People v. Smith
State: Illinois
Court: 4th District Appellate
Docket No: 4-97-0079
Case Date: 05/04/1998
May 4, 1998
NO. 4-97-0079
IN THE APPELLATE COURT
OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of
v. ) Sangamon County
DEE M. SMITH, ) No. 95CF819
Defendant-Appellant. )
) Honorable
) Sue E. Myerscough,
) Judge Presiding.
_________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE McCULLOUGH delivered the opinion of the court:
Following a jury trial in the circuit court of Sangamon
County, defendant Dee M. Smith was found guilty of aggravated
battery. 720 ILCS 5/12-4(b)(8) (West 1994). She was sentenced to
24 months' probation. The issues are whether (1) defendant was
denied effective assistance of counsel and due process because the
defense trial counsel failed to request and the trial court failed
to order a fitness hearing even though defendant was receiving
prescribed psychotropic medication at the time of trial and
sentencing and (2) the trial court committed an abuse of discretion
by answering "no" to the jury's question of whether the jury had
"the option of downgrading to a charge of battery," even if it had
found the elements of aggravated battery had been proved. Only the
facts relevant to the issues will be discussed.
The defendant's presentence investigation report
contained information from medical doctors, a clinical psycholo-
gist, and defendant concerning the use of Effexor and Xanax, and
treatment for symptoms of depression and anxiety. The State does
not dispute that defendant may have received multiple prescriptions
of Xanax and Effexor prior to, around the time of, and subsequent
to her trial and sentencing hearings. Also undisputed is that the
fitness hearing was not asked for by defendant's trial counsel or
provided to defendant prior to trial or sentencing and that Xanax
and Effexor are psychotropic medications.
The State argues that the amended version of section 104-
21 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/104-21
(West 1996)) applies to this case so that reversal is not automati-
cally required. This court has considered the same argument in
People v. Straub, 292 Ill. App. 3d 193, 197-99, 685 N.E.2d 429,
432-33 (1997), and rejected it. We deem Straub controlling and
decline to revisit the issue. See also People v. Cortes, 181 Ill.
2d 249, 275, ___ N.E.2d ___, ___ (1998).
This case differs somewhat from Straub in that the
amendment to section 104-21 effective December 31, 1996 (Pub. Act
89-689, 90, eff. December 31, 1996 (1996 Ill. Laws 3775, 3792)),
was effective at the time of defendant's sentencing. It was not in
effect, however, when she was tried. In addition, the Straub court
did not find ineffective assistance of counsel or an abuse of
discretion in failing to conduct a fitness hearing because (1)
there was no evidence defendant was taking the prescribed medica-
tion, (2) two evaluations found defendant fit to stand trial, (3)
the trial court was fully aware of defendant's physical and mental
problems and medication and took great pains to assure that
defendant's medication did not affect his ability to understand the
proceedings and to cooperate in his defense, and (4) defendant's
counsel understood the obligation to raise fitness as an issue and
the trial court could rely on defense counsel's representation that
there was no problem. Straub, 292 Ill. App. 3d at 199-200, 685
N.E.2d at 434. The record in the case at bar would not support
such findings.
In People v. Kilpatrick, 293 Ill. App. 3d 446, 448-49,
688 N.E.2d 1202, 1204 (1997), the court adopted Straub and rejected
the State's cited cases of People v. Perry, 292 Ill. App. 3d 705,
686 N.E.2d 677 (1997), and People v. Gibson, 292 Ill. App. 3d 842,
687 N.E.2d 1076 (1997). As a result, in Kilpatrick, the cause was
remanded for a hearing to determine defendant's fitness to stand
trial. Kilpatrick, 293 Ill. App. 3d at 450, 688 N.E.2d at 1205.
As in Kilpatrick, the trial court should determine defendant's
fitness to stand trial.
The next issue is whether the trial court committed an
abuse of discretion by answering "no" to the jury's question of
whether it could downgrade to a charge of battery even if it had
found the elements of aggravated battery had been proved.
At trial, prior to jury deliberations, the trial court's
instructions to the jury included the following instructions:
"The defendants are charged with the
offense of aggravated battery. The defendants
have pleaded not guilty. Under the law, a
person charged with aggravated battery may be
found (1) not guilty; or (2) guilty of aggra-
vated battery; or (3) guilty of battery."
See Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 2.01 (3d ed.
1992) (hereinafter IPI Criminal 3d).
"A person commits the offense of battery
when he knowingly without legal justification
and by any means causes bodily harm to another
person."
See IPI Criminal 3d No. 11.05.
