Archer Daniels Midland Co. v. Illinois Commerce Comm'n
State: Illinois
Court: 3rd District Appellate
Docket No: 3-97-0170
Case Date: 12/31/1997
NO. 3--97--0170
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
A.D., 1997
ARCHER-DANIELS-MIDLAND COMPANY, )
MARATHON OIL COMPANY, and )
QUANTUM CHEMICAL COMPANY, )
collectively the ILLINOIS )
INDUSTRIAL ENERGY CONSUMERS )
(IIEC), ) Petition for Review
) of an Order of the
Petitioners-Appellants, ) Illinois Commerce
) Commission
v. )
)
ILLINOIS COMMERCE COMMISSION; )
CENTRAL ILLINOIS PUBLIC SERVICE ) No. 96--345
COMPANY; and CENTRAL ILLINOIS )
LIGHT COMPANY, )
)
Respondents-Appellees. )
MODIFIED UPON DENIAL OF REHEARING
Justice BRESLIN delivered the opinion of the court:
Petitioners Archer-Daniels-Midland Company, Marathon Oil
Company and Quantum Chemicals Company, collectively referred to as
the Illinois Industrial Energy Consumers (IIEC), appeal an order of
the Illinois Commerce Commission (Commission) which approved
respondent Central Illinois Public Service Company's (CIPS)
modification of a fuel supply contract pursuant to Section 8--508
of the Illinois Public Utilities Act (Act), 220 ILCS 5/1--101 et
seq. (West 1996). On appeal, the IIEC contests the Commission's
findings, as well as its authorization for CIPS to recover a $70
million fuel contract buy-out charge and associated carrying
charges through CIPS's Fuel Adjustment Clause (FAC). For the
reasons which follow, we reverse.
BACKGROUND
This case follows the Commission's approval of CIPS's plan to
address an inefficient coal supply contract and corrosion at its
CPS Newton 1 generating unit. In 1975, CIPS and AMAX Coal Company
entered into a long-term high-sulfur coal supply contract. Through
the years, the contract, which the parties refer to as the Delta
Mine Contract, had been amended from time to time, with the most
recent amendment occurring in 1991.
The Delta Mine Contract provided that CIPS would purchase a
minimum of 1.3 million tons of coal annually from AMAX through
December 31, 2002, for use at its Newton I unit. The agreement
established an initial price of coal which was adjusted
periodically pursuant to specific formulas in the contract. In
1993, when the contract price for high-sulfur coal exceeded the
prevailing market prices for high and low-sulfur coal, CIPS
initiated negotiations with AMAX to restructure their agreement.
At the time, the contract allowed AMAX to deliver high-sulfur
coal from alternate sources in Illinois as long as it was of
substantially the same or better quality. CIPS could not designate
the alternate source, and any savings incurred by the lower cost of
coal would inure solely to AMAX since the contract price did not
adjust to reflect the actual cost to AMAX for purchasing and
delivering alternate source coal. Accordingly, due to the lowering
trends in the coal market, CIPS wanted to ameliorate its position.
In addition to changes in market prices, CIPS needed to
consider the deteriorating condition of its flue gas
desulfurization facility, referred to as the "scrubber," at the
Newton I Unit. The scrubber reduced sulfur dioxide and allowed
CIPS to burn high-sulfur coal in compliance with environmental laws
and regulations. In 1993 it became apparent that corrosion caused
by its operation was seriously impacting the Newton I Unit's
operation and facility. An evaluation of the scrubber determined
that it required a complete renovation in order to operate safely
and efficiently. The estimated cost of the renovation was $70
million.
Due to the market trends and the deteriorating scrubber, CIPS
had to decide whether and how to restructure the Delta Mine
Contract and whether to renovate or retire the scrubber. Any
restructuring had to be consistent with a decision regarding the
scrubber. If CIPS decided to retire the scrubber at any time
during the contract, the restructured contract would have to
arrange for delivery of low sulfur coal, which does not require a
scrubber. An analysis of cost savings during the contract's
remaining term was therefore necessary.
