Cochrum v. Old Ben Coal Co.
State: Illinois
Court: 5th District Appellate
Docket No: 5-96-0040
Case Date: 04/04/1997
Rule 23 Order filed
February 27, 1997;
Motion to publish granted
April 4, 1997.
NO. 5-96-0040
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
_________________________________________________________________
KENNETH W. COCHRUM, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Franklin County.
)
v. ) No. 93-L-50
)
OLD BEN COAL COMPANY, ) Honorable
) E. Kyle Vantrease,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, presiding.
_________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE MAAG delivered the opinion of the court:
The plaintiff, Kenneth W. Cochrum, filed this action against
the defendant, Old Ben Coal Company, his employer, seeking damages
for defendant's refusal to recall him in a suitable capacity and
its alleged threat to discharge him due to plaintiff's exercise of
his rights under the Workers' Compensation Act (the Act) (820 ILCS
305/1 et seq. (West 1992)). The trial court directed a verdict in
favor of defendant at the close of plaintiff's case. Plaintiff
filed a timely notice of appeal.
We note from the outset that plaintiff's attorney conceded in
oral argument that he was only seeking compensatory damages for
approximately one week. More specifically, plaintiff agreed that
he was seeking compensatory damages from April 29, 1993, the date
that plaintiff attempted to return to work as a roof bolter within
Dr. James Wilkinson's restrictions, and May 10, 1993, the date that
the United Mine Workers went on strike. Plaintiff also sought
punitive damages.
The relevant facts are as follows. The plaintiff was employed
as a union coal miner by the defendant from July of 1978 until he
was laid off in December of 1993. Plaintiff worked underground at
Mine 25 as a roof bolter. A roof bolter drills the overhead roof
of the coal mine and installs permanent roof supports after a
mining machine makes a cut and removes the coal from the opening.
More specifically, the roof bolter places the roof bolting machine
into the center of a place that has been mined out. The roof
bolter must "pry" any rock or coal that might be loose with a pry
bar to ensure that the roof is solid. The pry bar is solid steel
and ranges in length between four to eight feet, and the heavier
ones weigh about 13 to 15 pounds. A hydraulic machine is used to
drill, in a specific pattern, holes in the roof of the coal mine.
The roof bolter on the left places two bolts on the left, and the
roof bolter on the right places two bolts on the right. The roof
bolts measure from five feet up to eight feet. After drilling the
hole, the roof bolter inserts a tube of glue or epoxy resin into
the hole. The bolt is then inserted into the hole until the glue
sets up, and pressure is maintained against the top for a few
seconds. The roof bolting machine contains a material tray. When
the material tray is empty, the materials are then sent back up by
a scoop, and the roof bolter removes the materials from the scoop
and places them on the roof bolter. The bolts generally come in
bundles of five, and the roof bolters carry the bundles from the
scoop to the material tray. If a roof bolter is installing eight-
foot bolts and they are in a position where the ceiling is lower
than eight feet, the bolt must be bent so it can be placed into the
hole. The roof bolter then straightens the bolt up when the top of
the bolt is placed into the hole. Additionally, a roof bolters'
ancillary responsibilities include lifting materials, loading the
machine, moving water lines, keeping dust down, and in general,
maintaining the section.
On December 21, 1991, plaintiff injured his shoulder while he
was reloading supplies on the roof bolting machine. Plaintiff was
initially treated by Dr. Richard Fox and Dr. Richard Morgan. Dr.
Morgan referred plaintiff to Dr. Wilkinson. Dr. Wilkinson had
previously treated plaintiff's shoulder in 1988 when a large rock
fell and hit his shoulder. The defendant requested that plaintiff
be examined by Dr. Richard Lehman also. On March 18, 1992, Dr.
Lehman examined plaintiff's shoulder and determined that he would
be able to return to work on March 23, 1992, with no restrictions.
At that time, plaintiff was still under Dr. Wilkinson's care. Dr.
Wilkinson had not given the plaintiff a release to return to work.
