission, if it considers it
necessary, to conduct a hearing regarding the utility s petition.
Section 7--102 also directs the commission to apply a public
convenience standard. In this regard, section 7--102 provides
that if the Commission is satisfied that such petition should
reasonably be granted, and that the public will be convenienced
thereby, the Commission shall make such order in the premises as it
may deem proper and as the circumstances may require. (Emphasis
added.) 220 ILCS 5/7--102 (West 1996).
The Commission has broad discretion to decide whether a
petition should be approved under the public convenience standard.
Illinois Power Co. v. Illinois Commerce Comm n, 111 Ill. 2d 505,
511 (1986). In this case, the Commission decided that it would
apply a balancing test to determine whether the public convenience
standard had been met when it stated that in applying the public
convenience standard approval of a transaction should be granted
if the evidence indicates that the benefits to rate payers are
reasonably likely to exceed the costs or harms to rate payers.
ComEd agrees that the Commission should determine whether the
public convenience standard has been met by applying the balancing
test. However, ComEd contends that the Commission misapplied the
balancing test by considering only the costs related to the
petition and completely ignoring the related benefits. ComEd
maintains that it presented uncontroverted evidence of real and
substantial benefits which would result from its provision of
energy support services to energy users but that the Commission
ignored these benefits and therefore did not perform the required
balancing between benefits and costs. ComEd argues that the
Commission s failure to perform the required balancing test
violated section 7--102. In ComEd s view, this violation of
section 7--102 warrants reversal of the Commission s order and
remand to the Commission for the purpose of applying the required
balancing test.
We agree with ComEd that the Commission s order does not
explicitly balance the individual benefits and costs which the
parties asserted would result from ComEd s provision of energy
support services. However, the order does contain a broad
statement which indicates that the Commission did apply the
balancing test before deciding to deny ComEd s petition. This
broad statement, which immediately followed the definition of the
public convenience standard in the order, was that the Commission
is applying the [balancing test] in this case and we find that this
petition is not in the public interest and should be denied.
ComEd takes the position that this statement is insufficient
to satisfy section 7--102 because it merely indicates that the
Commission says it applied the balancing test, but does not show
that the Commission actually applied the test. Perhaps ideally the
Commission would provide an explicit explanation of how it balanced
the benefits and costs when it applies the balancing test to
determine whether the section 7--102 public convenience standard
has been met. However, the Commission s failure to provide such an
explanation, by itself, is not a sufficient reason to reverse the
order because the Commission is not required to make particular
findings as to each evidentiary fact or claim. United Cities Gas
Co. v. Illinois Commerce Comm n, 47 Ill. 2d 498, 501 (1970).
Consequently, we cannot say that the Commission violated section
7--102 merely because it did not specifically discuss each benefit
and cost when it applied the balancing test.
In addition to its statement in the order that it was applying
the balancing test, there are other grounds for concluding that the
Commission applied the balancing test. One of these grounds is
based on another statement in the order which was related to a
lesser test to determine whether the public convenience standard
had been met. This statement was that ComEd did not even meet a
lesser public convenience standard. Under the lesser standard, the
Commission could have approved the petition if, as a result of
ComEd s provision of energy support services, rate payers were
left indifferent. The order states that ComEd did not meet this
lesser test. This statement is another way of saying that the
benefits not only failed to exceed the claimed costs but that the
benefits did not even equal the costs. This statement therefore
indicates that the Commission weighed the benefits and costs and
determined that the benefits were outweighed by the costs.
Another basis for concluding that the Commission applied the
balancing test is found in the Commission s reasoning in the order.
Although this reasoning was primarily couched in terms of the costs
and harms that the Commission determined were likely to result from
ComEd s provision of energy support services, the reasoning also
shows that the Commission, at least implicitly, weighed the
benefits that ComEd asserted would result against the costs.
For example, ComEd asserted that one of the benefits that
would result from its provision of energy support services to
energy users would be reduced costs to these users and a consequent
reduction of costs to all ComEd customers. However, the Commission
concluded that allowing ComEd to enter the energy support services
market with its monopolist s ability to become the dominant energy
support service provider would eventually result in users of energy
support services paying noncompetitive, i.e., higher, prices than
if ComEd did not enter the energy support services market.