"A person commits the offense of aggra-
vated battery when she knowingly without legal
justification and by any means causes bodily
harm to another person, and in doing so, she
is on or about a public place of amusement."
See IPI Criminal 3d No. 11.15.
"To sustain the charge of aggravated
battery the State must prove the following
propositions:
First proposition: that the defendant or
one for whose conduct he is legally responsi-
ble knowingly caused bodily harm to Michelle
Ray; and
Second proposition: that the defendant
did so while on or about a public place of
amusement.
Third proposition: that the defendant
was not justified in using the force which she
used.
If you find from your consideration of
all the evidence that each one of these propo-
sitions has been proven beyond a reasonable
doubt, you should find the defendant guilty.
If you find from your consideration of
all the evidence that any one of these propo-
sitions has not been proved beyond a reason-
able doubt, you should find the defendant not
guilty."
See IPI Criminal 3d No. 11.16.
During deliberations, the jury sent an inquiry to the
trial judge. The trial judge's discussion with the attorneys
concerning the inquiry was as follows:
"THE COURT: The note which I am marking
as Court's Exhibit 1 states: [']Your Honor,
twelve out of twelve agree to meeting the
following propositions: one, defendants
knowingly caused harm to Miss Ray; two, did
the above in a public place of amusement;
three, degree of force was not justified.
Realizing this indicates aggravated battery,
do we have the option of downgrading to a
charge of battery?[']
What would you like me to respond,
[defendant's attorney]?
[DEFENDANT'S ATTORNEY]: Well, I mean I
think the answer to the question is yes,
under--you know, they can do whatever they
decide to do unanimously.
THE COURT: But they have already said
they found them guilty of aggravated battery
in a public place of amusement.
[DEFENDANT'S ATTORNEY]: But also indi-
cated they don't feel that is a just verdict,
but that's reading between the lines; and jury
nullification is an appropriate--
THE COURT: May I point out that had we
instructed as I indicated we should, we might
not be having this problem at this point?
[Prosecutor], what do you propose I
respond?
[PROSECUTOR]: Your Honor, I think that
they've got the verdicts back there. If they
want to come back with a battery, they can
elect to do that; and I don't think we should
advise them one way or other which verdict
form they should use.
THE COURT: What they just said to me--
[prosecutor], let me read it again. Defen-
dants knowingly caused harm to Miss Ray. They
did it in a public place of amusement. It was
not justified. They realize this constitutes
aggravated battery, and they want to know that
even though they find proposition 1, 2, and 3,
can they find--can they downgrade to battery.
That's against my instructions.
[PROSECUTOR]: That's right.
THE COURT: So I am going to indicate no
in response to the question.
[DEFENDANT'S ATTORNEY]: Then that would
be a response over our objection.
THE COURT: Yes, over defendant's objec-
tion."
The determination of whether to issue supplemental
instructions in response to an inquiry from the jury rests in the
discretion of the trial court, and the trial court has a duty to
provide supplemental instructions where clarification is requested,
the original instructions are incomplete, and the jurors are
manifestly confused. People v. Oden, 261 Ill. App. 3d 41, 45-46,
633 N.E.2d 1385, 1389 (1994).
"[T]he general rule is that the trial court
has a duty to provide instruction to the jury
where it has posed an explicit question or
requested clarification on a point of law
arising from facts about which there is doubt
or confusion. (Reid, 136 Ill. 2d at 39.)
This is true even though the jury was properly
instructed originally. (See People v. Morris
(1980), 81 Ill. App. 3d 288, 290-91.) When a
jury makes explicit its difficulties, the
court should resolve them with specificity and
accuracy (Bollenbach v. United States (1945),
326 U.S. 607, 612-13, 90 L. Ed. 350, 354, 66
S. Ct. 402, 405; People v. Caballero (1984),
102 Ill. 2d 23, 42; see People v. Harmon
(1968), 104 Ill. App. 2d 294, 301, relying on
23A C.J.S. Criminal Law 1376, at 305 (1989)).
If the question asked by the jury is unclear,
it is the court's duty to seek clarification
of it. (See People v. Land (1975), 34 Ill.
App. 3d 548, 550-51; Harmon, 104 Ill. App. 2d
at 301.) The failure to answer or the giving
of a response which provides no answer to the
particular question of law posed has been held
to be prejudicial error." People v. Childs,
159 Ill. 2d 217, 228-29, 636 N.E.2d 534, 539
(1994).
These principles have recently been reaffirmed by the Supreme Court
of Illinois. Cortes, 181 Ill. 2d at 280, ___ N.E.2d at ___.
The trial court in this case did comply with Childs by
giving a direct response to the question, and defendant's counsel
objected to that response. On appeal, defendant argues that the
trial court's response negated the jury's power of "nullification"
or "lenity."
