People v. Holmes
State: Illinois
Court: 2nd District Appellate
Docket No: 2-96-1062
Case Date: 10/31/1997
No. 2--96--1062
________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Ogle County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
) Nos. 95--TR--4430
) 95--TR--4431
v. )
)
GREGORY HOLMES, ) Honorable
) John B. Roe,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE BOWMAN delivered the opinion of the court:
Defendant, Gregory Holmes, appeals his convictions of driving
under the influence of alcohol (625 ILCS 5/11--501(a)(2) (West
1994)) and improper lane usage (625 ILCS 5/11--709(a) (West 1994)).
Defendant argues that his convictions must be reversed and the
cause remanded for a new trial because the trial court erred in
refusing to (1) permit defendant to offer evidence that venue was
improper; and (2) instruct the jury regarding the State's burden of
proving venue.
In order to resolve the issues raised in this appeal, we must
determine whether Public Act 89--288 (act), effective August 11,
1995 (amending 720 ILCS 5/1--6(a) (West 1996) and adding 725 ILCS
5/114--1(d--5) (West 1996)) should apply retroactively to relieve
the State of the burden of proving venue during the trials of
crimes that were committed before the effective date of the act,
but were tried afterwards. After reviewing previous cases, the
act, and its legislative history, we conclude that the act has no
retroactive effect.
At trial, Dirk Heide testified that, on June 24, 1995, he was
near the intersection of Kishwaukee and Meridian Roads at the
border of Ogle and Winnebago Counties. While there, he saw a car,
with at least one flat tire, off the right side of the road. When
he approached the car, he saw defendant standing beside the car.
After talking with defendant for a short time, Heide went to a
nearby house and phoned the police.
David Smyth, defendant's friend, testified that defendant had
been at Smyth's home sometime around 9:30 or 10 during the evening
in question. Smyth also testified that, although defendant did not
smell of alcohol, Smyth could tell that defendant had consumed a
few drinks. Smyth added that he had called defendant's wife and
asked if defendant could stay with him for the night.
Officer Rodney Smith, a deputy with the Ogle County sheriff's
department, testified that, on the night in question, he received
a call at about 11:30 p.m. regarding an accident at Kishwaukee and
Meridian Roads. Officer Smith testified that defendant had
bloodshot eyes and slurred speech, staggered when he walked, and
failed the field sobriety tests Officer Smith administered.
Officer Smith arrested defendant for driving under the influence of
alcohol.
Defendant presented no evidence, but sought, instead, to
establish through cross-examination that the crime, if any,
occurred in Winnebago County rather than Ogle County. Defendant
first attempted to raise this subject while cross-examining Greg
Kunce, a deputy with the Ogle County sheriff's department and a
volunteer fire fighter. The prosecutor objected when defendant's
attorney began to question Kunce about the boundary between Ogle
and Winnebago Counties. The trial court sustained the objection
and indicated that it would entertain argument about the question
during a recess. After hearing argument and considering the
question during the lunch recess, the trial court reaffirmed its
ruling that it would not permit defendant to present evidence
regarding whether the car was in Ogle County or Winnebago County.
In so holding, the court explained:
"[T]his new revision relating to venue [Public Act 89--
288] *** does apply to this case, and *** venue isn't an
element that the [S]tate has to prove in this case because
I believe that this new section applies to this case and I
believe that it applies to this case because I believe that
the section is procedural rather than substantive and
therefore has a retrospective application. Defendant's not
losing any substantive right, its just setting forth a
different procedure for raising an issue relative to venue
***."
After the court issued its ruling, the defense attorney
explained, in an offer of proof, that he had planned to elicit
testimony from Kunce that defendant's car was found in Winnebago
County. Defendant's attorney further explained that he was going
to pursue a similar line of questioning with Officer Smith, who had
previously testified that the car had been found in Winnebago
County and that no one had seen it being driven in Ogle County.