In its reasoning, the Commission also determined that a Unicom
subsidiary could freely enter the energy support services market
and could employ ComEd personnel to provide energy support
services. Thus, Unicom could provide most, if not all, of the
other benefits which ComEd asserted would result from its provision
of energy support services. These benefits include promoting the
public interest in the safe and efficient operation of electrical
equipment, the establishment of reliable energy supply and support
services for customers, and the enhancement of the skills of ComEd
personnel.
The Commission concluded that Unicom could provide these
benefits without the costs to ratepayers noted above.
Consequently, the Commission implicitly concluded that the benefits
that ComEd asserted would result from its provision of energy
support services did not outweigh the costs that would result.
For all these reasons, we conclude that the Commission
applied the balancing test when it determined that the public
convenience standard had not been met. Accordingly, reversal of
the Commission s order on the ground that it failed to apply the
balancing test is not warranted.
ComEd next contends that the Commission committed reversible
legal error when it relied on and applied section 9--230 of the Act
in deciding to deny the petition. Section 9--230 provides:
In determining a reasonable rate of return upon
investment for any public utility in any proceeding to
establish rates or charges, the Commission shall not include
any incremental risk or increased cost of capital which is the
direct or indirect result of the public utility s affiliation
with unregulated or nonutility companies. 220 ILCS 5/9--230
(West 1996).
ComEd contends that the Commission relied on section 9--230 in
reaching its decision and that the Commission s reliance on section
9--230 was erroneous because section 9--230 does not authorize the
Commission to reject the utility s petition for approval of an
initiative under section 7--102. ComEd further contends that the
Commission did not offer any other authority that supports its
reliance on section 9--230.
The Commission responds by attempting to minimize the extent
that it relied on section 9--230 in reaching its decision. The
Commission implies that because its reliance on section 9--230 was
minimal, any error in its reliance on section 9--230 was not
reversible because there were other grounds sufficient to support
its decision.
In resolving this issue, we will initially determine whether
other grounds for the Commission s decision were sufficient to
support the decision. We believe that if the record shows
sufficient other grounds that support the Commission s decision,
then it is not necessary to determine whether the Commission s
reliance on section 9--230 was erroneous. See Gernand v. Illinois
Commerce Comm'n, 286 Ill. App. 3d 934, 943 (1997) (reviewing court
in administrative review may search record for basis to affirm,
regardless of whether that basis was relied on in order being
reviewed).
As to the other grounds, we agree with the Commission that the
harms which the Commission determined would result from ComEd s
entry into the energy support services market due to ComEd s
monopolist s advantage, coupled with the Commission s determination
that an unregulated Unicom subsidiary could provide the energy
support services which ComEd seeks to provide, were sufficient for
the Commission to determine that ComEd failed to meet the section
7--102 public convenience standard. Moreover, it is readily
apparent that the Commission relied on these grounds when it
determined that ComEd s petition did not satisfy the public
convenience standard. This is obvious from several statements in
the order, including the following:
Permitting ComEd to enter the energy services market with a
monopolist s advantage over an important element of potential
services, remotely generated energy, in that market will not
convenience the public. In fact, the public will be harmed by
such permission. [(Emphasis added.)]
* * *
Denying ComEd s petition will not exclude Unicom from the
energy services market. As an unregulated entity, Unicom may
enter the energy services market at its pleasure.
For these reasons, we conclude that the Commission would have
decided to deny ComEd s petition even if it had not relied on
section 9--230. Accordingly, it is not necessary for us to
determine whether it was improper for the Commission to rely on
section 9--230 in reaching its decision to deny the petition. See
Produce Terminal Corp. v. Interstate Commerce Comm n, 414 Ill. 582,
597 (1953) (reviewing court may disregard in an order reasoning,
findings, or recitals that are not essential to the validity of
the order).
ComEd next contends that the order should be reversed because
the Commission made two essential factual findings which were not
supported by substantial evidence. ComEd asserts that the
erroneous factual findings were (1) the Commission s finding that
ComEd s provision of energy support services would result in
unquantified incremental risks to ComEd s cost of capital and
would increase the difficulty of the Commission s tasks pursuant to
section 9--230 of the Act in a future rate case; and (2) the
Commission s finding that ComEd had a monopolist s advantage that
it would unfairly exploit if it were allowed to provide energy
support services to energy users.