Although jury nullification is a possibility (see People
v. Ganus, 148 Ill. 2d 466, 473, 594 N.E.2d 211, 215 (1992)), the
defendant has no right to argue or instruct on jury nullification
(People v. Moore, 171 Ill. 2d 74, 109-10, 662 N.E.2d 1215, 1231-32
(1996)). We also agree with the statement in People v. Montanez,
281 Ill. App. 3d 558, 565, 667 N.E.2d 548, 553 (1996), "The power
of jury nullification exists, but it is not authorized by the law.
A defendant has no right to have the jury defy the law or ignore
the undisputed evidence." The question indicated all 12 jurors
agreed that all the elements of aggravated battery had been proved.
The answer given by the trial court to the jury's inquiry in this
case was direct and simply paraphrased an instruction already given
to it.
"If you find from your consideration of
all the evidence that each one of these propo-
sitions has been proven beyond a reasonable
doubt, you should find the defendant guilty."
See IPI Criminal 3d No. 11.16. Furthermore, the jurors were
provided three verdict forms: (1) not guilty, (2) guilty of
aggravated battery, and (3) guilty of battery. They were instruct-
ed to select the verdict form which reflected their verdict as to
defendant. IPI Criminal 3d No. 26.01. In addition, they were
advised that the jury instructions contained the law applicable to
this case and that it was their duty to follow all the instructions
and not to disregard some. IPI Criminal 3d No. 1.01. In this
case, the response given by the trial judge to the jury's inquiry
was the correct response in light of the objection raised by
defendant. The trial court's response clarified the confusion.
That response did not result from an abuse of discretion.
The judgment of the circuit court of Sangamon County is
affirmed, and the cause is remanded for a limited fitness hearing
to determine defendant's fitness to stand trial. If the trial
court determines the defendant's medications compromised her
ability to understand the nature and purpose of the proceedings
against her or her ability to assist in her defense, the conviction
is to be vacated and defendant given a new trial. If the trial
court determines that defendant was fit to stand trial, the trial
court is directed to enter a retrospective fitness finding, and
defendant's conviction and sentence will stand.
Affirmed and remanded with directions.
GREEN, J., concurs.
STEIGMANN, J., specially concurs.
JUSTICE STEIGMANN, specially concurring:
Although I agree with the majority opinion, I write
specially to express my rejection of the legitimacy of the concept
of jury nullification. However much surface appeal that concept
may have, careful analysis shows it to be vacuous and intellectu-
ally bankrupt.
Jury nullification constitutes the proposition that the
jury may disregard the law as provided by the trial court and
instead decide a case based upon considerations that have no legal
justification, such as the race, character, or status of either the
victim or the accused. Supporters of jury nullification cite
instances in which juries have supposedly achieved "true justice"
by acquitting a defendant when the evidence concededly proved him
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Leaving aside the many flaws in
such examples, the primary difficulty with the concept of jury
nullification is that no principled basis exists for claiming that
a jury may choose to disregard the court's instructions on the law
only when such disregard benefits the accused.
In every criminal case, the trial court instructs the
jury on principles of law that are designed to protect the accused,
such as the following: (1) the defendant is presumed innocent of
the charge against him, and the State has the burden of proving the
charge beyond a reasonable doubt (Illinois Pattern Jury Instruc-
tions, Criminal No. 2.03 (3d ed. 1992) (hereinafter IPI Criminal
3d)); (2) the defendant is not required to prove his innocence (IPI
Criminal 3d No. 2.03); (3) if the defendant does not testify, that
fact may not be considered against him in any way (IPI Criminal 3d
No. 2.04); and (4) neither sympathy nor prejudice should influence
the jury (IPI Criminal 3d No. 1.01).
In almost all criminal cases, the trial court also
instructs the jurors that they should not discuss the case with
anyone or attempt to do any investigating themselves, such as going
to the scene of the crime and examining it. The court further
instructs the jury not to read any newspaper accounts or listen to
any media reports regarding the case on trial. The court also
tells the jury that it should decide the case based solely upon the
evidence and testimony presented in the courtroom and not on
extraneous matters. See IPI Criminal 3d No. 1.01.
In addition to instructing the jury regarding things it
must do or avoid doing to protect the defendant's rights, the trial
court also defines the offense with which the defendant is charged
and the State's burden of proof regarding the elements of that
offense. For instance, the burglary issues instruction, which sets
forth the three propositions that the State must prove, concludes
with the following two paragraphs (which are the same concluding
paragraphs in all but a few of the many dozen issues instructions
contained in IPI Criminal 3d):
"If you find from your consideration of
all the evidence that each one of [the previ-
ously stated] propositions has been proved be-
yond a reasonable doubt, you should find the
defendant guilty.
