Department of Public Aid ex rel. Davis v. Brewer
State: Illinois
Court: 5th District Appellate
Docket No: 5-97-0016
Case Date: 09/29/1997
NO. 5-97-0016
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
_________________________________________________________________
THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC AID ex rel. ) Appeal from the
LINDY DAVIS, now known as Lindy Eddy, ) Circuit Court of
) Christian County.
Petitioner-Appellant, )
)
v. ) No. 95-F-372
)
JESSE BREWER, ) Honorable
) Mark M. Joy,
Respondent-Appellee. ) Judge, presiding.
_________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE HOPKINS delivered the opinion of the court:
Petitioner, Lindy Eddy, appeals from the trial court's order
modifying the custody of the two minor children of Lindy and
respondent, Jesse Brewer. The trial court transferred the custody
of the two children from Lindy, their mother, to Jesse, their
father, in an order dated December 2, 1996. Lindy argues that the
trial court applied the wrong burden of proof to Jesse's petition
for modification and that the trial court's decision to change
custody is against the manifest weight of the evidence. For
reasons we will more fully explain, we reverse and remand.
I. FACTS
Tasia Lee Davis was born to Jesse and Lindy on April 26, 1991.
Lindy and Jesse were not married at the time and have never been
married to each other. On September 9, 1991, the circuit court of
Fayette County entered an order establishing Tasia's parentage by
consent of Lindy and Jesse. Nathan Silas Davis was born to Lindy
on July 30, 1992. Jesse and Lindy were no longer living together
at the time of Nathan's birth. On July 1, 1994, the Fayette County
circuit court entered an agreed order that Jesse would pay $50 per
week in child support for Tasia. On September 30, 1994, an agreed
order was entered establishing Jesse as Nathan's biological father
and setting child support for both children at $65 per week. On
December 2, 1994, the Fayette County circuit court entered an order
approving a stipulation entered into between Jesse and Lindy
setting a schedule of visitation for Jesse and the children.
On November 21, 1995, the case was transferred from Fayette
County to Christian County, where both parties were then residing.
On December 15, 1995, in the Christian County circuit court, Jesse
filed a petition for modification, alleging that the circumstances
of the children had changed, that "the environment at [Lindy's]
house is a serious danger to the minor children's physical, mental
and emotional health," due to the sexual abuse of both children by
the son of the children's babysitter, and that Lindy "knowingly and
continuously delivered the children to a babysitter whose
environment was a danger to their physical and mental health."
In October and November 1996 an evidentiary hearing was held
on Jesse's petition for modification. On the first day of the
hearing, Lindy's attorney argued that since the petition to modify
was filed and being heard within two years of the date of the
custody order which it sought to modify, Jesse would be required to
prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that the present custodial
arrangement seriously endangered the children's physical, mental,
moral, or emotional health, pursuant to section 610 of the Illinois
Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (750 ILCS 5/610 (West
1994)). The statute provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
"(a) Unless by stipulation of the parties, no motion to
modify a custody judgment may be made earlier than 2 years
after its date, unless the court permits it to be made on the
basis of affidavits that there is reason to believe the
child's present environment may endanger seriously his
physical, mental, moral or emotional health.
(b) The court shall not modify a prior custody judgment
unless it finds by clear and convincing evidence, upon the
basis of facts that have arisen since the prior judgment or
that were unknown to the court at the time of entry of the
prior judgment, that a change has occurred in the
circumstances of the child or his custodian *** , and that the
modification is necessary to serve the best interest of the
child." 750 ILCS 5/610 (West 1994).
Jesse's attorney agreed that he "definitely" would be required
to prove serious endangerment to the children, and he stated that
he was prepared to present that evidence. Jesse did not file any
affidavit in support of his petition to modify, but Lindy's
attorney agreed to waive the affidavit requirement of section
610(a).
Lindy testified that Tasia and Nathan have always lived with
her. At the time of the hearing, Tasia was five years old and in
kindergarten. Nathan was four years old and in preschool. Lindy
works mornings once or twice a week and at night the rest of the
time. Lindy has been married to Kevin Eddy since October 29, 1994.