The first claimed factual error was the basis for the
Commission s reliance on section 9--230. We have previously
determined that it is not necessary for us to decide whether the
Commission erred in relying on section 9--230. Therefore, it is
not necessary for us to determine whether the record contains
substantial evidence supporting the finding that ComEd s provision
of energy support services would result in unquantified incremental
risks to ComEd s cost of capital.
We turn then to ComEd s contention that there is no
substantial evidence in the record to support the Commission s
finding regarding ComEd s purported monopolist s advantage and
ComEd s likely exploitation of any such advantage. ComEd asserts
that the only evidence in the record to even suggest that it could
have an advantage over competitors if it were allowed to provide
energy support services was Schlaf s testimony. ComEd acknowledges
that Schlaf testified that ComEd s control of its transmission
system would give ComEd an advantage over its competitors in the
energy support services market because ComEd could generate
electricity remotely to sell to users while ComEd s competitors
could provide electricity only by generating it on the user s site.
However, ComEd asserts that Schlaf did not explain how ComEd s
ability to sell remotely generated electricity would allow it to
monopolize the energy support services market. ComEd argues that
the overwhelming evidence in the record shows that it would not
have any advantage in the unregulated energy support services
market, as a monopolist or otherwise.
The Act provides that the Commission s factual findings and
conclusions are held prima facie to be true and as found by the
Commission. 220 ILCS 5/10--201(d) (West 1996). A reviewing court
should therefore affirm the Commission s findings of fact if the
findings are supported by substantial evidence in the record.
People ex rel. Hartigan v. Illinois Commerce Comm n, 148 Ill. 2d
348, 381 (1992).
For purposes of judicial review of an order of the Commission,
substantial evidence consists of more than a mere scintilla but may
be less than a preponderance of evidence, such that a reasoning
mind would conclude that the evidence was sufficient to support a
particular conclusion. Illinois Bell Telephone Co. v. Illinois
Commerce Comm'n, 283 Ill. App. 3d 188, 200 (1996). A party who
challenges a finding of the Commission on the ground that the
finding was not supported by substantial evidence must do more than
merely show that the evidence supports a different conclusion. To
prevail, the party must demonstrate that the opposite conclusion
was clearly evident. Abbott Laboratories, Inc. v. Illinois
Commerce Comm n, 289 Ill. App. 3d 705, 714 (1997).
In this case, ComEd challenges the Commission s factual
findings and conclusions regarding a monopolist s advantage if
ComEd were allowed to enter the energy support services market. In
its reasoning, the Commission found the following: ComEd s ability
to offer one-stop shopping to its customers by offering energy
support services bundled with remotely generated electricity would
result in a monopolist s advantage for ComEd in the energy support
services market; this would seriously disadvantage competitors in
the energy support services market because these competitors do not
have the ability to offer energy users energy support services
bundled with remotely generated electricity; if ComEd were
permitted unlimited entry to the energy support services market
with its monopolist s advantage, it would drive competitors from
the market; and after competitors had left the market, ComEd would
have a dominant market position which it could reasonably be
expected to exploit by offering noncompetitive prices for energy
support services.
The Commission based its findings and conclusions on Schlaf s
testimony. Schlaf s testimony, as it related to the advantages
ComEd would have over competitors in the energy support services
market, was as follows:
The petition is not likely to convenience the public because
it could harm the competitiveness of the energy support
services market by allowing ComEd to exploit their monopoly
over their transmission system. ComEd would have an advantage
over other providers of unregulated energy support services
because other energy service providers could only provide
electricity by generating it on the customer s site. In
contrast, ComEd has access to its transmission system to allow
it to generate the power off-site and move it to the customer.
Since ComEd refuses to provide transmission access to its
competitors, other energy service providers do not have this
option. Before ComEd is allowed to sell bundled energy
services on an unregulated basis, ComEd should provide
transmission access on a non-discriminatory basis.
Based on Schlaf s testimony, the Commission could have
reasonably concluded that ComEd had a monopolist s advantage with
respect to the energy support services market. It follows that
ComEd s monopolist s advantage would seriously disadvantage its
competitors in the energy support services market and that, if
ComEd were allowed to enter the energy support services market with
this monopolist s advantage, competitors would be driven from the
market. It is a reasonable conclusion that without competitors
ComEd would have a dominate position in the energy support services
market that it would exploit by offering noncompetitive prices.