Plaintiff received a letter from Old Republic Insurance Company,
dated March 19, 1992, advising him that his temporary total
disability benefits would be terminated on March 23, 1992. On that
date, plaintiff started receiving sickness and accident benefits.
Plaintiff then had arthroscopic surgery in late April 1992. On May
28, 1992, Dr. Wilkinson released the plaintiff to return to work
without any restrictions.
Plaintiff testified that when he returned to work on May 28,
1992, his shoulder was "extremely weak" and "tight". When the
plaintiff returned to work, he told the assistant mine manager,
Marvin Webb, that he was under "financial duress" and that was the
reason that he had returned to work. He claimed that he also told
Mr. Webb that his shoulder was "extremely sore" and "weak". On
June 1, 1992, Mr. Webb instructed the plaintiff to pick up some
steel water line. Plaintiff protested, stating that his shoulder
was weak and sore. Mr. Webb told the plaintiff that if he could
not do his job he should go home and that if he was not 100% he
should not come back. Plaintiff picked the water line up and
reinjured his shoulder.
Plaintiff called Dr. Wilkinson on June 5, 1992, for pain
medication and actually saw him at his office on June 8, 1992. Dr.
Wilkinson stated that plaintiff had "full range of motion of the
shoulder [and] no instability", and the doctor "did not find any
real area of point tenderness."
Plaintiff did not fill out an accident report until June 24,
1992, and continued to work until June 30, 1992. He saw Dr.
Wilkinson again on July 2, 1992. Dr. Wilkinson took plaintiff off
work from June 30, 1992, to an undetermined time. The plaintiff
returned to Dr. Wilkinson on August 5, 1992. At that time, Dr.
Wilkinson noted that the plaintiff appeared to be improving while
off work and doing the gentle pendulum-type exercises. Dr.
Wilkinson recommended that they expand his exercises to general
strengthening and that plaintiff should stay off work. Plaintiff
returned to Dr. Wilkinson on September 4, 1992. Dr. Wilkinson
stated that he had "almost full motion, still lacking some
extension, internal rotation." Dr. Wilkinson prepared a therapy
program for the plaintiff for shoulder girdle and rotator cuff
strengthening and continued to keep him off work.
In October 1992, Dr. Wilkinson recommended that plaintiff get
a second opinion from Dr. Thomas Limbird at Vanderbilt University
Medical Center. On November 10, 1992, Dr. Limbird issued a report
in which he stated: "[Plaintiff] has a full range of motion ***
without any impingement signs. He has no crepitation in the
shoulder. He has no tenderness at the AC joint. I can produce no
tenderness by stressing his shoulder today. His shoulder is quite
stable. His strength is excellent. Today, he has no abnormality
of his shoulder, which makes it quite difficult *** to make any
recommendations at this point. Certainly, his history is quite
good for acromioclavicular disease. I have suggested to him that
we start him on some anti-inflammatories and allow him to go back
to activity as tolerated." After plaintiff returned to Dr.
Wilkinson for a follow-up examination, Dr. Wilkinson recommended to
plaintiff that he find another occupation.
On January 6, 1993, defendant sent plaintiff to Dr. Lehman for
a second examination. Plaintiff claimed that the examination
lasted less than two minutes. Dr. Lehman felt that plaintiff could
return to work, but he recommended that plaintiff have a diagnostic
bone scan. In early February of 1993, plaintiff had the bone scan.
On March 16, 1993, Dr. Lehman released the plaintiff to return to
work without any restrictions. Dr. Wilkinson still had not
released the plaintiff to return to work. Plaintiff's workers'
compensation benefits were terminated at that time, and he began
receiving sickness and accident benefits. Plaintiff was then
advised to return to work on March 17, 1993.
At that time, plaintiff told Larry Wilson, superintendent of
Mine 25, that he did not think that he was ready to return to work.