Kevin did not have any children of his own at the time of the
hearing, but Lindy was pregnant with their first child. Kevin
works during the day, so the children currently stay with Diana
Davis when Lindy and Kevin are both working.
Jesse has been married to Karen Poteet since May 21, 1995.
Karen does not have any children of her own. Jesse's visitation
with the children includes every other weekend and holiday and
three separate week-long visits in the summer, which initially
began in June 1995.
Both of the parents and their respective spouses testified
that they each loved the children and disciplined them
appropriately. Both parties called several character witnesses to
testify about the relationship of that parent and stepparent with
the children. All of the witnesses expressed approval of the
parent and stepparent for whom each testified.
The evidence Jesse presented in support of his request for
custody of the children was in three basic areas: that Lindy
failed to have the children immunized according to recommended
schedules, that Lindy bit Nathan one time in discipline for his
biting behavior, and that Lindy knew about the sexual abuse of the
children at the home of the babysitter but did not adequately
protect the children.
As to the immunizations, the evidence was that Lindy was late
in getting the children's necessary immunizations and that her
failure in this regard amounted to tardiness but not medical
neglect. Both children were current in all of their immunizations
at the time of the hearing. As to the biting, the evidence was
undisputed that Lindy bit Nathan one time in an attempt to stop him
from biting other children, after she had tried several other
disciplinary measures without curing Nathan of the biting. The
bite from Lindy caused a bruise on Nathan's arm. When Jesse and
Karen noticed the bruise during the children's first week of
visitation in June 1995, Nathan told them it came from a bite from
his mother. Karen, who is a social worker and a mandated child
abuse reporter, called the Department of Children and Family
Services (DCFS). DCFS investigated but took no formal action
relating to the bite. The trial court did not base its decision on
the evidence regarding the immunizations or the bite, and the court
stated that the evidence about the immunizations and the biting was
insufficient alone to transfer custody to Jesse.
As to the sexual abuse, the evidence is not in dispute that
sometime during the summer of 1995 Tasia and Nathan were each
sexually abused at least one time by Dustin Drone, the teenage son
of Nancy Drone, the babysitter Lindy used for the children until
sometime in July of 1995. What knowledge Lindy had, what Lindy
should have inferred or suspected based on that knowledge, and what
Lindy could or should have done to protect the children from the
abuse are areas of major dispute between the parties.
Lindy's version of the events relating to the sexual abuse is
as follows: She had known Nancy and her husband George most of her
life. Lindy and Jesse lived with Nancy and George for a while
before Tasia was born. Dustin also lived there at the time. When
Lindy was a teenager and Dustin was about 10 years old, Lindy
learned that Dustin had been sexually molested. Lindy testified
that she forgot about the fact that Dustin had been molested until
she learned that Dustin molested her children. Nancy baby-sat for
Lindy's children, but she was not licensed as a child care
facility. Tasia and Nathan stayed with Nancy while Lindy was at
work during a period of about two years, ending sometime in July
1995.
Sometime in May 1995, Tasia complained to Lindy that her "pee-
pee" hurt. Lindy examined Tasia, whose vaginal area was red and
irritated. Tasia did not report any problems or exhibit any other
unusual behavior. Lindy was not particularly alarmed, because
Tasia was prone to infections in this area of her body. Lindy
changed Tasia's soap and bubble bath, and the irritation and
redness went away.
At the end of June 1995, when Tasia was four years old and
Nathan was not quite three years old, Nancy informed Lindy that
Nancy had observed Tasia acting inappropriately, laying on top of
another child and moving up and down in what Nancy felt was a
sexual manner. Lindy and Kevin both testified that they never saw
Tasia acting in the manner described by Nancy. After Nancy told
Lindy about Tasia's behavior, Lindy met with Cheryl Woods, a
counselor for Shelby County Mental Health. Cheryl told Lindy that
Lindy would have to report the information to DCFS or Cheryl would
be required by law to do so. Lindy called DCFS and reported the
information, but according to Lindy, DCFS chose not to investigate
further, because "neither of the kids would tell the counselor
[Cheryl] who was doing what."