CIPS identified three possible scenarios which it analyzed to
determine the maximum possible fuel cost savings. It could: (1)
renovate the scrubber and maintain the Delta Mine Contract (Base
Case); (2) renovate the scrubber, restructure the Delta Mine
Contract and purchase high sulfur coal at market prices (High-
Sulfur Option); (3) retire the scrubber and restructure the Delta
Mine Contract for delivery of low-sulfur coal at market price (Low-
Sulfur Option).
The negotiations concluded with three restructuring options
for CIPS. It could: (1) use substitute coal at contract price; (2)
pay AMAX the present value of $70 million during the remaining term
of the restructured agreement (AMAX's expected profit from the
contract) and market price for substitute coal (high or low-sulfur)
in addition to 9% interest for AMAX's financing of the $70 million;
or (3) pay AMAX $70 million, finance the payment itself at
approximately 7.25%, and pay market price for substitute coal.
CIPS performed an analysis of the present value of the revenue
requirements (PVRR) which took into account the investments and
expenses associated with each option. CIPS's study concluded that
the third restructuring option combined with the low-sulfur option
(which retires the scrubber) provided higher fuel cost savings and
non-fuel cost savings than the other choices. It was determined
that the net fuel savings would total approximately $14 million
over the remaining life of the contract and that such savings would
be passed on to customers.
An amendment incorporating these terms was included in the
agreement. Under the new terms, CIPS could locate and negotiate
with third-party suppliers for the purchase of substitute coal at
market prices and AMAX would then contract with the supplier and
resell the coal to CIPS with no mark-up, thus giving CIPS the
benefit of the differential between the contract and market prices.
The restructured agreement was made contingent on CIPS acquiring
approval from the Commission to recover the restructuring fee and
related carrying costs (finance costs) as a cost of fuel through
CIPS's FAC. The FAC is a statutorily authorized automatic
adjustment clause that permits a utility to recover fuel expenses
from customers, without consideration of its operating costs and
overall revenue, to counterbalance fluctuations in the costs of
fuel used to generate electric power. It also allows fuel cost
savings to be passed on to consumers without the need for rate
adjustment proceedings. CIPS pledged to cap its FAC recovery so
that if the restructured agreement's costs exceeded the costs of
the contract as it previously existed, CIPS would be responsible
for the difference. This would prevent customers from paying higher
FAC charges under the restructured agreement than under the prior
agreement.
CIPS initiated proceedings with the Commission, seeking its
approval as required by 220 ILCS 5/8--508 (West 1996). Following
an extensive hearing to review CIPS's proposal, the Commission
agreed with CIPS and found that the low-sulfur pricing option
produced the lowest PVRR over a 20 year period, and that CIPS would
realize substantial fuel cost savings for ratepayers over the
remaining term of the contract. The Commission concluded that
based on the rationale in its decision in Illinois Commerce Comm'n
v. Interstate Power Co., Ill. Commerce Comm'n Order 92--0335 (Sept.
25, 1996), wherein it found that "it is acceptable that buy-out
costs track the fuel cost savings through the fuel adjustment
clause, because the buy-out costs were incurred directly in
realizing fuel costs savings[,]" CIPS could recover the
restructuring fee and associated carrying costs through CIPS's FAC.
Thus, recovery of the restructuring costs and the associated
carrying costs through the FAC were approved. The IIEC appeals.