If you find from your consideration of
all the evidence that any one of these pro-
positions has not been proved beyond a rea-
sonable doubt, you should find the defendant
not guilty." IPI Criminal 3d No. 14.08.
Supporters of jury nullification think the second of
these paragraphs--the one instructing the jury that it must find
the defendant not guilty if the State did not prove him guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt--is just fine. Somehow, however, those
same supporters claim that a jury may disregard the first paragraph
of this instruction. But why should this be so? After all, if a
jury is free to use its status as "representative of the community"
or "the community's conscience" (or whatever else supporters of
jury nullification claim gives the jury the prerogative to reject
the trial court's instructions of law), then should the jury not be
able to question any instruction that it finds questionable or
archaic?
For instance, why should a jury accept the trial court's
admonition that the defendant's failure to testify should not be
held against him? Clearly, this admonition is counterintuitive.
Most jurors would expect in their daily lives that someone accused
of criminal behavior would provide some defense or explanation.
Most jurors would also conclude that a person's failure to provide
some explanation would indicate that he was guilty of the charge.
In fact, this real-world expectation is the law in almost
every other jurisdiction in the world; it just so happens that in
the United States, our courts have interpreted the fifth amendment
to proscribe such an expectation by holding that a defendant cannot
be punished for exercising his constitutional right of silence,
even at trial. But, if--as the supporters of jury nullification
contend--a jury can reject the trial court's instructions of law,
what can be wrong with a juror's thinking the following:
"Not holding a defendant's failure to testify
against him might have worked just fine 200
years ago when a bunch of rich, white guys
wrote that protection into the Constitution to
deal with the kinds of crimes and trials that
occurred then, but clearly this archaic bit of
colonial fluff has no legitimacy in the modern
world of urban violence and street gang mur-
ders. It is a concept that has outlived its
usefulness, and if it weren't for a bunch of
bleeding-heart ACLU-types, we would have
gotten rid of it a long time ago so that we
could really get tough on vicious criminals."
I note in passing that the above argument might be
particularly shocking to those who--in other contexts--endorse the
concept of a "living constitution"--that is, the meaning of the
constitution must "evolve" over time to meet the exigencies of
modern society. Adherents of this view typically argue for a more
expansive reading of the constitution, claiming that political
positions the adherents deem desirable are required or protected by
the constitution. However, no principled reason exists to limit
the notion of a living constitution to only expansion of constitu-
tional rights; if the constitution is as flexible as the adherents
of the "living constitution" assert, then it can just as well
diminish the protections it provides (if that is what modern
society requires). Indeed, many legal scholars argue that such a
reduction has already occurred regarding fourth amendment protec-
tions.
Another trial court instruction that a juror might
question or disregard is the State's burden to prove the defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. After all, this standard does
not even appear anywhere in either the federal or state constitu-
tion. Instead, the United States Supreme Court has found this
standard to be constitutionally mandated by looking to the history
and traditions of this nation almost 210 years ago when the
constitution was adopted. But so what? Why should a jury, acting
as the modern day "conscience of the community," be limited in its
real-world assessment of an accused's conduct by an "understanding"
among a bunch of Virginia plantation owners and New England
merchantmen, who were running around in three-cornered hats,
frequently owned slaves, and observed other customs and practices
that would be viewed as highly objectionable--or at least very
strange--through modern eyes?
It will not suffice for supporters of jury nullification
to point out that when a jury disregards the trial court's instruc-
tions and acquits, the State cannot appeal, whereas when a jury
disregards the trial court's instructions and convicts, the
defendant can appeal. First, the defendant's right to appeal on
the basis of jury deliberations is extremely restricted. People v.
Towns, 157 Ill. 2d 90, 112, 623 N.E.2d 269, 279 (1993) (in
evaluating a verdict's validity, a reviewing court may not consider
evidence showing jury's deliberative process or its motives or
methods in reaching the verdict); People v. Lee, 294 Ill. App. 3d
738, 744-45, 691 N.E.2d 117, 122 (1998) (jurors' affidavits in
armed robbery case that they disregarded court's instructions not
to consider during deliberations presecutor's improper argument
constituted improper effort to impeach jury's verdict). Thus, a
defendant who presents affidavits or live testimony from a juror
about the jury's disregard of the court's instruction not to hold
against the defendant his failure to testify will lose on this
claim because a jury is not permitted to impeach its own verdict.