The court acknowledged defense counsel's offer and reiterated that
it was not going to permit the evidence.
Thereafter, employing similar reasoning, the trial court
rejected defendant's proposed instructions dealing with venue (see
Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, Nos. 2.07, 2.08 (3d
ed. 1992) (hereinafter IPI Criminal 3d)). The jury found defendant
guilty of both driving under the influence and improper lane usage.
The trial court denied defendant's motion for a new trial,
sentenced him to one year of probation, and imposed a $500 fine.
Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
On appeal, defendant argues that the trial court erred in
prohibiting him from challenging the State's ability to prove
venue. Defendant contends that Public Act 89--288 does not apply
in this action and that, under the law as it existed at the time of
the offense, the State was required to prove, as part of its case
in chief, that the offense occurred in Ogle County. We agree.
The supreme court has previously held that "venue is a
material allegation which must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt
along with the other elements of an offense." People v. Hagan, 145
Ill. 2d 287, 300 (1991). The State does not contest this holding.
Instead, it argues that Public Act 89--288 removed this
requirement.
Public Act 89--288 amended section 1--6(a) of the Criminal
Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/1--6(a) (West 1996)) by adding the
following language:
"The State is not required to prove during trial that the
alleged offense occurred in any particular county in this
State. When a defendant contests the place of trial under
this Section, all proceedings regarding this issue shall be
conducted under Section 114--1 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure of 1963." Pub. Act 89--288, eff. August 11, 1995.
Defendant does not contest the fact that Public Act 89--288
relieves the State of proving venue. Defendant argues only that
the act did not become effective until August 11, 1995. Defendant
contends that, therefore, the State is relieved of the burden of
proving venue only in cases involving criminal acts committed on or
after August 11, 1995. Since defendant was arrested more than a
month before the law became effective, he concludes that the State
was required to prove venue. The State argues that the amendment
applies retroactively.
Generally, amendments apply prospectively rather than
retroactively. People v. Clemons, 275 Ill. App. 3d 1117, 1119
(1995). Amendments apply retroactively only if
"the legislative intent is clear and the proponent rebuts
the presumption of prospectivity by showing: (1) the express
language of the amendment makes it retroactive; (2) the
retroactivity is necessarily implied; (3) the amendment
merely affects the remedy; (4) the amendment affects
procedural matters rather than substantive rights
[citations]; or (5) the amendment clarifies existing law."
Clemons, 275 Ill. App. 3d at 1119.
Here, the State argues that elements four and five apply.
We first address the State's argument that the amendment only
clarified existing law. In support of this argument, the State
explains that the amendment specifically states that venue need not
be proved at trial. The State further explains that nothing in the
previous language of the statute required venue to be proved.
Therefore, the State concludes, "the new language expresses the
legislature's intent to clarify what has always been the correct
view of the law."
The obvious flaw in the State's argument is that
"[c]larification assumes an ambiguity or conflicting case law."
Clemons, 275 Ill. App. 3d at 1119. Here, the law is far from
ambiguous. The supreme court has long held that venue is a
material allegation which must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt
along with the other elements of an offense. People v. Adams, 161
Ill. 2d 333, 341 (1994).
Notwithstanding these facts, the State argues that the act's
legislative history supports the conclusion that the act merely
clarified existing law. In particular, the State relies upon the
following statement by Representative Durkin:
"Venue is not an element and I believe that if you look
through Chapter 38 and you see the definition of any crime,
Representative, venue is not incorporated in ... when the
elements of every charge is [sic] set out. *** [V]enue has
never been an element of a charge. It's never been an
element of proving First Degree Murder or Aggravated
Criminal Sexual Assault." 89th Ill. Gen. Assem., House
Proceedings, April 7, 1995, at 12 (statements of
Representative Durkin).
