Hulbert v. Charles

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Hulbert v. Charles

State: Illinois

Court: 4th District Appellate

Docket No: 4-08-0765 Rel

Case Date: 07/17/2009

Preview:NO. 4-08-0765 IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FOURTH DISTRICT JAMES HURLBERT, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. ANDREW CHARLES and THE CITY OF URBANA, a Municipal Corporation, Defendants-Appellees.

Filed 7/17/09

) Appeal from ) Circuit Court of ) Champaign County ) No. 07L195 ) ) Honorable ) Richard P. Klaus, ) Judge Presiding. _________________________________________________________________ PRESIDING JUSTICE McCULLOUGH delivered the opinion of the court: In September 2007, plaintiff, James Hurlbert, filed a complaint for malicious prosecution against defendants, the City of Urbana and City of Urbana police officer Andrew Charles. suit stemmed from plaintiff's October 2003 arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) and the trial court's August 2004 dismissal of the charge. In September 2008, the trial court The court held The

granted summary judgment in favor of defendants.

that a Champaign County circuit court's probable-cause finding after a hearing on plaintiff's petition to rescind his statutory summary suspension collaterally estopped relitigating whether Officer Charles lacked probable cause, a necessary element of a malicious-prosecution action. The court did not reach defen-

dants' alternative argument that plaintiff could not show Officer Charles acted with malice.

Plaintiff appeals, arguing that collateral estoppel does not apply to the circuit court's findings and decision in a summary-suspension proceeding. We hold that the trial court's

probable-cause determination at a statutory-summary-suspension hearing collaterally estops its relitigation. In October 2003, Officer Charles arrested plaintiff for DUI following a traffic stop. In November 2003, plaintiff filed

a written petition to rescind the statutory summary suspension of his driver's license (625 ILCS 5/2-118.1(b) (West 2006)). Plaintiff's petition alleged, in pertinent part, Officer Charles did not have reasonable grounds (probable cause) to arrest for DUI. In December 2003, the trial court held a hearing on plaintiff's petition to rescind, during which plaintiff and the State introduced the following facts. On direct examination by

plaintiff's counsel, Officer Charles testified that he was on duty in a marked squad car when he received a stolen-vehicle report regarding a Dodge pickup truck over his radio. Around 2

a.m., Officer Charles saw plaintiff's Dodge pickup truck driving in the opposite direction. Plaintiff's truck closely matched the

stolen truck's description, and Officer Charles turned around to follow it. When Officer Charles caught up with plaintiff's

truck, he determined it was not stolen because its license-plate number did not match the stolen truck's number. - 2 However, accord-

ing to Officer Charles's testimony, plaintiff let his truck drift from the left-hand lane "three-quarters of the way over in[to] the right-hand lane" before drifting back. Plaintiff drifted out

of his lane again when turning onto a highway entrance ramp, at which point Officer Charles curbed plaintiff's truck. Officer

Charles testified plaintiff's truck "continued to roll forward after [he] signaled for it to stop. *** It's unusual for cars

to slow but continue to roll for--as was in this case--at least 150 to 200 yards." According to Officer Charles's testimony, he turned on the squad car's video camera and approached plaintiff, who was in the driver's seat. Plaintiff smelled of alcohol and admitted Officer Charles

having had two or three drinks that night.

testified plaintiff slurred his words slightly and could not provide a driver's license or proof of insurance. After City of

Urbana police officer Bain arrived, Officer Charles conducted field-sobriety tests. Officer Bain unmounted the video camera

from Officer Charles's squad car and recorded the sobriety tests at close range. Officer Charles testified that plaintiff exhib-

ited signs of impairment when asked to repeat the alphabet from letter "D" to letter "S" and count backward from 67 to 62. Officer Charles arrested plaintiff for DUI and transported him to the county jail. On cross-examination by the State, Officer Charles - 3 -

stated that he had conducted over 900 field-sobriety tests in his career and had made over 400 or 500 DUI arrests. Regarding the

alphabet test, Officer Charles testified plaintiff mouthed the letters "A" through "D" before saying "D" out loud, paused at the letter "L," and skipped over the letter "N" entirely. Officer Charles further elaborated that plaintiff exhibited signs of impairment on the finger-to-nose test. On the

finger-to-nose test, the driver is supposed to tilt his head back, close his eyes, and move his index finger from his side to the tip of his nose and back in one motion. According to Officer