Cheryl's testimony corroborated Lindy's. Cheryl met with
Lindy, who reported concerns about both children's behavior, the
"humping" behavior of Tasia and Nathan reaching under Tasia's
blouse and touching the "lower part" of Tasia's body. After
meeting with Lindy, Cheryl met with the children in June and July
of 1995. The children did not say anything to Cheryl that
indicated they were the victims of sexual abuse, but Tasia reported
that when they stayed overnight with Jesse, she and Nathan both
slept in the same bed with Jesse and Karen. After meeting with the
children in July 1995, Cheryl did not request any further visits
with the children because they did not indicate any high-risk
factors and Cheryl felt that if the need arose, Lindy would call to
schedule further appointments.
Lindy did not tell Jesse about Nancy's information or that she
took the children to a counselor, because Lindy suspected Jesse of
somehow causing or contributing to the inappropriate behavior.
Lindy testified that when the inappropriate behavior began, the
only change in the children's lives was that they had just finished
their first week-long visit with Jesse, and Tasia came home
reporting that she and Nathan slept in the same bed as Jesse and
Karen. Lindy testified that she also suspected her husband because
the counselor told her to pay attention to everyone's behavior and
not rule anyone out as a potential suspect.
After talking to Cheryl, Lindy went to an attorney to try to
have Jesse's visitation stopped so that Lindy could figure out what
was happening with the children. However, the attorney did not
return Lindy's phone calls, and Lindy did not pursue the matter any
further. Lindy testified that the children went to Nancy's only a
couple of times after the end of June 1995, and Lindy stopped using
her as a babysitter sometime around the end of July 1995 because
Nancy became "unreliable," not being at home when Lindy arrived
with the children for scheduled babysitting. Lindy testified that
at the time she stopped using Nancy as a babysitter, she did not
suspect Dustin of any kind of sexual abuse of the children.
Lindy testified that she was in the process of packing to move
to a different house at the end of June 1995. She further
testified:
"I don't know how we got on the subject of it or whether it
was just come up [sic] or what it was. But I remember Tasia
said, `I know how to kiss like that.' Just out of the blue.
And I said, `Like what?' And she said, `With my tongue.'"
Lindy testified that she asked Tasia how she knew how to kiss like
that. She further testified:
"That's all she said. And then after she said Dustin, I
thought, well, how am I going to get her to tell me any more?
So I asked her, I said, `Did Dustin kiss you?' because
that was my first thought, you know.
And she said no. She said, `I saw...' And then she
stopped.
And then I said, `Did you see Dustin kiss someone else?'
And she said `yes,' and then she said `no,' and then she
turned around and started on a different conversation and
started playing."
Kevin also testified about Tasia's remark, and his testimony
corroborated Lindy's testimony.
Lindy testified that after Tasia made these remarks, she went
to Nancy's house to question her. Lindy left the children with
Kevin so that she could talk to Nancy alone. Lindy testified that
she asked Nancy if Dustin, who was 16 years old at the time, was
ever around the children. Nancy claimed that Dustin was not around
the children but that he might have been in the house watching
television in the living room. Lindy testified as to what she told
Nancy: "[I]f the kids are ever there, to watch both of them, how
they act, listen to what they say; watch all the kids around them.
Make sure that they are not around any kids by themselves without
her supervision, without her or George being there. I just wanted
her to help me out." Lindy testified that after Nancy told her
that Dustin was never around the children, Lindy thought there was
no way that Dustin could have kissed Tasia. Lindy stated that the
children stayed with Nancy only once or twice after Tasia made the
statement about french-kissing.
Sometime in August 1995, after Lindy and Kevin and the
children moved, Dustin broke into Lindy's former residence. Lindy
did not know that Dustin broke in until she got a phone bill that
showed that a 900-number telephone call had been placed from
Dustin's residence, charging the call to Lindy's checking account
number. Lindy surmised that Dustin found one of her cancelled
checks left in her former residence and used the number off of it
to charge the phone call. Lindy testified that she was not using
Nancy as a babysitter any more when this happened, but that the
children went a few times to Teresa Boehm, who lives close to Nancy
and is Dustin's aunt.