We believe that the State reads Representative Durkin's
statements much more broadly than they were intended. Clearly,
Representative Durkin could not mean that the State had no
obligation to prove venue at trial; the supreme court has
unambiguously held that the opposite is true. Representative
Durkin's comments were directed towards the fact that the Criminal
Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/1--1 et seq. (West 1996)) does not
indicate that venue is an element of the offense. A thorough
reading of all of Representative Durkin's comments reveals his
knowledge of the current state of the law and his desire to change
the law to reflect the view proposed by Justice Miller's concurring
opinion in Adams. In that opinion, Justice Miller noted that the
majority treated venue as an element of the offense when venue
should, instead, be treated as a procedural right which a defendant
must assert in a pretrial proceeding. Adams, 161 Ill. 2d at 351,
353-54 (Miller, J., concurring).
Representative Durkin's desire to change the existing law is
demonstrated numerous times during the debates. For instance,
Representative Durkin recognized the current state of the law
during a dialog with Representative Dart. During this dialog,
Representative Durkin acknowledged that, under the current law, the
State was required to prove venue. 89th Ill. Gen. Assem., House
Proceedings, April 18, 1995, at 7 (statements of Representatives
Durkin and Dart). Representative Durkin also explained: "This bill
*** basically states that the [S]tate is no longer required to
prove during a trial that the alleged offense occurred in any
particular county in the state. *** This Bill would eliminate ***
venue as an element of [the] offense." 89th Ill. Gen. Assem.,
House Proceedings, April 18, 1995, at 5-6 (statements of
Representative Durkin).
Finally, Representative Durkin noted the similarity between
the act and Justice Miller's opinion when the representative
stated:
"I would state that, this is a good Bill. What it does
is it eliminates the element of venue from any
prosecution[']s case [in] chief. I would [cite] that
present Chief Justice Ben Miller ... in the opinion of
[P]eople vs. Adams, concurred with that. He stated that ***
venue *** no longer should be *** regarded as a material
fact in every prosecution, and it no longer needs to be
established in a trial by proof beyond a [reasonable] doubt.
The setting which we have established in the Bill, is
spelled out in his opinion." 89th Ill. Gen. Assem., House
Proceedings, April 18, 1995, at 12 (statements of
Representative Durkin).
See also 89th Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, April 18, 1995,
at 6 (Representative Durkin's comments that the bill is consistent
with Justice Miller's concurring opinion in Adams).
Once Representative Durkin's comments are viewed in toto, one
can easily recognize that Representative Durkin acknowledged the
law as pronounced in Adams and Hagan and believed that the more
appropriate approach would be to change the law to follow Justice
Miller's concurring opinion in Adams.
Because the clear effect of Public Act 89--288 was to change
the law and eliminate venue as an element of the offense, we cannot
reasonably conclude that the act was merely a clarification of
existing law.
We must also reject the State's argument that the amendment
affects only procedural, rather than substantive, rights. The
State evidently concludes that, because the amendment creates a new
procedure to challenge venue, the act affects only procedural
rights. Such a conclusion is erroneous.
Procedural law "involves matters relating to pleading,
practice and evidence." People v. Fiorini, 143 Ill. 2d 318, 333
(1991). On the other hand, "[s]ubstantive law establishes rights
and duties that may be redressed through the rules of procedure."
Fiorini, 143 Ill. 2d at 333.
Here, the clear unambiguous effect of Public Act 89--288 is
that it eliminates venue as an element of the offense. 89th Ill.
Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, April 18, 1995, at 6, 12
(statements of Representative Durkin); 720 ILCS 5/1--6(a) (West
1996). Moreover, it requires a defendant to address, in a
pretrial proceeding, any objection to venue. 725 ILCS 5/114--1(d--
5) (West 1996). In this proceeding, the defendant bears the
initial burden of showing improper venue. 725 ILCS 5/114--1(d--5)
(West 1996). Thereafter, the State may rebut the defendant's
showing by proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that venue
is proper. 725 ILCS 5/114--1(d--5) (West 1996).