Charles's testimony, plaintiff would open his eyes when tipping his head back, acted hesitantly when moving his hand to his nose, and required multiple commands to move his index finger to his nose and back, rather than executing the test in one motion. Officer Charles testified plaintiff showed signs of impairment on each test plaintiff performed. On direct examination by his own counsel, plaintiff testified he was 62 years old and his left leg was one inch shorter than his right leg. Plaintiff testified that contrary to

information contained in Officer Charles's police report, he was not wearing jeans or dress shoes and never drinks beer. Plain-

tiff admitted that he drank three mixed drinks the night of his arrest. According to plaintiff's testimony, he did not drift

across the lane line while Officer Charles was following his - 4 -

truck.

Plaintiff further testified that he stopped as soon as he

realized Officer Charles wanted to curb his truck, rather than simply pass him. The trial court denied plaintiff's petition to rescind statutory summary suspension. The court specified its finding in

denying the petition on the record, which follow: "[T]he [c]ourt's own layman's observation on the video is that this appeared to be a person who didn't have a steady hand at the wheel. The vehicle's essentially regularly

drifting, whether it's on the straight road, whether it's in the portion of the turn or whether it's as the vehicle is at the time when it does eventually move over onto the shoulder. It appears that *** this person doesn't have a steady hand in control of the wheel. *** Once [plaintiff] is stopped, the officer observes a strong odor of alcohol coming from the vehicle, he said. notices slurred speech. *** [Officer Charles]

[Plaintiff], accord-

ing to the officer, says he had two to three beers. According to [plaintiff,] three mixed - 5 -

drinks.

In any event, [plaintiff] certainly

has provided knowledge that he[] [has] been drinking and then is asked to take tests. *** [T]he [c]ourt's observation of how [plaintiff] speaks on the tape is markedly different than how he speaks in court. speech in court is clear. It's direct. And Not His It's

obviously a person of understanding. that's different from what's on tape.

only did the speech pattern appear much different, did there appear to be more slurring, but it was much more deliberate and direct. *** [The court] believe[s] that's consistent with impairment that the officer talks about. Then there was a marked pause in doing both the alphabet and in counting when the counting test was asked for. There were

marked pauses, more than just deliberation. There was evidence of impairment. [Plaintiff] did *** appear to be shaky and have difficulty both moving his finger, turning his head back[,] and closing his eyes at the same time. And given all the observa-

tions that the officer had of his driving and - 6 -

of those things, a person of common sense would believe that the driver was under the influence of alcohol. ble cause to arrest." Plaintiff took no appeal from the trial court's denial of his petition to rescind. In August 2004, a docket entry from *** [T]here was proba-

the trial court shows that it granted a motion to dismiss the DUI prosecution with prejudice. for the dismissal. The record does not provide grounds

In September 2004, plaintiff's attorney

withdrew from representation, and plaintiff, pro se, filed a second petition to rescind his statutory summary suspension, which the State contested. In November 2004, the court denied

plaintiff's second petition to rescind his statutory summary suspension. Later in November 2004, the court denied plaintiff's

third petition to rescind his statutory summary suspension and granted the State's cross-motion to dismiss the DUI prosecution without prejudice. (We note defendants admitted in their answer

that on September 22, 2006, the prosecution was again dismissed with prejudice although nothing in the record shows the court amended its earlier dismissal.) On September 24, 2007, plaintiff filed his initial complaint herein. In January 2008, plaintiff filed a first-

amended complaint herein, which alleged, in pertinent part, that Officer Charles pursued a DUI arrest - 7 -

"despite [plaintiff] having not exhibited any indicia of impairment from the consumption of alcohol, including, inter alia the fact that, his driving was not impaired, his speech was not slurred, his balance and equilibrium were not impaired; he was not thick tongued[;] and he did not exhibit indicia of impairment to his mental or physical faculties. *** [Officer Charles] acted as complained of herein with malice, in that he acted in the complete absence of probable cause[] and abused his position of authority in response to [p]laintiff's perceived challenge to his authority." In June 2008, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing the trial court's probable-cause determination at the statutory-summary-suspension hearing collaterally estopped plaintiff from proving Officer Charles lacked probable cause to arrest. Plaintiff argued that People v. Moore, 138 Ill. 2d 162,