None of ComEd s contrary arguments show that conclusions
opposite to those the Commission stated in its order are clearly
evident. ComEd s own evidence that its customers want one-stop
shopping undercuts its arguments that it would not have a
monopolist s advantage. ComEd does not dispute Schlaf s testimony
that ComEd has refused to allow its competitors to have access to
its transmission system. It follows that ComEd is the only
electricity provider that can deliver remotely generated
electricity to users in ComEd s area. If, as ComEd s evidence
shows, users want to have one-stop shopping, ComEd effectively has
a monopolist s advantage.
For these reasons, we find that the record contains
substantial evidence that supports the Commission s factual
findings and conclusions regarding ComEd s monopolist s advantage.
Accordingly, reversal of the Commission s order on the ground that
there was no such substantial evidence in the record is not
warranted.
For the foregoing reasons the order of the Interstate Commerce
Commission is affirmed.
Affirmed.
INGLIS, J., concurs.
Justice McLaren, specially concurring in part and dissenting
in part:
I concur in the portion of the opinion that finds error when
the Commission relied on and applied section 9--230 of the Act. I
dissent because I believe the cause should be remanded for further
proceedings to allow the Commission to reconsider its judgment
without the application of section 9--230 and to set forth its
reasoning and findings of fact so that a meaningful review, if
necessary, may be accomplished.
ComEd claims that the Commission did not properly apply the
balancing test. The majority agrees with ComEd that the
Commission's order does not explicitly balance the individual
benefits and costs which the parties asserted would result from
ComEd's provision of energy support services. However, the
majority then determines that a broad statement made by the
Commission indicates that it did apply the test and that the test
was applied properly. The majority concludes that the statement
"that ComEd did not even meet a lesser public convenience standard"
establishes that the Commission properly applied the balancing
test. The former statement, taken at face value, indicates that
the Commission was aware of the need for applying the balancing
test. It does not establish that the balancing test was applied
properly. The latter statement is simply a non sequitur. A little
boy when asked why he did not like another little boy responded by
saying, "because I don't like him a lot."
Finally, the majority determines that the Commission
determined that ComEd's petition did not satisfy the public
convenience standard based upon the following:
'Permitting ComEd to enter the energy services market with a
monopolist's advantage over an important element of potential
services, remotely generated energy, in the market will not
convenience the public. In fact, the public will be harmed by
such permission. [(Emphasis added by the majority.)]
* * *
Denying ComEd's petition will not exclude Unicom from the
energy services market. As an unregulated entity, Unicom may
enter the energy services market at its pleasure.'
For these reasons, we conclude that the Commission would have
decided to deny ComEd's petition even if it had not relied on
section 9--230." Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Illinois Commerce
Comm'n, No. 2--97--0657, slip op. at 12 ( 1998),
quoting the Commission 's order.
The above extract might prove that left to its own devices the
commission would repeat its decision. However, it sets forth
neither the rationale nor the facts that we must review in order to
determine if the Commission properly fulfilled its duties. First,
I submit the emphasized portion of the extract above is a
conclusion, not a fact as characterized by the Commission. Second,
on review, when we ask "why" this does not serve the public
convenience, the Commission's answer is essentially "because.
Third, what Unicom may or may not do is irrelevant and immaterial
to the issue of the public convenience standard. What Unicom does
or does not do, unless it is established that Unicom can do it
better, is meaningless. In addition, the Commission s position
appears internally inconsistent in that it contends that ComEd,
with all its monopoly powers, can drive competitors out of the
market and make inordinate profit, while the Commission
simultaneously contends that under section 9--230 consumers could
be at risk and have to subsidize the nonprofitable endeavor.
Based upon the lack of a finding in the record and the
Commission s erroneous reliance on section 9--230, I am not
convinced, as is the majority, that a different result may not
reasonably occur if the cause is remanded. The Commission may
realize that conclusions are not facts, that the other entities
that may enter the market are relevant only if there are greater
benefits or fewer burdens that the Commission has not placed in the
record. Finally, the Commission may wish to point out how, with
deregulation, ComEd will still have a monopoly, or, if there is a
partial monopoly, how that will adversely affect consumers. I
therefore believe that this cause should be remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this dissent.
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