DISCUSSION
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Our courts give great deference to the Commission's decisions
as they are "'judgment[s] of a tribunal appointed by law and
informed by experience.'" United Cities Gas Co. v. Illinois
Commerce Comm'n, 163 Ill. 2d 1, 12, 643 N.E.2d 719, 725 (1994)
(quoting Village of Apple River v. Illinois Commerce Comm'n, 18
Ill. 2d 518, 523, 165 N.E.2d 329, 332 (1960)). When reviewing the
Commission's orders, we are limited to considering whether: (1) the
Commission acted within its authority; (2) adequate findings were
made to support the decision; (3) the decision is supported by
substantial evidence; (4) state or federal constitutional rights
have been infringed. Citizens United For Responsible Energy
Development, Inc. v. Illinois Commerce Comm'n, 285 Ill. App. 3d 82,
673 N.E.2d 1159 (1996). The Commission's factual findings are
considered prima facie correct and may be reversed only upon a
demonstration that the findings are not supported by substantial
evidence. 220 ILCS 5/10--201(d), (e)(iv) (West 1996); People ex
rel. Hartigan v. Illinois Commerce Comm'n, 148 Ill. 2d 348, 592
N.E.2d 1066 (1992). When an interpretation of the Commission's own
rules is at issue, the Commission's interpretation is held prima
facie reasonable, (220 ILCS 5/10--201(d) (West 1996); United Cities
Gas Co., 163 Ill. 2d at 11, 643 N.E.2d at 725), and this court may
not interfere unless the administrative construction is clearly
erroneous, arbitrary, or unreasonable (Central Illinois Public
Service Co. v. Illinois Commerce Comm'n, 243 Ill. App. 3d 421, 610
N.E.2d 1356 (1993); Ekco, Inc. v. Edgar, 135 Ill. App. 3d 557, 482
N.E.2d 130 (1985); Inwang v. Community College District No. 508,
117 Ill. App. 3d 608, 453 N.E.2d 896 (1983)). Similarly, while
deference is granted to an agency's interpretation of a statute
which it is charged with administering and enforcing, (Wyckoff-Dike
v. Peoria Police Pension Fund Board of Trustees, 286 Ill. App. 3d
655, 678 N.E.2d 4 (1997)), this court is not bound by the agency's
interpretation and it will be rejected when erroneous (Citizen's
Utility Board v. Illinois Commerce Comm'n, 291 Ill. App. 3d 300,
683 N.E.2d 938 (1997); Cherington v. Selcke, 247 Ill. App. 3d 768,
617 N.E.2d 514 (1993)). The burden of proof on all issues raised
on appeal rests with the appellant. 220 ILCS 5/10--201(d) (West
1996)); United Cities Gas Co., 163 Ill. 2d at 11, 643 N.E.2d at
725.
II. THE FUEL ADJUSTMENT CLAUSE
The first issue on appeal is whether the restructuring costs
and the associated finance costs may be properly recovered through
the FAC.
In relevant part, Section 9--220 of the Act provides that:
Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 9--201,
the Commission may authorize the increase or
decrease of rates and charges based upon changes in
the cost of fuel used in the generation or
production of electric power *** through the
application of fuel adjustment clauses ***. 220
ILCS 5/9--220 (West 1996).
In 1981 the Commission adopted the uniform electric fuel
adjustment clause, (see Adoption of uniform fuel adjustment
clause(s), Ill. Commerce Comm'n Order 78--0457 (November 10, 1981)
(UFAC order)), and codified the Uniform Electric Fuel Adjustment
(UFAC) at 83 Ill. Adm. Code 425 (1996). With respect to fuel
costs which can be recovered through an electric utility's FAC,
section 425.40(c)(1) states:
The cost of fuel shall include the direct cost of
fuel delivered at the generating plants. The
direct fossil fuel costs are limited to costs
entered into fuel expense Accounts #501 and #547
which have been cleared upon consumption from Fuel
Stock account #151. (Emphasis added.) 83 Ill. Adm.
Code 425.40(c)(1) (1996).
Direct Costs vs. Indirect Costs
The IIEC asserts that the language in the rule clearly
prohibits recovering the buy-out costs from customers through the
FAC because such costs are not "direct costs" of fuel delivered at
CIPS's generating plant. IIEC urges that the proper method to
recover the costs of the restructuring is by initiating a rate case
with the Commission. It contends that the FAC was never intended
to be employed as the Commission has done in the instant case.
CIPS argues that the restructuring costs and carrying costs
are "direct costs" within the meaning of the UFAC because "they are
invoiced costs incurred to obtain the restructured agreement with
AMAX and are, therefore, costs legitimately incurred to procure the
delivery of coal under that agreement." It argues that the
decision follows from a proper interpretation of the Commission's
UFAC order, and from the Commission's order in Interstate Power.
To disallow the recovery through the FAC, CIPS contends, would
discourage prudent management and create a disincentive to acquire
the lowest possible fuel costs.
The Commission states that indirect costs principally include
utility labor costs and non-fuel supplies which are incurred at the
time of delivery or thereafter. The Commission asserts that any
risks it had in mind when it adopted the UFAC are not at issue in
the present case and that the inclusion of buy-out costs in the FAC
is consistent with the Act and the Commission's rules. The
Commission agrees with CIPS that to disallow recovery through the
FAC would create a disincentive and would ultimately harm consumers
since the lowest costs of fuel will not be sought by utilities.