170, 561 N.E.2d 648, 652 (1990), in which the supreme court held that the results of statutory-summary-suspension proceedings do not collaterally estop an issue's relitigation in a subsequent DUI prosecution, applied to all collateral proceedings. In a September 2008 hearing on the motion for summary judgment, the trial court held that the probable-cause finding at plaintiff's summary-suspension hearing collaterally estopped the - 8 -

issue's relitigation.

The court reasoned as follows:

"Moore is limited on its face to an application of collateral estoppel to the subsequent DUI proceeding. *** Moore and the policy

which underlies Moore was [not] intended to prohibit a collateral[-]estoppel effect of the [statutory-]summary[-]suspension proceedings to subsequent civil cases." On that basis, the court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants. Because the court found the collateral-estoppel

issue dispositive, it did not reach defendants' alternative argument that plaintiff could not show malice. This appeal followed. To succeed in an action for malicious prosecution, the plaintiff must show the following: (1) defendants began or continued the original criminal proceeding, (2) the criminal proceeding terminated in plaintiff's favor, (3) defendants lacked probable cause, (4) malice existed, and (5) plaintiff suffered damages as a result. Swick v. Liautaud, 169 Ill. 2d 504, 512, "Actions for malicious prosecution

662 N.E.2d 1238, 1242 (1996).

are disfavored because public policy encourages the exposure of crime and cooperation from people with knowledge about crime." Aguirre v. City of Chicago, 382 Ill. App. 3d 89, 96, 887 N.E.2d 656, 662 (2008). - 9 -

Plaintiff argues the trial court erred when it held the trial court's probable-cause determination in statutory-summarysuspension proceedings collaterally estopped its relitigation in the instant proceeding. Defendants argue Moore is limited to its

facts and only applies to the subsequent DUI prosecution. Collateral estoppel bars relitigation of an issue decided in a prior case. N.E.2d 316, 321 (2008). In re A.W., 231 Ill. 2d 92, 99, 896 Whether collateral estoppel arises from

statutory-summary-suspension proceedings is a question of law, which this court reviews de novo. 896 N.E.2d at 321. See A.W., 231 Ill. 2d at 99,

The minimum threshold requirements for the

application of collateral estoppel are as follows: "(1) the issue decided in the prior adjudication is identical with the one presented in the suit in question, (2) there was a final judgment on the merits in the prior adjudication, and (3) the party against whom estoppel is asserted was a party or in privity with a party to the prior adjudication." Gumma v.

White, 216 Ill. 2d 23, 38, 833 N.E.2d 834, 843 (2005). Collateral estoppel applies only where the parties had opportunity and incentive to fully litigate the issue in the prior proceeding. Talarico v. Dunlap, 177 Ill. 2d 185, 192, 685 N.E.2d - 10 -

325, 328 (1997). A review of the proceedings on plaintiff's statutorysummary-suspension proceedings reveals the elements of collateral estoppel are met in this case. In both this proceeding and the

statutory-summary-suspension hearing, plaintiff had the burden of proof. Compare Aguirre v. City of Chicago, 382 Ill. App. 3d 89,

96, 887 N.E.2d 656, 662 (2008) (stating burden of proof rests with plaintiff), with People v. McClure, 218 Ill. 2d 375, 383, 843 N.E.2d 308, 313 (2006) (stating petitioner-motorist has burden of proof). Plaintiff conducted a full, adversarial

hearing on the issue of probable cause before a trial-court judge. Plaintiff's counsel examined both Officer Charles and Officer Charles testified that plaintiff

plaintiff himself.

performed poorly on the roadside sobriety tests and exhibited other indicia of impairment. impaired. Plaintiff testified he was not