Mr. Wilson informed plaintiff that if he was not able to perform
the duties of roof bolter, he needed something from his doctor
stating that he was unable to perform his job. On March 26, 1993,
plaintiff obtained a statement from Dr. Wilkinson that he had a
permanent disability and permanent restrictions of no overhead
lifting, no heavy lifting, and no pulling or pushing away from the
body. Plaintiff then delivered Dr. Wilkinson's work release to the
mine. Dr. Wilkinson stated that the restriction limiting
plaintiff's ability to push or pull out from his body means that
plaintiff's elbows must remain next to his body.
Plaintiff was then evaluated at the Center for Occupational
Enhancement. That report indicated that plaintiff could return to
full duty after two to four weeks of work-hardening. On April 9,
1993, plaintiff discussed the aforementioned report with Dr.
Wilkinson, and he recommended that plaintiff not participate in the
program.
Plaintiff was reevaluated by Dr. Lehman on April 28, 1993.
Plaintiff claimed that the examination lasted less than five
minutes. Dr. Lehman again released plaintiff to return to work as
a roof bolter without any restrictions. Plaintiff's sickness and
accident benefits were terminated subsequent to Dr. Lehman's
release. When plaintiff returned home from Dr. Lehman's
examination, there was a message on his answering machine ordering
him to return to work the next day.
When plaintiff returned to work on April 29, 1993, he
presented Mr. Wilson with a restricted work release from Dr.
Wilkinson that he had obtained earlier that day stating that the
plaintiff had the following permanent restrictions: no overhead
work and no heavy lifting or pulling or pushing out from the body.
Plaintiff admitted that he could not perform the full duties of a
roof bolter within Dr. Wilkinson's restrictions. Plaintiff claimed
that Mr. Wilson told him that he had been instructed to accept Dr.
Lehman's recommendations and to disregard Dr. Wilkinson's work
restrictions. Plaintiff protested that he could not work against
his doctor's orders. Mr. Wilson then informed the plaintiff that
the defendant would consider any further absences from work as
unexcused, and that if he continued to absent himself from work he
could be discharged pursuant to article XXII, section (i),
paragraph 4, of the National Bituminous Coal Wage Agreement of
1988, the collective bargaining agreement. That article and
section states as follows:
"(4) Absences of Two Consecutive Days
When any Employee absents himself from his work for a period
of two (2) consecutive days without the consent of the
Employer, other than because of proven sickness, he may be
discharged ***."
Thus, plaintiff refused to work as a roof bolter without
restrictions on April 29, 1993. Plaintiff again refused to work as
a roof bolter without restrictions on April 30, 1993, May 1, 1993,
and May 3, 1993. Subsequent to the aforementioned absences,
plaintiff received a letter from the defendant stating that he was
being suspended with intent to discharge for being unexcused on
April 29, 1993, April 30, 1993, May 1, 1993, and May 3, 1993. We
also note that plaintiff did not request light duty or bid on any
other jobs. Plaintiff claimed that he did not do so because he was
confident that he could perform his job within Dr. Wilkinson's
restrictions. Moreover, it is undisputed that from March 18, 1993,
to April 28, 1993, there were no jobs available at Mine 25 that
plaintiff could fully perform within the restrictions, and that
plaintiff did not submit any bids for jobs at Mine 28 from March
16, 1993, through May 10, 1993.
The plaintiff filed a grievance contesting his suspension.
Pursuant to the procedures outlines in the collective bargaining
agreement, the dispute went to arbitration. Two meetings between
plaintiff's and defendant's representatives were held in order to
resolve this controversy. In the first meeting, Dennis
Niziolkiewicz, on defendant's behalf, offered to agree on a third
doctor to examine the plaintiff and to be bound by the findings of
the third doctor. Plaintiff refused defendant's offer. In the
second meeting, defendant once again offered to have plaintiff
examined by a mutually agreeable doctor and be bound by that
doctor's findings, and plaintiff refused. Defendant agreed that it
would not pursue a discharge but would suspend defendant for 60
days. The arbitrator ultimately upheld the suspension and decided
that defendant had complied with the requirements under the
collective bargaining agreement.
On May 10, 1993, the United Mine Workers at Mine 25 went on
strike. The union remained on strike until December 15, 1993.
