People v. Roberson
State: Illinois
Court: 4th District Appellate
Docket No: 4-96-0162
Case Date: 06/23/1997
NO. 4-96-0162
IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Vermilion County
ERIC ROBERSON, ) No. 95CF138
Defendant-Appellant. )
) Honorable
) Thomas J. Fahey,
) Judge Presiding.
_________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE KNECHT delivered the opinion of the court:
On April 13, 1995, defendant, Eric Roberson, was
charged with the offense of possession of a controlled substance
with intent to deliver 15 to 100 grams of a substance containing
cocaine in violation of section 401(a)(2)(A) of the Illinois
Controlled Substances Act. 720 ILCS 570/401(a)(2)(A) (West
1994). Defendant was tried before a jury on August 22, 1995, and
convicted. He was sentenced to a term of eight years' imprison-
ment in the Department of Corrections. Defendant appeals his
conviction, claiming the trial court abused its discretion in
denying his motion for discharge for failure to bring him to
trial within 120 days from the date he was taken into custody in
violation of the speedy trial provision of the Code of Criminal
Procedure of 1963 (Code). 725 ILCS 5/103-5 (West 1994). We
agree and reverse in part, vacate in part, and remand with direc-
tions.
Defendant was arrested and charged on April 13, 1995,
and remained in custody until the date of his trial. Under the
speedy trial provision of the Code, he was required to be brought
to trial by August 11, 1995, unless there were delays attribut-
able to defendant. 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 1994). The record
indicates no delays attributable to defendant. Through a unique
set of circumstances, the trial was delayed past the original 120
days defendant was in custody.
A jury was selected to hear defendant's case on July
17, 1995. The jury, although chosen, was not sworn that day.
The next scheduled day of trial was July 20. That morning, As-
sistant State's Attorney Larry Mills appeared before the court to
make an oral motion for "a recess of the trial until Tuesday,
July 25th." In support of his motion, he stated the assigned
attorney originally scheduled to try the case was taken ill sud-
denly during the night and hospitalized. Mills would be taking
over the case but was not prepared to proceed to trial that morn-
ing.
Defense counsel stated she had no objection but wanted
to make sure the record indicated the delay would not be attrib-
uted to defendant. The trial court granted the continuance due
to a medical emergency and specifically stated it would not be
attributed to either the State or defendant. The trial court
then brought in the jury and informed it of the delay and asked
if any member had a difficulty returning in five days. No one
expressed such a difficulty and the case was continued until July
25.
The case did not proceed to trial on July 25, but there
is no explanation on the docket sheet. On August 14, 1995, the
State filed a motion for mistrial. Attached to the motion was an
affidavit signed by Mills in which he stated the circumstances
surrounding the delay in trial from July 20 to July 25. He fur-
ther stated after the trial was continued to July 25 he contacted
the State's witnesses, one of whom was a forensic scientist from
the Springfield crime lab, and found out he was unavailable on
July 25 due to a prior subpoena for another trial. Mills then
contacted defense counsel, who was unwilling to stipulate to the
testimony of the witness. Mills stated he then informed the
trial court of this problem and the July 25 trial date was
stricken. We note the State failed to file a motion under sec-
tion 103-5(c) of the Code (725 ILCS 5/103-5(c) (West 1994)) with-
in the 120-day time frame.
Mills then stated the trial court was unable to re-
schedule the trial within the term of service of the jury previ-
ously picked so, on August 14, he moved the trial court to de-
clare a mistrial and reset the case for trial on August 21, 1995.
The State's motion was heard on August 14. The trial
court noted the jurors had been picked but not sworn, despite a
docket entry to the contrary. Defense counsel agreed the jurors
had not been sworn. The trial court ordered the docket entry
changed to read "Jury selected." As the jurors were not sworn,
the trial court found jeopardy had not attached and there was no
need to obtain a mistrial. The trial court set the case for
trial on August 21, 1995.
On August 18, 1995, defense counsel moved for discharge
under the speedy trial provisions of the Code. 725 ILCS 5/103-
5(a) (West 1994). The motion alleged 120 days had expired on
August 11, 1995. The motion was denied after the trial court
found the delays were attributable to illness on the part of the
prosecutor, the trial court's own vacation of two weeks' duration
the following week, and the unavailability of a witness after the
trial had been rescheduled. The jury was discharged after July
25 because in Vermilion County jurors sit for two-week periods
and its term was completed. The jurors were released because
they were not sworn. There was no objection to the release of
the jurors by any party.
A jury was picked and sworn on August 21 and defendant
was found guilty. Defendant again raised the issue of a failure
to bring him to trial within 120 days in his post-trial motion
but it was also denied. This appeal followed.
When the trial court allowed the State a delay of five
days on July 20 due to the illness of the prosecuting attorney,
it specifically stated the delay would not be attributed to ei-
ther party. This statement skews the focus of the speedy trial
inquiry. Defendant has the right to be tried within 120 days.
The State has no similar right. Once a determination is made a
delay is not attributable to a defendant, no further comment is
necessary. To say the delay is also not attributable to the
State has the effect of charging the delay to the defendant. The
five-day delay was not attributable to defendant and the 120-day
period continued to run. Defendant was not brought to trial
until August 21 and there were no delays attributable to him. No
explanation has been given as to when the State's unavailable
witness was next available and why the trial could not have been
held before August 21. The State has a continuing burden to take
the necessary steps to bring about a prompt trial. People v.
Perkins, 90 Ill. App. 3d 975, 979, 414 N.E.2d 110, 114 (1980).
