Christenson v. Rincker
State: Illinois
Court: 5th District Appellate
Docket No: 5-96-0266
Case Date: 05/16/1997
NO. 5-96-0266
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
_________________________________________________________________
BERNARD CHRISTENSON and CYNTHIA ) Appeal from the
CHRISTENSON, ) Circuit Court of
) Shelby County.
Plaintiffs-Appellants, )
)
v. ) No. 94-L-4
)
DAVID RINCKER, ) Honorable
) Ronald D. Spears,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, presiding.
_________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH delivered the opinion of the court:
On April 24, 1992, plaintiff, Bernard Christenson, was driving
on Illinois Route 16 with his wife, plaintiff Cynthia Christenson,
as a passenger when their vehicle struck a cow on the roadway. The
cow was owned by defendant, David Rincker. Both plaintiffs were
injured as a result of this collision and filed suit against
defendant. At trial, the primary issue of contention was whether
defendant used reasonable care in restraining his cow from running
at large. The jury returned a verdict for defendant. On appeal,
plaintiffs pose three issues for this court: (1) whether the trial
court erred in the determination of the burden of proof when it
refused plaintiffs' tendered instruction and, as claimed by
plaintiffs, imposed on plaintiffs the burden of disproving
defendant's affirmative defense under the statute; (2) whether
defense counsel's references to insurance during voir dire and in
closing argument constituted reversible error; and (3) whether the
trial court erred in granting defendant's motion for leave to file
a late jury demand. We reverse and remand for new trial based on
our disposition of issue one.
FACTS
Since we reverse and remand on the basis of issue one, the
burden of proof problem, the following statement of facts will deal
with the factual basis necessary for dealing with the burden of
proof argument and the argument concerning the jury demand. We
presume that any reference to insurance will not recur upon
retrial.
Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint which was responded to
by a motion to dismiss and ultimately answered after denial of that
motion. Neither plaintiffs' amended complaint nor defendant's
answer included a demand for jury trial. Approximately six months
after defendant's answer, defendant filed a motion to allot cause
for jury trial. At the hearing on that motion, defendant's counsel
argued that the parties had discussed this case going to a jury at
a hearing on September 27, 1994, the subject of which was
defendant's motion to dismiss. On November 1, 1994, the court
entered a scheduling order that set this case for jury trial the
next May. The trial court agreed with defense counsel as to the
September 27, 1994, discussion and in the exercise of its
discretion granted defendant's motion for jury trial. The court
noted that the September 27, 1994, discussion occurred prior to
defendant's filing of his answer, that the November 1, 1994,
scheduling order set the case for jury trial, and that the parties
were operating under the assumption that this cause would be tried
to a jury. Accordingly, the court found good cause and allowed the
motion for jury trial, stating it was a close question and the
court was exercising its discretion. Our review of the transcript
of the hearing on September 27, 1994, indicates that the jury
status of this case was not discussed, but the November 1, 1994,
scheduling order did set the matter for jury trial. As noted
above, this case ultimately went to trial by jury. During the
instruction conference, plaintiffs tendered their instruction two,
a modified version of Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil,
No. 21.03 (3d ed. 1994) (hereinafter IPI Civil 3d No. 21.03), which
the trial court refused. That instruction provided, in part, that
"in this case the defendant has asserted the affirmative defense
that: (a) the defendant's livestock were running at large without
his knowledge; and (b) the defendant used reasonable care in
restraining his livestock from so running at large," and that
defendant has the burden of proving each of these propositions.
The circuit court gave defendant's version of IPI Civil 3d No.
21.03, which stated that plaintiffs had the burden of proving "that
the defendant did not use reasonable care to restrain his cattle
from running at large." The case was submitted to the jury, which
returned a verdict in favor of defendant. Plaintiffs filed a
posttrial motion, which was denied by the circuit court, and timely
filed this appeal.
ISSUES
I. BURDEN OF PROOF
Plaintiffs contend that the court committed prejudicial error
in its choice of a burden of proof instruction. Specifically, they
argue that the trial court improperly placed upon plaintiffs the
burden of disproving the affirmative defenses of defendant rather
than properly treating them as affirmative defenses on which
defendant had the burden. Defendant argues that the trial court
properly apportioned the burden of proof, and that even if said
apportionment was improper, the evidence so overwhelmingly favored
defendant that such error would be harmless. We agree with
plaintiffs.
The statute under which this case was tried is the Illinois
Domestic Animals Running at Large Act (Act) (510 ILCS 55/1 et seq.