During this time, the plaintiff received strike pay and performed
his duties on the picket line. On December 16, 1993, plaintiff and
90 other employees were laid off. It is undisputed that since the
layoffs, no employees have been recalled to work, and Mine 25 has
been shut down.
Plaintiff filed claims on both of his workers' compensation
injuries, and those claims have both been settled. Hence, workers'
compensation benefits are not an issue in this case.
In the instant case, the plaintiff claimed that the defendant
threatened to discharge him and refused to recall him to work in a
suitable capacity because he exercised the rights and remedies
granted to him by the Act in violation of section 4(h) of the Act.
820 ILCS 305/4(h) (West 1992). In the trial court, defendant filed
a motion for summary judgment asserting that there was no position
available that plaintiff could have performed within Dr.
Wilkinson's restrictions. The trial court denied defendant's
motion for summary judgment, based on the existence of a genuine
issue of fact. Following plaintiff's presentation of his case to
the jury, defendant moved for a directed verdict. Defendant
claimed that plaintiff had failed to produce evidence to establish
one of the necessary elements of his case, that is, a causal
connection between his workers' compensation claims and defendant's
refusal to recall him to active service. Defendant also claimed
that there was no evidence that there was an open and available
position for which plaintiff was qualified. The trial court
granted defendant's motion for a directed verdict on the bases that
plaintiff failed to prove that there was other work available that
he could have performed, and that defendant did not have an
obligation to modify the conditions or job description of an
employee. The trial court also stated that although he believed
that the jury could have found that the defendant was attempting to
coerce its employees back to work by sending them to Dr. Lehman, it
could not reach that issue because plaintiff failed to prove that
there was other work available for him. Plaintiff now claims that
the trial court erred in directing a verdict in favor of defendant
at the close of plaintiff's case.
The Illinois Supreme Court, in Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern
R.R. Co., 37 Ill. 2d 494, 510 (1967), determined that a verdict
ought to be granted and judgments notwithstanding the verdict
entered only in those cases in which "all of the evidence, when
viewed in its aspect most favorable to the opponent, so
overwhelmingly favors movant that no contrary verdict based on that
evidence could ever stand." See Banks v. Climaco, 283 Ill. App. 3d
842, 853 (1996).
It is clear that plaintiff has no cause of action for
retaliatory discharge, because he was laid off with 90 other
employees for economic reasons. Plaintiff claims, however, that
this action is not for retaliatory discharge, but for retaliatory
refusal to recall or rehire.
Defendant claims that the Illinois Supreme Court in Zimmerman
v. Buchheit of Sparta, Inc., 164 Ill. 2d 29, 39 (1994), refused to
expand the cause of action for retaliatory discharge to include
retaliatory demotion. We agree. Defendant claims, however, that
the Zimmerman decision holds that "there can be no cause of action
for retaliatory conduct without an actual discharge." This
statement is not accurate. Although the Zimmerman decision did
hold that there is no cause of action for retaliatory demotion, it
did not discuss, let alone overrule, the cases that recognize a
cause of action for retaliatory refusal to recall, which would be
"retaliatory conduct without an actual discharge."
Section 4(h) of the Act states as follows:
"It shall be unlawful for any employer *** to discharge or to
threaten to discharge, or to refuse to rehire or recall to
active service in a suitable capacity an employee because of
his or her rights or remedies granted to him or her by this
Act." (Emphasis added.) 820 ILCS 305/4(h) (West 1992).