The same thing would happen to other claims, such as that the jury
disregarded the defendant's presumption of innocence or inten-
tionally lessened the State's burden of proving him guilty beyond
a reasonable doubt.
Second, a defendant's appeal on this ground is premised
upon a juror's willingness to talk about the jury deliberations and
to admit that he or some other juror disregarded some of the
court's instructions. However, jurors are under no obligation to
speak to anyone about jury room discussions, and one could assume
they would be particularly unlikely to do so if they had inten-
tionally disregarded some of the court's instructions designed to
provide procedural protections to the defendant, resulting in the
defendant's conviction.
The historical circumstances that allegedly justified the
concept of jury nullification have long since passed. Justice
Harlan explained this best, as follows:
"[The] principal original virtue of the jury
trial--the limitations a jury imposes on a
tyrannous judiciary--has largely disappeared.
We no longer live in a medieval or colonial
society. Judges enforce laws enacted by demo-
cratic decision, not by regal fiat. They are
elected by the people or appointed by the
people's elected officials, and are responsi-
ble not to a distant monarch alone but to
reviewing courts, including this one." Duncan
v. Louisiana, 391 U.S. 145, 188, 20 L. Ed. 2d
491, 518, 88 S. Ct. 1444, 1469 (1968) (Harlan,
J, dissenting, joined by Stewart, J.).
These views are consistent with long-held views of other
Supreme Court justices on point. At a time when Supreme Court
justices served as trial judges, Justice Joseph Story wrote the
following:
"'I deny that, in any case, civil or criminal,
[jurors] have the moral right to decide the
law according to their own notions or plea-
sure. On the contrary, I hold it the most
sacred constitutional right of every party
accused of a crime that the jury should re-
spond as to the facts, and the court as to the
law. It is the duty of the court to instruct
the jury as to the law and it is the duty of
the jury to follow the law as it is laid down
by the court. *** Every person accused as a
criminal has a right to be tried according to
the law of the land, the fixed law of the
land; and not by the law as a jury may under-
stand it, or choose, from wantonness or igno-
rance or accidental mistake, to interpret
it.'" Sparf & Hansen v. United States, 156
U.S. 51, 74, 39 L. Ed. 343, 351, 155 S. Ct.
273, 282 (1895), quoting United States v.
Battiste, 24 Cas. 1042, 1043 (C.C.D. Mass.
1835) (No. 14,545).
As Professor Andrew D. Leipold of the University of
Illinois pointed out in his thoughtful article, Rethinking Jury
Nullification, 82 Va. L. Rev. 253, 294 (1996):
"Virtually every federal court that considered
the question [of jury nullification] held,
often in blunt language, that there was no
right to have juries told of their power. The
most detailed opinion came in United States v.
Dougherty[, 473 F.2d 1113 (D.C. Cir. 1972),
quoting United States v. Moylan, 417 F.2d
1002, 1009 (4th Cir. 1969),] where the court
not only rejected the defendants' arguments,
but denounced the whole notion of jury nulli-
fication:
'This so-called right of jury nulli-
fication is put forward in the name
of liberty and democracy, but its
explicit avowal risks the ultimate
logic of anarchy. . . . "No legal
system could long survive if it gave
every individual the option of dis-
regarding with impunity any law
which by his personal standard was
judged morally untenable."'"
Regarding the claim of supporters of jury nullifica-
tion that juries somehow constitute "representatives of the
community," Professor Leipold cogently wrote the following:
"A jury is unelected, unaccountable to a
constituency, and only obliquely a
'representative' of the area from which it is
drawn. A jury need not represent a cross-
section of the citizenry; the panel does not
have to reflect the community's racial, gen-
der, economic, or ethnic make-up; and some
groups are routinely excluded from service by
law or by practice. There is no reason to
think that jurors know more than the average
citizen about the impact of a criminal law on
the community, and some reason to believe that
they know less. And of course, jurors are
strictly forbidden to discuss the case they
are hearing with their neighbors, or otherwise
to collect information on how the community
feels before rendering a verdict." 82 Va. L.
Rev. at 299.
Last, we should not forget the disgraceful episodes in
our criminal justice system in the 1950s and 1960s when southern
juries routinely acquitted those accused--including local law
enforcement officers--of beating or killing civil rights protesters
despite overwhelming evidence of guilt. With good reason,
supporters of jury nullification choose not to remind us of those
grim times, but those acquittals reflected the concept of jury
nullification "in all its glory."
This court should join the other Illinois courts that
have rejected this pernicious doctrine (see People v. Montanez, 281
Ill. App. 3d 558, 565, 667 N.E.2d 548, 553 (1996)) and emphasize
that it has no place in any system of justice worthy of that name.
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