Lindy testified that she knew nothing about Dustin molesting
the children until she received a phone call from DCFS on November
2, 1995.
Jesse's and Karen's versions of the events of the summer of
1995 basically corroborate Lindy's testimony. The major areas of
additional evidence or contradiction are as follows: Karen and
Jesse each testified that the children were staying with them over
the weekend of October 27, 1995. According to Karen, during
supper, Tasia changed the subject of the conversation and said,
"It's not fair." Karen testified that when asked what was not
fair, Tasia said, "It's not fair that Dustin tells me that I'm
going to be in trouble when he makes me suck his pee-pee." Karen
asked Tasia to repeat what she had said, and Tasia repeated it.
According to Karen, Nathan then said, "He made me suck his pee-pee
too and he sucked on mine." Karen immediately called DCFS.
Neither Karen nor Jesse reported the information to Lindy or Kevin,
although it appears from the record that the children went back to
their home with Lindy on Sunday, October 29, 1995.
Karen and Jesse both testified that before October 27, 1995,
neither of the children made any statements or exhibited any
behavior which would have alerted them that the children were being
abused. Karen and Jesse both denied that either of the children
ever slept in the same bed as the two of them.
Karen testified that Lindy called her on November 2, 1995,
after DCFS initially contacted Lindy. According to Karen, Lindy
told Karen that she had suspicions about Dustin, because Tasia had
told her that Dustin french-kissed her on the mouth, and that Lindy
had complained about Dustin's behavior to Nancy. Lindy denied that
she told Karen that Tasia said Dustin french-kissed her. According
to Jesse, Lindy told him she thought the abuse and the french-
kissing might have occurred in May, June, or July of 1995.
Bert Holloway, the DCFS caseworker assigned to initially
investigate the children's remarks about Dustin, testified that he
interviewed the children in Karen and Jesse's home on October 28,
1995. According to Holloway, both of the children told him that
they reported what Dustin did to their mother. There is nothing in
the record to indicate that DCFS ever took any action against
Lindy.
Jo D. Spezia Lanham, a child protection investigator for DCFS,
testified that she investigated the children's allegations. As
part of her investigation, she spoke to Lindy on November 30, 1995,
over the telephone for five or ten minutes. According to Lanham,
Lindy told her that Lindy had asked Nancy to "keep an extra eye on
Dustin" because Tasia told Lindy that Dustin french-kissed her.
Jesse testified that his primary reason for requesting the
change of custody was that he felt that Lindy was aware of the
children being abused by Dustin but that she allowed them to
continue in that environment after receiving this knowledge.
At the close of Jesse's case, Lindy's attorney moved for a
judgment in her favor, claiming that Jesse fell far short of
meeting his burden of proving endangerment by clear and convincing
evidence. Jesse's attorney argued that the "standard is somewhat
in dispute here." Jesse's attorney argued that section 610(a)
should be interpreted as merely prefatory and that in order to
transfer custody, all the court was required to find was that Jesse
had presented clear and convincing evidence of a change in
circumstances and that it was in the children's best interest to
modify custody. In support of his argument, Jesse's attorney cited
In re Marriage of Oehm, 252 Ill. App. 3d 311 (1993). The trial
court denied Lindy's motion for a judgment in her favor at the
close of Jesse's case but did not specifically rule on the burden
of proof issue.
On December 2, 1996, the trial court entered a memorandum of
decision granting Jesse's petition for modification, in which the
court stated, in relevant part, as follows:
"Jesse does not have to prove that there is reason to
believe that the present environment seriously endangers the
children's physical, mental, moral or emotional health. This
is the initial burden that must be met by affidavit to even
allow the petition to be heard. It was met. The burden on
Jesse is to show by clear and convincing evidence that a
change in circumstances has occurred and that a modification
of custody is in the best interests of the children.
* * *
The key issue is the matter of the sexual abuse, what
Lindy knew or should have known, and what, if anything[,] she
did about it. These are not easy questions to answer. The
Court does not believe that Lindy knew the full extent of
sexual abuse as it was occurring. If she did know and did
nothing, she should not be allowed to have any contact with
the children. On the other hand, one must question Lindy's
judgment and sensitivity to warning signs.