At the time defendant committed the offenses, he had a right
to require the State to prove to a jury, beyond a reasonable doubt,
that he committed the offenses in Ogle County. The amendment
completely deprives defendant of this right and, instead, provides
him only with the right of having the State prove to a judge, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that the offenses occurred in Ogle
County. Clearly this change affects defendant's substantive right
to demand proof of venue at trial, a right that vested at the time
defendant committed the offense. Although the act provides a
procedural remedy for a defendant to challenge his place of trial,
it clearly goes beyond merely affecting procedural matters and
removes a material allegation from the State's burden of proof.
The State does not explain and we fail to see how the removal of a
material allegation from the State's burden of proof does not
affect defendant's substantive rights. We must therefore conclude
that the act affects defendant's substantive rights and cannot be
applied retroactively. Consequently, the trial court erred in
refusing to allow defendant to challenge venue.
We note that added support for our conclusion can be found in
Adams, where the supreme court rejected the State's claim that
venue was a personal procedural right. Adams, 161 Ill. 2d at 341-
42. In so holding, the court noted that it had recently reiterated
its long-held view that venue is a material allegation which must
be proved at trial. Adams, 161 Ill. 2d at 341. Additional support
is also found in People v. Digirolamo, 279 Ill. App. 3d 487
(1996), where the court noted, in dicta, that Public Act 89--288
"affects substantive rights," and "cannot be afforded retroactive
application." Digirolamo, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 500 n.1.
Additionally, as defendant indicated to the trial court, the
committee note to the venue jury instruction indicates that the
venue "instruction should continue to be used in cases in which the
alleged offense was committed before August 11, 1995." IPI
Criminal 3d, No. 2.07, Committee Note, at 6 (3d ed. Supp. 1996).
The State counters that, even if the law applies
prospectively, the trial court's decision to prohibit defendant
from contesting venue amounts only to harmless error. The State
argues that the evidence defendant wished to present regarding
venue was limited to a determination of the location of defendant's
car when it was discovered by Heide. The State contends that the
resting place of defendant's car is irrelevant since the evidence
indicated that defendant had been driving in Ogle County before the
accident occurred.
The State styles the trial court's error as one that
erroneously excluded defendant's proffered evidence. The problem
with this analysis is that, while one effect of the trial court's
ruling was to exclude certain evidence, the actual intent and the
effect of the ruling was not to exclude certain evidence from
consideration at trial, but, rather, to exclude a material element
of the offense from consideration. The trial court unambiguously
ruled that venue was not an issue at trial and that no evidence
relating to venue would be permitted. Moreover, the court's ruling
prevented any argument on the issue of venue.
Contrary to the requirements of Supreme Court Rule 341(e)(7)
(Official Reports Advance Sheet No. 13 (June 18, 1997), R.
341(e)(7), eff. July 1, 1997)), the State has provided us with no
authority to indicate which harmless error analysis it believes
applies to this situation.
This court's power to find certain errors harmless is found in
Supreme Court Rule 615(a) (134 Ill. 2d R. 615(a)). This rule
provides that "[a]ny error, defect, irregularity, or variance which
does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded." 134 Ill.
2d R. 615(a). Under a traditional harmless error analysis, an
error is deemed harmless if it did not prejudice the defendant.
People v. Sims, 265 Ill. App. 3d 352, 356 (1994).
Here, we believe defendant was subject to significant
prejudice. He was completely unable to contest a material
allegation of the charge against him. The State makes much of the
fact that it produced sufficient evidence to prove venue. In so
asserting, the State ignores the fact that evidence tends to look
sufficient when the opposing party is prohibited from challenging
it through the introduction of contradictory evidence, cross-
examination, or argument. Here, the State was permitted to present
evidence of venue. Defendant, on the other hand, was completely
precluded from challenging that evidence, not because he offered
improper evidence, but because the trial court erroneously removed
a material allegation from consideration.
The State also ignores the fact that the evidence establishing
defendant's presence in Ogle County places him there 1
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