(West 1994)), which provides, in pertinent part:
" 1. No person or owner of livestock shall allow
livestock to run at large in the State of Illinois. All
owners of livestock shall provide the necessary restraints to
prevent such livestock from so running at large and shall be
liable in civil action for all damages occasioned by such
animals running at large; Provided, that no owner or keeper of
such animals shall be liable for damages in any civil suit for
injury to the person or property of another caused by the
running at large thereof, without the knowledge of such owner
or keeper, when such owner or keeper can establish that he
used reasonable care in restraining such animals from so
running at large." 510 ILCS 55/1 (West 1994).
The history of this statute and its evolution to its present form
provides an essential background to the determination of this
appeal.
Our supreme court in McKee v. Trisler, 311 Ill. 536, 143 N.E.
69 (1924), traced the history of the Act up to a point prior to the
1931 amendment. Our supreme court noted:
"It was the rule of the common law that the owner of
domestic animals such as cattle was bound at his peril to keep
them off the lands of other persons or respond in damages for
their trespasses. No man was bound to fence his close against
an adjoining field, but every man was bound to keep his cattle
in his own field at his own peril, and it made no difference
that he was guilty of no actual negligence in not properly
guarding them or that they escaped against his will and
without such negligence." McKee, 311 Ill. at 542, 143 N.E. at
71.
The Illinois General Assembly in 1871 prohibited domestic animals
from running at large but also provided for local option on the
subject. Laws 1871-1872, p. 118. In 1895 the General Assembly
eliminated the local option provision and provided in section 1,
"hereafter it shall be unlawful for any animal of the species of
horse, ass, mule, cattle, sheep, goat, swine or geese to run at
large in the State of Illinois." Laws 1895, p. 4. The effect of
this act was to restore the common law rule in Illinois requiring
the owner of domestic animals to keep them off the lands of another
and making the owner liable for any trespasses.
In 1931 the General Assembly amended the statute from one of
strict liability for damages caused by animals running at large.
That statute was subsequently analyzed in Estes v. Maddrell, 208
Ill. App. 3d 813, 566 N.E.2d 916 (1991), in which a vehicle
collided with the defendant's bull. The trial court granted
summary judgment for the defendant. In modification of the strict
liability nature of the prior statute, the effect of the 1931
amendment and the Estes court's construction of the present act is:
"[A]n owner or keeper of livestock will not be held liable if
he meets a two-part test: (1) if he is able to establish that
he used reasonable care in restraining his livestock; and (2)
that he did not have knowledge that the animal was running at
large." Estes, 208 Ill. App. 3d at 816, 566 N.E.2d at 918.
In application of this standard the court noted:
"The intent of the legislature in enacting this law was
to encourage owners of livestock to restrain their animals so
as to prevent accidents. Those livestock owners that allow
their animals to roam free will be liable to others for the
damage the animals cause. Those that are not aware that their
animals are running free and can demonstrate that they used
reasonable control in restraining their animals will not be
held liable." (Emphasis in original.) Estes, 208 Ill. App.
3d at 817, 566 N.E.2d at 919.
As indicated by the clear language of the statute in its present
form and as noted in the analysis of the statute by the Estes
court, the animal owner must establish these two points in order to
escape liability.
The Fifth District Appellate Court has similarly construed the
Act in O'Gara v. Kane, 38 Ill. App. 3d 641, 348 N.E.2d 503 (1976).
O'Gara brought suit for personal injuries suffered when the
automobile in which he was a passenger collided with a horse owned
by defendant. In discussing the Act, the court noted:
"The statute was amended by the addition of the proviso that
an owner would not be held liable if able to prove that he
used reasonable care in restraining his animals and if he was
without knowledge that they were running at large." O'Gara,
38 Ill. App. 3d at 643, 348 N.E.2d at 506.
At this point some confusion comes into the analysis of this
statute, starting with the court decision in Guay v. Neel, 340 Ill.
App. 111, 91 N.E.2d 151 (1950), cited by the O'Gara court. The
Guay court stated:
"The burden was on plaintiff to prove her case by a
preponderance of the evidence. She made out a prima facie
case. The proof to be established under the proviso
[amendment] was within the knowledge of the defendant and not
the plaintiff. Having made out a prima facie case, the burden
of proceeding shifted to the defendant. The burden of proof
remained, however, on the plaintiff." Guay, 340 Ill. App. at
118, 91 N.E.2d at 154.
The O'Gara court, relying on Guay, stated: "[H]aving made out a
prima facie case, the burden of proceeding shifted to the
defendant. The burden of proof, however, remained on the
plaintiff." O'Gara, 38 Ill. App. 3d at 644, 348 N.E.2d at 506.
The court in Abadie v. Royer, 215 Ill. App. 3d 444, 574 N.E.2d 1306
(1991), further complicated this analysis of the statute by
misconstruing O'Gara. The Abadie court stated:
"To recover under this statute, plaintiff must allege and
prove that defendants did not use reasonable care in
restraining the animal and that the animal was running at
large." Abadie, 215 Ill. App. 3d at 450, 574 N.E.2d at 1310.