Although we agree that recovery through the FAC may create an
incentive for utilities to seek the lowest costs of fuel and thus
potentially create greater savings for customers, we cannot agree
with CIPS's and the Commission's interpretations of the
Commission's rule. In the UFAC order, the Commission described the
FAC's purpose as a combatant against volatile market activity. It
stated that:
"[t]he categories of costs to be passed through the
FAC are those that are beyond the control of the
utility, significant, and capable of being measured
with certainty. *** Fuel costs represent a
substantial portion of operating costs; in some
instances, fuel costs alone comprise more than half
of a utility's total operating costs. Any
fluctuation in fuel costs has a significant impact
on a utility's earnings unless some means exists to
recoup those increased costs as quickly as
possible. These fuel costs are a highly volatile
expense item; more so than other expenses such as
wages or maintenance. When the volatility factor
is coupled with the magnitude of the fuel costs,
one can readily conclude that the fuel adjustment
clause is both a necessary and a proper regulatory
tool to insure that both the customer and the
utility receive the benefits of early recognition
in changes in the cost of generating electricity.
*** The fuel clauses, however, are designed to take
cognizance of the increased fuel costs through
periodic adjustments; they are not designed to
relieve or insulate the utility from all risks of
doing business." Adoption of uniform fuel
adjustment clause(s), Ill. Commerce Comm'n Order
78--0457 (November 10, 1981).
Clearly, the purpose of the FAC is to protect utilities and
consumers from market pressures which are not in their control.
Buy-out and restructuring costs do not fall within this category of
uncontrolled fluctuation. A buy-out or restructuring of the type
here involves a planned disbursement agreed to in order to
terminate or rearrange a contract to purchase future coal. The
buy-out or restructuring thus acts as a ticket to purchase coal not
otherwise available under the original agreement, in this case, the
Delta Mine Contract. In no sense can this be deemed a "direct
cost" of fuel within the meaning of the UFAC which should be
recouped through a rate change outside of the normal procedures
established by the Commission for rate adjustments.
The Commission's accounting treatment of the transaction
further demonstrates that recovery is not proper through the FAC.
Section 425.40(c)(1) is dependent upon accounting definitions
adopted by the Commission in its Uniform System of Accounts, 83
Ill. Adm. Code 415 (1994). It limits the direct costs "to costs
entered into fuel expense Accounts #501 and #547 which have been
cleared upon consumption from Fuel Stock account #151." 83 Ill.
Adm. Code 425.40(c)(1) (1996). The purpose of account 151 is to
accumulate the cost of fuel on hand. The Commission, however,
determined that the buy-out costs could not be properly recorded in
account 151 because they did not reflect a cost of coal on hand.
This treatment confirms that the costs should not have been
recovered through the FAC because they were not a recoverable
expense within the meaning of 425.40(c)(1).
The Commission and CIPS both cite Illinois Commerce Commission
v. Interstate Power Co., Ill. Commerce Comm'n Order 92--0335 (Sept.
25, 1996) and Monarch Gas Co. v. Illinois Commerce Comm'n, 261 Ill.
App. 3d 94, 633 N.E.2d 1260 (1994) to support their positions.
Neither is of assistance. In Interstate Power, the Commission
permitted the recovery of buy-out costs through the FAC. However,
that case was unique. The recovery was completed three years
before the Commission rendered its decision. A rate case would
have been inappropriate under the circumstances. Ultimately, the
Commission ordered that, "for the purposes of that docket only,"
the proper remedy was to allow recovery through the FAC which it
found was consistent with the intent of the UFAC order and the
decision in Monarch.