* * *
In fairness to Lindy, it should be noted that this is a
case upon which reasonable people might disagree. The issue
of whether Jesse met his burden on the best interest standard
is very close. The Court placed a fair amount of weight on
the influence of Karen Poteet, who, of course, is not a
custodian. In the final analysis, the Court has looked
closely at the totality of what happened to the children
during the first year of formal custody with Lindy and, after
balancing all the factors, believes that they are better off
with Jesse. The Petition for Modification of Custody is
granted."
II. ANALYSIS
The main question posed by this appeal is how to correctly
interpret section 610 of the Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage
Act (the Marriage Act), as it applies to requests for the
modification of custody within two years of the court's last
custody order. In this case, the custody order that Jesse sought
to modify was entered on December 2, 1994. That was the first
order that legally established sole custody of both children in
Lindy and gave certain rights of visitation to Jesse. Jesse filed
his petition for modification on December 15, 1995, and the hearing
on the matter was conducted in October and November 1996, within
two years of the former custody order, so that the provisions of
section 610(a) apply (750 ILCS 5/610(a) (West 1994)).
Here, the parties did not stipulate to allow the modification
within two years. Lindy waived the affidavit requirement, but her
attorney clearly stated on the record that by waiving the affidavit
requirement, Lindy was not also waiving the proof-of-endangerment
requirement.
In its order, the trial court interpreted the endangerment
requirement of section 610(a) as an "initial burden that must be
met by affidavit to even allow the petition to be heard." The
trial court rejected Lindy's argument that Jesse was required to
prove that the current custodial arrangement seriously endangered
the children, and the court instead adopted the interpretation of
section 610(a) advocated by Jesse and announced in the Oehm case.
See Oehm, 252 Ill. App. 3d 311.
In Oehm, the First District Appellate Court explained its
interpretation of section 610 as follows:
"According to the statute, the circuit court must find clear
and convincing evidence that a change has occurred and a
modification of the custody arrangement is in the best
interest of the children. Both elements must be met.
[Citation.] The statute, however, does not require that the
circuit court find endangerment by clear and convincing
evidence. The statute requires that there must be `reason to
believe' that the child's present environment may endanger him
in some way." Oehm, 252 Ill. App. 3d at 318.
In Oehm, the appellate court found the endangerment requirement met
by the allegations in the affidavits filed in support of and in
opposition to the requested modification. Oehm, 252 Ill. App. 3d
at 318. According to the court in Oehm, the endangerment standard
is procedural rather than substantive, an initial hurdle that must
be cleared before the parties can move on to a hearing in which the
proponent of the motion need only prove by clear and convincing
evidence that there has been a change in circumstances and that it
is in the children's best interest to modify the former custody
judgment. Based upon our review of the law, we find the
interpretation of section 610 adopted by the court in Oehm to be
incorrect.
The correct interpretation of section 610 as it applies to
cases such as this is set forth in Naylor v. Kindred, 250 Ill. App.
3d 997 (1993):
"The Illinois Parentage Act of 1984 provides modification
of custody is governed by the Marriage Act. [Citation.] In
the Marriage Act, the Illinois legislature has provided three
requirements which must be met in a contested custody
modification proceeding, before a custody order may be
modified within two years of its entry. The petitioner must
establish: (1) the child is seriously endangered in his or
her present environment; (2) there have been changed
circumstances warranting modification of the custody order;
and (3) the proposed modification is in the best interests of
the child. [Citation.]
The limitation on custody modification within two years,
absent serious endangerment, is a legislative attempt to
provide stability and continuity in the child's life by
preventing the `ping-pong' litigation of custody disputes, yet
provide a `safety valve' for the modification of custody in
emergency situations. [Citation.] The effect of section
610(a) of the Marriage Act is that even if the noncustodial
parent would, perhaps, be a better parent for the child,
custody will not be modified within two years of the date of
the custody order unless the child is seriously endangered."
Naylor, 250 Ill. App. 3d at 1004.