Accordingly, viewing the jurisprudence through the time of the
Estes and Abadie decisions, one had cases indicating that the
plaintiff must prove that the defendant animal owner did not use
reasonable care in restraining the animal and that the animal was
running at large (Abadie), and that the defendant animal owner had
to prove he was not aware that the animal was running at large and
that the owner used reasonable control in restraining the animal to
escape liability (Estes).
Our analysis of the language of the statute leads us to the
conclusion that the Estes case and the first O'Gara analysis are
the proper ones. The language of the statute clearly indicates a
general provision against an owner of livestock allowing that
livestock to run at large and a duty to restrain the animals with
subsequent liability for damage caused by failure to do so. The
language after "Provided" is an escape clause for the owner of such
animal with two requirements: that the running-at-large was
without the knowledge of the owner and that the owner "can
establish that he used reasonable care in restraining such animals
from so running at large." Those two provisos in the statute
constitute affirmative defenses and should be so construed and when
the cause is to be tried by a jury should be so treated in the
instructions.
We agree with the decision made in Nevious v. Bauer, 281 Ill.
App. 3d 911, 667 N.E.2d 1074 (1996), stemming from a situation in
which a car hit a bull. That court stated that the burden of proof
concerning the exercise of due care in restraining the animals and
lack of knowledge clearly was the burden of the defendant. The
court held:
"[O]nce plaintiff has established his case in chief, the
burden of proof shifts to the defendants to establish both the
exercise of due care in restraining the livestock and lack of
knowledge it had escaped. Such interpretation, we believe,
comports to the legislative intent of balance interests."
Nevious, 281 Ill. App. 3d at 916, 667 N.E.2d at 1078.
We adopt that holding. It clearly reflects the intent of the
General Assembly in amending what would otherwise be a strict
liability statute. Our court and the Nevious court would place the
burden of proof of those defenses by which a defendant owner or
keeper of livestock can escape liability on the party that would
benefit by the proof of those defenses, the owner or keeper of
livestock. To construe the Act and prior cases so as to place the
burden of proof on plaintiffs of elements that enure only to the
benefit of defendant would be irrational and clearly not the intent
of the General Assembly. As our supreme court has noted in Sulser
v. Country Mutual Insurance Co., 147 Ill. 2d 548, 557, 591 N.E.2d
427, 430 (1992), we are constrained to interpret statutes so they
do not lead to absurd results.
In the instant case, the trial court erred in giving
defendant's instruction on the burden of proof and refusing
plaintiffs' instruction, which properly allocated the burden of
proof of the affirmative defenses to defendant. Accordingly, this
cause must be reversed and remanded for new trial.
II. JURY DEMAND QUESTION
Our statutes require that a demand for jury trial be filed by
the time a party is required to answer. 735 ILCS 5/2-1105 (West
1994). When a motion for late demand for jury trial is decided,
the court must exercise its discretion and grant the motion only if
it finds that good cause was shown. Greene v. City of Chicago, 73
Ill. 2d 100, 382 N.E.2d 1205 (1978). In the Greene case our
supreme court noted that the courts traditionally have given a
liberal construction to the statute regulating the right to trial
by jury. The court, in reviewing the appellate court cases decided
since Hudson v. Leverenz, 10 Ill. 2d 87, 139 N.E.2d 255 (1956),
noted two lines of decisions. One line posited a test that there
must be no inconvenience to the court or to the litigants and the
absence of any prejudice to any person in order for the motion to
be granted. The second line of cases construed the test as not
only the absence of inconvenience or prejudice but also a
demonstration of good cause shown to excuse the time requirements
for filing a jury demand. The supreme court held that "in addition
to showing that no inconvenience or prejudice would result from the
late filing of the demand, it was necessary that good cause be
shown for failure to comply with the statute." Greene, 73 Ill. 2d
at 107, 382 N.E.2d at 1209. In the instant case, defendant based
his argument and the trial court based its decision on defendant's
representation that the hearing of September 27, 1994, reflected a
general understanding or agreement that this cause would be tried
before a jury and on the November 1, 1994, scheduling order. As
stated earlier in the statement of facts, a review of the
transcript of the proceedings on September 27, 1994, shows no such
agreement or understanding, but a jury setting was contained in the
November 1, 1994, order. The court used both as bases for its
decision and also relied on what it characterized as the parties
operating under an assumption that this would be a jury trial.
Although one of the court's factual bases for the exercise of its
discretion was in error, given the other bases we cannot say the
court abused its discretion in allowing the motion for jury trial.
In light of our determination of issues one and three urged by
plaintiffs, we need not consider issue two concerning references to
insurance.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court
of Shelby County is reversed, and the cause is remanded for a new
trial.
Reversed and remanded.
CHAPMAN and MAAG, JJ., concur.
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