In Monarch, the court reversed the Commission's order adhering
to the literal provisions of Section 9--220. In that case, Monarch
Gas Company had exceeded its maximum daily fuel purchases in order
to provide gas for customers during an intense cold spell. When
Monarch sought to recover its extra expenditures under the
Purchased Gas Adjustment Clause (PGAC), the Commission denied its
application because it found the charges were unauthorized overtake
charges. The Commission thus determined that the costs were not
recoverable through the PGAC and that Monarch would have to refund
its customers for the unauthorized charges. On appeal, the court
determined that Monarch could only have avoided such a circumstance
under the Commission's rules by becoming a Daily Maximum Quantity
customer of the Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America. However,
that would have resulted in a 100% increase in its customers'
rates. The court concluded that the Commission's decision was
improper since Monarch had done the "right thing" as demonstrated
by its concern for its customers. The court held that while the
order was consistent with the rules, it effectively penalized
Monarch for its actions, and thus reached a "clearly unreasonable"
result. Monarch, 261 Ill. App. 3d at 101, 633 N.E.2d at 1266.
In the present case, we do not have the unique circumstances
presented by the above scenarios. This is not a situation where a
rate case is was improper and regulatory lag has worked to impeded
the process. Additionally, this is not a case where the utility is
being penalized for its prudent conduct. CIPS came to the
Commission seeking approval of its restructuring and its method for
accounting for the transaction. In short, principles of equity do
not require this court to step in and find that the rules should
not be followed. To the contrary, what we are holding is that the
regulations must be followed. If the Commission deems recovery
through the FAC in this type of case desirable, it may alter its
rules, "'but it must follow the procedures set forth in its rules
and the Act.'" Business and Professional People for the Public
Interest v. Illinois Commerce Comm'n, 146 Ill. 2d 175, 240, 585
N.E. 1032, 1060 (1991) (quoting Business and Professional People
for the Public Interest v. Illinois Commerce Comm'n, 136 Ill. 2d
192, 226, 555 N.E.2d 693, 708 (1989)). Until the Commission
modifies its rules to include restructuring costs as a cost
recoverable through the FAC, we hold that such a recovery is
inappropriate.
Single-Issue Ratemaking
IIEC also argues that the Commission's decision resulted in
improper single-issue ratemaking because it approved recovery of
the restructuring costs without analyzing CIPS's overall operating
expenses. We agree.
The rule against single-issue ratemaking makes it improper to
consider changes in particular portions of a utility's revenue
requirement in isolation. Business and Professional People, 146
Ill. 2d at 244, 585 N.E.2d at 1061. The rule ensures that the
utility's revenue requirements are based on the utility's aggregate
costs, rather than certain specific costs related to a component of
its operation. This is necessary because certain expenses for one
aspect of a utility's business may be offset by savings in another
area, thus removing the need for greater revenue. Business and
Professional People, 146 Ill. 2d at 244-45, 585 N.E.2d at 1061-62;
A. Finkl & Sons Co. v. Illinois Commerce Comm'n, 250 Ill. App. 3d
317, 620 N.E.2d 1141 (1993).
Because recovery through the FAC is improper, compensation for
the restructuring costs must be acquired through a rate
modification pursuant to 220 ILCS 5/9--201 (West 1996). In a rate
case, the Commission will have to determine what amount should be
recovered due to the restructuring following a review of CIPS's
aggregate revenue requirement. For example, its expenses incurred
in the transaction with AMAX may possibly be offset by savings from
retiring the scrubber. However, until such an analysis is
performed pursuant to the procedures set forth in Section 9--201,
a change in rates is inappropriate, and under the circumstances
results in improper single-issue ratemaking.
CONCLUSION
In addition to the arguments we have addressed, the IIEC also
argues that the Commission's findings are not supported by
substantial evidence and that the approval of the FAC recovery is
an unauthorized pre-approval in violation of Section 9-220 and
amounts to illegal incentive ratemaking. In light of our decision
above, we need not address these issues. To summarize, we hold
that the recovery of the restructuring costs may not be recovered
through the FAC because such expenses are not direct costs as
contemplated by the Uniform Electric Fuel Adjustment, 83 Ill. Adm.
Code 425 (1996), and the failure to consider such buy-out
expenses in terms of CIPS's aggregate costs results in improper
single-issue ratemaking. Accordingly, we reverse. However, due to
the potential inequitable consequences resulting from this
reversal, this decision is prospective only.
For the foregoing reasons, we hereby reverse the order of the
Illinois Commerce Commission.
Reversed.
MICHELA and SLATER, JJ., concur.
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