It has been held that section 4(h) of the Act enumerates three
alternative causes of action that are applicable to distinct fact
situations. Webb v. County of Cook, 275 Ill. App. 3d 674, 678
(1995). The Webb court announced: "An employee, whether regular
or seasonal, who has been fired by his or her employer may
generally only sue for retaliatory discharge. We distinguish the
foregoing cause of action from those available where the employee
has not, in fact, been fired. Where the employee has not been
fired, a seasonal employee may only sue for retaliatory failure to
rehire, and a regular employee on leave or temporary layoff may
only sue for retaliatory failure to recall. Within the text of the
Act, therefore, the terms `rehire' and `recall' should not be used
interchangeably." (Emphasis added.) Webb, 275 Ill. App. 3d at
678. The court also noted that where a regular employee has been
granted a leave, the employer's approval of his or her absence is
prima facie evidence of that employee's reasonable expectation of
recall. Webb, 275 Ill. App. 3d at 677. Accordingly, if at the end
of the leave period the employer fails to recall the employee, he
or she may state a cause of action for retaliatory failure to
recall. Webb, 275 Ill. App. 3d at 677-78.
Both parties agree that in order to support plaintiff's
contention that the defendant refused to recall him to a suitable
position, the plaintiff must show that there was a job available
that plaintiff could have performed given his medical restrictions.
In Wright v. St. John's Hospital, 229 Ill. App. 3d 680 (1992),
the plaintiff sued her employer, the defendant, for retaliatory
discharge after she filed a workers' compensation claim. Although
we recognize that the instant case is for retaliatory refusal to
recall, we nevertheless find the Wright decision to be instructive
in this case. In Wright, the plaintiff was an LPN and unable to
perform an LPN's duties after a work-related back injury. The
plaintiff claimed in her testimony that her limitations were only
"slight." The plaintiff also admitted that her own physician
informed her that she could not lift over 10 pounds. The hospital
had established basic physical requirements that LPNs had to meet,
and it did not establish multiple categories of LPNs--those who can
do heavy lifting and those who cannot. The court stated: "The
hospital's choice is neither unreasonable nor unlawful and may
reflect sound administrative policy, providing for maximum
flexibility in the utilization of LPNs throughout the hospital. In
any event, the issue is one for the hospital, not the courts, to
resolve." Wright, 229 Ill. App. 3d at 688. The Wright court did
determine, however, that the plaintiff could assert a claim for the
defendant's failure to assign her to "active service in a suitable
capacity" pursuant to section 4(h) of the Act (Ill. Rev. Stat.
1989, ch. 48, par. 138.4(h)), if such employment existed. Wright,
229 Ill. App. 3d at 689-90. "`The fact that defendant had no duty
to rehire is irrelevant in retaliatory discharge or refusal to
rehire or recall cases involving at-will employees since the
material issue is not whether the employer has an obligation to
retain a worker, but why the employer discharged the employee.'"
(Emphasis by Wright court.) Wright, 229 Ill. App. 3d at 689
(quoting Motsch v. Pine Roofing Co., 178 Ill. App. 3d 169, 175
(1988)). Causality does not exist if the basis for the refusal to
recall is valid and nonpretextual.
We do not see this case as being any different than the Wright
decision. Just as the plaintiff in the Wright case, this plaintiff
claimed that his duties needed to be modified ever so slightly for
him to be able to perform his job. As in the Wright decision,
defendant's policy was not to allow a worker to return unless his
medical release was unrestricted. For this plaintiff to obtain a
reversal of the circuit court's decision, he would have had to show
that there was another available position for which he was
qualified, and he has failed to do so.
Although plaintiff claims that he could perform the position
of roof bolter with some modifications, a review of the record
shows that plaintiff testified that he could not carry a bundle of
five bolts as he normally would have done, but that he could carry
one or two bolts at a time. He stated that he could not pry rock
from the roof with a steel pry bar because of the weight of the
steel. He claimed that he could have used a lighter pry bar made
out of aluminum or fiberglass, and that he had requested one on
previous occasions and his requests were denied. Plaintiff stated
that although he seldom had to bend a bolt, in certain places roof
bolts had to be bent in order to insert the bolt into the roof and
then straightened out to complete the insertion. He agreed that
doing so would hurt his shoulder, but he suggested that perhaps
another roof bolter could help him do that portion of his job.
Plaintiff also claimed that he could not move steel water lines.
We recognize that the plaintiff stated that moving steel water
lines was not necessarily a "duty" of a roof bolter; however, it is
clear from the record that they are sometimes asked to do so. The
fact remains that however slight plaintiff believed the
modifications might be, he was unable to fully perform the position
of roof bolter.