The right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by the feder-
al and Illinois Constitutions. U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV;
Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, 8. These constitutional provisions
guarantee the right to a speedy trial but do not specify a time-
table. This is provided in section 103-5 of the Code. The su-
preme court has recognized a difference in the statutory right to
a speedy trial and the constitutional right. People v. Staten,
159 Ill. 2d 419, 426, 639 N.E.2d 550, 554 (1994); People v. Gar-
rett, 136 Ill. 2d 318, 323, 555 N.E.2d 353, 356 (1990). Under
constitutional analysis, violations of a defendant's right to a
speedy trial depend on factors such as the length of the delay,
the reasons for the delay, the defendant's assertion of the
right, and prejudice to the defendant caused by the delay. Bark-
er v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 33 L. Ed. 2d 101, 116-17, 92 S.
Ct. 2182, 2192 (1972).
Under section 103-5(a) of the Code, the State is re-
quired to bring a defendant to trial within 120 days after being
taken into custody without the necessity of a speedy trial de-
mand. Garrett, 136 Ill. 2d at 329, 555 N.E.2d at 358. Proof of
a violation of this statutory right has been held to require only
that a defendant was not brought to trial within 120 days and the
defendant did not cause or contribute to the delay. Staten, 159
Ill. 2d at 426, 639 N.E.2d at 554; People v. Richards, 81 Ill. 2d
454, 459, 410 N.E.2d 833, 836 (1980). A defendant relying on the
statutory right to a speedy trial need not show prejudice result-
ing from the delay. Staten, 159 Ill. 2d at 426-27, 639 N.E.2d at
554.
The State does not argue there was delay attributable
to defendant. Instead, the State argues the issue here is con-
trolled by the decision in People v. Williams, 59 Ill. 2d 402,
320 N.E.2d 849 (1974). In Williams (59 Ill. 2d at 405, 320
N.E.2d at 850), the supreme court held trial was commenced on the
119th day of the running of the speedy trial statute by "begin-
ning the process" of selection of the jury. Thus, according to
the State, defendant's trial for speedy trial purposes was com-
menced on July 17, well within the 120-day period prescribed by
statute.
Defendant notes a crucial difference between the facts
in Williams and those presented here. In Williams, the defendant
was tried by the same jury whose selection was begun on day 119.
In this case, however, the jury that was selected within the 120-
day period was not sworn and was ultimately dismissed before
defendant was tried and another, entirely new jury was selected
after the 120-day period had expired. This was the jury that
tried his case.
Defendant relies on the decision in Perkins. In
Perkins, a jury venire was assembled within the 120-day statutory
speedy trial period. The venire was sworn as prospective jurors.
Before the voir dire examination was commenced, the trial court
discovered all of the venire members were on their second week of
jury service and would be inconvenienced by a requirement to
return for a third week of duty the next week for a trial expect-
ed to last 10 days. The trial court then dismissed the entire
venire and the defendant was later tried before a jury selected
from a completely new venire after the 120-day period had ex-
pired. Perkins, 90 Ill. App. 3d at 977-78, 414 N.E.2d at 112.
The State relied on the supreme court decision in Williams and
argued the swearing of the venire had begun the jury selection
process and the trial was begun within the 120-day period. The
first district in Perkins noted Williams stood for the proposi-
tion the fact jury selection is not finished within 120 days is
not controlling so long as the selection process has begun within
the 120-day period. Perkins, 90 Ill. App. 3d at 977, 414 N.E.2d
at 112. The Perkins court found the procedure used in that case
did not constitute the "'beginning of the process'" of jury se-
lection as envisioned by Williams. Perkins, 90 Ill. App. 3d at
978, 414 N.E.2d at 112.
No other reported case has been located that deals with
the issue before us except for People v. Staten, 236 Ill. App. 3d
1032, 602 N.E.2d 942 (1992), which was reversed in Staten (159
Ill. 2d 419, 639 N.E.2d 550), without the supreme court dealing
with the issue of when the jury selection process begins for
purposes of the speedy trial provision. However, the fifth dis-
trict in Staten found Williams inapplicable and followed the
decision in Perkins, where jury selection was begun within the
statutory period but was not completed due to a failure to select
a 12-person jury without first exhausting the jury pool. The
trial court excused the jurors selected and reset the trial for
the next jury setting, which was beyond the statutory period.
Thus, new jurors were required to be selected to try the defen-
dant. The court in Staten found the aborted jury selection pro-
ceedings did not constitute the beginning of the jury selection
process to satisfy the speedy trial statute under Williams.
Staten, 236 Ill. App. 3d at 1036, 602 N.E.2d at 945.
We agree with the Perkins court. The decision in Wil-
liams is inapposite to a situation where the jury selected within
the 120-day statutory speedy trial period is not the jury that
ultimately tries a defendant. The court in Perkins noted the
prejudice to the defendant due to the actual jury not being se-
lected for another 14 months. We do not have such a long delay
here. It is not necessary to show prejudice for a statutory
speedy trial violation. Staten, 159 Ill. 2d at 426-27, 639
N.E.2d at 554. All that is necessary is that trial began beyond
the 120-day statutory period through no delay attributed to de-
fendant. Staten, 159 Ill. 2d at 426, 639 N.E.2d at 554; Rich-
ards, 81 Ill. 2d at 459, 410 N.E.2d at 836.
Where a jury has been selected but not sworn and is
later dismissed and a new jury is selected from an entirely dif-
ferent venire, a defendant's trial does not commence for purposes
of statutory speedy trial rights upon the selection of the first
jury. We agree with the court in Perkins that to hold otherwise
would be to countenance a technical evasion of the speedy trial
provision. Perkins, 90 Ill. App. 3d at 978, 414 N.E.2d at 112.
Accordingly, we reverse defendant's conviction, vacate
the sentence, and remand for entry of an order of discharge under
the speedy trial provision.
Reversed in part, vacated in part and cause remanded
with directions.
STEIGMANN, P.J., and McCULLOUGH, J., concur.
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