With the exception of the Oehm case, the overwhelming majority
of the Illinois appellate court cases have interpreted section 610
as did the court in the Naylor case. Here, we list, by appellate
court district, the Naylor case and the cases adopting an
interpretation of section 610 similar to that adopted in the Naylor
case: McClelland v. McClelland, 231 Ill. App. 3d 214, 219 (1st
Dist. 1992) (McClelland predates the decision in Oehm, but the
court in Oehm does not refer to or specifically overrule
McClelland); In re Marriage of Kading, 150 Ill. App. 3d 623, 631-32
(2d Dist. 1986); In re Custody of Carter, 137 Ill. App. 3d 439, 442
(2d Dist. 1985); In re Marriage of Johnson, 245 Ill. App. 3d 545,
554 (3d Dist. 1993); In re Marriage of Clark, 149 Ill. App. 3d 613,
615 (3d Dist. 1986); Naylor v. Kindred, 250 Ill. App. 3d 997, 1004
(4th Dist. 1993); In re Marriage of Cripe, 183 Ill. App. 3d 37, 43
(5th Dist. 1989).
In Cripe, this court followed the Second District's ruling in
Carter that an order modifying custody within two years of the
latest custody order "must contain express findings of fact that
the children's present environment seriously endangers their
physical, mental, moral or emotional health and that the
modification of custody is necessary to serve the best interests of
the children." Cripe, 183 Ill. App. 3d at 43.
In Carter, the Second District held that the parent seeking a
modification of custody within two years must prove (1) that the
child's present environment endangers the child's physical, mental,
moral, or emotional health, (2) that a change in circumstances has
occurred, and (3) that the modification is necessary to serve the
best interest of the child, all by clear and convincing evidence.
Carter, 137 Ill. App. 3d at 442. The rationale for requiring proof
of endangerment at the hearing, rather than simply by way of
affidavit prior to the hearing, is that "[i]t would make little
sense to require a preliminary showing of endangerment if that was
not one of the standards to be applied later at trial." Carter,
137 Ill. App. 3d at 442. We agree with the ruling in Carter, as
did this court in Cripe. Moreover, under the ruling in Carter,
where the trial court fails to make express findings of
endangerment, the order modifying custody within two years is void
and must be reversed. Carter, 137 Ill. App. 3d at 443.
We additionally agree with Carter that without proof of
endangerment and specific findings to that effect, an order
modifying custody within two years is void. Without such a rule,
after the time elapsed to reach a decision on appeal, the two-year
period would often have passed, so that the children's custodian
would change by default rather than by proof. Without the strong
deterrent against changing custody within two years provided by the
endangerment standard, and without a rule that orders modifying
custody within two years are void absent specific findings of
endangerment, noncustodial parents would be encouraged to file
petitions to modify custody regardless of when the court last
decided custody. Such a lenient rule would contravene the goal of
maintaining continuity and stability in the lives of children and
would make a mockery of the overriding rule that, above all, the
children's best interests are paramount.
We have searched the record to find evidence of endangerment
or any statement on the record by the trial court that it found
endangerment by clear and convincing evidence. We find neither.
The evidence established only that Lindy might have used poor
judgment in assessing the danger of sexual abuse by Dustin Drone.
Nothing in the record amounts to proof of endangerment, in
contradiction to the requirements of section 610. The court found
the evidence "very close" on the standard of the best interest of
the children, which falls far short of a finding of a proof of
endangerment by clear and convincing evidence.
Not only did the trial court decide the case under an improper
standard, it allowed the standard to change in the middle of the
hearing, which put Lindy at an irreconcilable disadvantage. Before
any evidence was submitted, both parties agreed that Jesse would
have to prove endangerment by clear and convincing evidence. After
Jesse put on his evidence, which fell short of proof of
endangerment, his attorney argued that proof of endangerment was
not necessary, citing the Oehm case. Evidently, the trial court
erroneously agreed with Jesse's attorney. Based upon the lack of
specific findings of endangerment, we find the order of December
12, 1996, to be void, and accordingly, we reverse and remand this
case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We also
find that Jesse's failure to prove endangerment and the trial
court's improper shift in the burden of proof are two separate and
additional bases upon which the order must be reversed.
Reversed and remanded.
KUEHN, P.J., and RARICK, J., concur.
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