Furthermore, we fail to see how the plaintiff has introduced
any evidence at trial that would establish a causal connection
between his workers' compensation claim and the defendant's alleged
refusal to recall him to a suitable position. In fact, it is
undisputed that the position of roof bolter was available to the
plaintiff and that he was called back to work in that capacity.
The plaintiff has admitted in his pleadings, at trial, and on
appeal that he could not perform the duties of a roof bolter
without some modifications of the job. Plaintiff produced
absolutely no evidence that there was an open and available
position for which he was qualified. It is clear that defendant
believed that plaintiff could perform all required duties and
requested that he return to work. Plaintiff disagreed and refused
to work because his physician, Dr. Wilkinson, had imposed certain
restrictions on him while he was working. In fact, Dr. Wilkinson
advised plaintiff to find another occupation. Defendant offered to
send plaintiff to a mutually agreeable physician for a third
opinion and be bound by that physician's opinion. Plaintiff
refused to be examined and elected to rely solely upon Dr.
Wilkinson's opinion. Hence, the plaintiff refused to return to
work as a roof bolter without restrictions. Furthermore, it was
defendant's policy to not allow their employees to return to work
with restrictions.
It is clear that plaintiff has repeatedly admitted that he
could not perform all of the job duties of a roof bolter within the
medical restrictions that Dr. Wilkinson imposed upon him. Pursuant
to Illinois law, an employer need not retain an at-will employee
who is medically unable to return to his assigned position.
Hartlein v. Illinois Power Co., 151 Ill. 2d 142, 159 (1992). Under
Illinois common law, an employer is not obligated to reassign such
an employee to another position rather than terminate the
employment. Hartlein, 151 Ill. 2d at 159. Similarly, an employer
may fire an employee for excessive absenteeism, even if the
absenteeism is caused by a compensable injury. Hartlein, 151
Ill.2d at 160. "Simply put, `Illinois law allows employers to act
on the basis of their employee's disabilities; it is only the
request for benefits that state law puts off limits as a ground of
decision.'" Hartlein, 151 Ill. 2d at 160 (quoting McEwen v. Delta
Air Lines, Inc. (7th Cir. 1990), 919 F.2d 58, 60).
If Dr. Wilkinson's restrictions are valid, plaintiff could no
longer perform his job. Under Illinois law, a plaintiff's
inability to perform his job is a valid nonpretextual reason to
terminate him; and likewise, it is a valid nonpretextual reason to
not recall an employee.
We also note that much of plaintiff's brief is devoted to
determining the issue of motive. In order to determine why the
company denied plaintiff a job opportunity and did not recall him
to a "suitable position", a suitable position must first exist.
The only evidence presented by plaintiff of an open and available
position was his former position as roof bolter. As we previously
stated, plaintiff admitted that he could not perform all of the
duties of a roof bolter; therefore, he was not qualified for the
job opportunity.
After reviewing the evidence in a light most favorable to
plaintiff, it is clear that the evidence so overwhelmingly favors
the defendant that no contrary verdict based on the aforementioned
evidence could ever stand.
We note that if the plaintiff believes that defendant has
discriminated against him on the basis of a disability, his remedy
is to file a charge with the Illinois Department of Human Rights
(see Mein v. Masonite Corp., 109 Ill. 2d 1 (1985)) or the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission (the Commission) (42 U.S.C.A.
2000e et seq. (West 1994)). It is undisputed that plaintiff filed
a claim against the defendant in federal court alleging that the
defendant discriminated against him on the basis of his disability,
in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42
U.S.C.A. 12101 et seq. (West 1995)). See Kenneth W. Cochrum v.
Old Ben Coal Co., 102 F.3d 908 (7th Cir. 1996).
In light of the foregoing considerations, we affirm the
Franklin County circuit court's decision directing a verdict in
favor of the defendant.
Affirmed.
RARICK, J., and GOLDENHERSH, J., concur.
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