The State cross-examined both witnesses and introduced

the video of plaintiff's roadside sobriety tests into evidence. Both parties argued the motion's merits before the trial court ruled. The trial court denied plaintiff's petition in a lengthy oral ruling that set out the basis for the petition's denial. The court specifically found Officer Charles testified Plaintiff had See

credibly and the video supported his testimony.

the opportunity to appeal the petition's denial but did not. - 11 -

155 Ill. 2d R. 301 ("Every final judgment of a circuit court in a civil case is appealable as of right"). In Moore, the supreme court noted that the elements of collateral estoppel are typically present after a probable-cause determination in a petition-to-rescind-statutory-summary-suspension hearing but declined to apply the doctrine for policy reasons. Moore, 138 Ill. 2d at 168-70, 561 N.E.2d at 651-52.

The Moore court initially cited a First District opinion that reasoned the petition-to-rescind-summary-suspension proceeding is a type of administrative proceeding rather than a part of the criminal proceeding; it is civil in nature and designed to promptly remove impaired drivers from the road. 2d at 168, 561 N.E.2d at 651. The Moore court was concerned hearings on petitions to rescind statutory summary suspensions would become minitrials if the petitioner could collaterally estop an issue's litigation in the subsequent DUI proceeding. N.E.2d at 652. Moore, 138 Ill. 2d at 169-70, 561 Moore, 138 Ill.

The supreme court reasoned as follows:

"Given even the possibility that the results of a [statutory-]summary[-]suspension hearing would act as collateral estoppel, the State would likely find it necessary to treat the suspension hearing as an integral part of the criminal trial rather than merely an adminis- 12 -

trative device at the disposal of the defendant in which the defendant can halt the otherwise automatic suspension of his driving privileges. The process would seldom, if Law[-]enforcement officers

ever, be swift.

would be required to testify regardless of whether the defendant subpoenaed them. The

State would also be required to present witnesses to establish that [the] defendant was in fact driving and was doing so while impaired ***" Moore, 138 Ill. 2d at 169-70,

561 N.E.2d at 652. We agree with the trial court; Moore is limited to the facts before the court in that case. See People v. Flatt, 82

Ill. 2d 250, 261, 412 N.E.2d 509, 515 (1980) (noting precedential scope of a decision limited to the facts before the court). The

policy reasons that underlie the holding in Moore are not applicable to subsequent civil proceedings. The State will not begin

treating statutory-summary-suspension hearings as minitrials because of the threat of collateral estoppel in a later civil proceeding. Unlike the DUI prosecution, later civil litigation Further,

is generally unforeseeable at the time of the hearing.

because the malicious-prosecution plaintiff must prove all elements of the cause of action, the threat of civil damages - 13 -

remains remote if collateral estoppel applies. Moreover, plaintiff's concerns that collateral estoppel will bar meritorious actions because of the limited nature of the statutory-summary-suspension proceeding are unfounded. eral estoppel is an equitable doctrine. 191-92, 685 N.E.2d at 328. Collat-

Talarico, 177 Ill. 2d at

The supreme court has barred the use

of offensive collateral estoppel where its application would result in fundamental injustice or unfairness to one of the parties. See People v. Jones, 219 Ill. 2d 1, 83, 845 N.E.2d 598, Where injustice will result from collateral

643 (2006).

estoppel's application, the trial court has discretion to decline to estop relitigation. See In re Owens, 125 Ill. 2d 390, 399, For example, collateral estoppel

532 N.E.2d 248, 252 (1988).

should not apply where the State relied on an inadequate police report or failed to contest the petition. In other cases,

collateral estoppel would likely not apply where an indigent DUI defendant raised a lack of probable cause at the statutorysummary-suspension hearing but could not properly litigate the issue. As a result, plaintiff's concerns are unfounded. The

limited nature of a statutory-summary-suspensions hearing is not incompatible with the application of collateral estoppel. Accordingly, because plaintiff fully and fairly litigated the issue of probable cause at his statutory-summary-suspension hearing, collateral estoppel bars its relitigation in this - 14 -

case.

Because we affirm on collateral-estoppel grounds, we

decline to rule if plaintiff's complaint has raised a question of material fact whether Officer Charles acted with malice. For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court's judgment. Affirmed. STEIGMANN and APPLETON, JJ., concur.

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