Pedigo v. Pedigo
State: Illinois
Court: 5th District Appellate
Docket No: 5-96-0237
Case Date: 10/14/1997
NO. 5-96-0237
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
_________________________________________________________________
MARY K. PEDIGO, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellant, ) Madison County.
)
v. ) No. 90-L-1235
)
J. ROYCE PEDIGO and H. EUGENE PEDIGO, ) Honorable
) P. J. O'Neill,
Defendants-Appellees. ) Judge, presiding.
_________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiff, Mary K. Pedigo, appeals from an order of the
circuit court of Madison County dismissing her third amended
complaint for damages allegedly arising out of sexual abuse
committed against her by defendant, J. Royce Pedigo, plaintiff's
father, and defendant, H. Eugene Pedigo, plaintiff's uncle, when
she was a minor. On appeal, the issue we are asked to consider is
whether the circuit court erred in dismissing plaintiff's complaint
as time-barred under section 13-202.2(b) of the Code of Civil
Procedure (the Code) (735 ILCS 5/13-202.2(b) (West 1992)). We
reverse and remand.
FACTS
On September 13, 1990, plaintiff, age 34 at the time, filed
her original four-count complaint. Counts I and II sought
compensatory and punitive damages from plaintiff's father and uncle
for intentionally and wilfully harming her. Count III sought
damages from plaintiff's father for negligently and recklessly
failing to protect plaintiff, and count IV sought damages from both
defendants for intentional and wilful acts of sexual abuse.
Plaintiff alleged that from the time she was two years old until
she was 10 or 11, during the years 1958 through 1966, defendant
father intentionally and repeatedly sexually abused plaintiff.
Plaintiff alleged that on at least one occasion during the years
1956 through 1963, while her uncle was visiting plaintiff's family
home, both defendants engaged in simultaneous acts of sexual and
physical abuse of plaintiff. Plaintiff further alleged that as a
result of said abuse by her father, she suffered severe and
permanent physical and emotional injuries, "including psychological
trauma, which caused loss of memory and suppression of recollection
of the alleged sexual abuse," until some time in October or
November of 1988.
In October 1990, defendants filed a motion to dismiss,
asserting, inter alia, that the complaint was barred by the statute
of limitations in that it was filed more than two years after
plaintiff reached her eighteenth birthday (see Ill. Rev. Stat.
1989, ch. 110, pars. 13-202, 13-211 (now see 735 ILCS 5/13-202, 13-
211 (West 1992))). On December 13, 1990, the circuit court entered
an order denying defendants' motion to dismiss the complaint as
time-barred and granting plaintiff leave to file an amended
complaint in which damages are alleged to be "in excess of
$15,000," to comply with section 2-604 of the Code (Ill. Rev. Stat.
1989, ch. 110, par. 2-604).
Plaintiff filed her first amended complaint on December 24,
1990. On January 11, 1991, defendants filed a motion for the
reconsideration of their motion to dismiss, citing amended section
13-202.2 of the Code (Ill. Rev. Stat., 1990 Supp., ch. 110, par.
13-202.2 (as amended by Pub. Act 86-1329, eff. January 1, 1991)),
which provided at that time, in pertinent part:
"(b) An action for damages for personal injury based on
childhood sexual abuse must be commenced within 2 years of the
date the person abused discovers or through the use of
reasonable diligence should discover that the act of childhood
sexual abuse occurred and that the injury was caused by the
childhood sexual abuse, but in no event may an action for
personal injury based on childhood sexual abuse be commenced
more than 12 years after the date on which the person abused
attains the age of 18 years."
Defendants' motion noted that under section 13-202.2(e) (Ill. Rev.
Stat., 1990 Supp., ch. 110, par. 13-202.2(e)), effective January 1,
1991, the new provision applied to actions pending on January 1,
1991, and the motion alleged that because plaintiff reached the age
of 30 on January 15, 1986, and the original complaint was filed on
September 13, 1990, the action was time-barred by the amended
statute of limitations.
Plaintiff filed an answer to defendants' motion for
reconsideration and a memorandum in opposition to the motion, which
alleged that even if the 12-year limitation period referred to in
section 13-202.2(b) applied, plaintiff was under a legal disability
at the time she attained the age of 18 and that, under section 13-
202.2(d) (Ill. Rev. Stat., 1990 Supp., ch. 110, par. 13-202.2(d)),
"the limitation periods under subsection (b) do not begin to run
until the removal of the disability." However, plaintiff's
memorandum noted that whether the psychological trauma caused by
defendants' physical and sexual abuse constituted a legal
disability sufficient to delay the commencement of the limitations
period under subsection (b) and when such legal disability ended
were questions "which can only be resolved by a hearing." On March
25, 1991, the circuit court entered an order allowing defendants'
motion for the reconsideration, vacating the court's December 13,
1990, order denying defendants' motion to dismiss, and dismissed
plaintiff's complaint with prejudice. The circuit court's order
stated, inter alia, that the psychological trauma alleged by
plaintiff was not sufficient to constitute a legal disability which
delayed commencement of the limitations period.
On April 24, 1991, plaintiff filed a motion to vacate the
circuit court's order dismissing her complaint, arguing that the
court should not have concluded as a matter of law that the
psychological trauma alleged by plaintiff was insufficient to
constitute a legal disability and requesting that plaintiff be
granted a hearing on the issue or leave to file an amended
complaint to sufficiently plead a legal disability. Following a
hearing on August 7, 1991, the circuit court denied plaintiff's
motion to vacate, and an appeal followed. In an unpublished order
(Pedigo v. Pedigo, No. 5-91-0606 (August 6, 1993) (Pedigo I)
(unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23 (134 Ill. 2d R.
23))), we reversed the dismissal order, finding:
"It is clear that, because plaintiff's original and
amended complaints were filed prior to the statutory amendment
contained in section 13-202.2, the trial court should have
allowed plaintiff the opportunity to replead and provide
affidavits in order to attempt to establish that she was under
a legal disability sufficient to delay commencement of the
limitation period under section 13-202.2(b). See Johnson v.
Johnson (N.D. Ill. 1991), 766 F. Supp. 662, 664-65.
We wish to make clear that we are not deciding the
question of whether it would be proper to bar a plaintiff's
cause of action by retroactive application of an amendment to
the statute of limitations. This issue may arise in the
future and could be dependent upon evidence adduced at a
hearing on the disability." Rule 23 order at 5.
We then remanded for further proceedings.
Upon remand, plaintiff filed a second amended complaint.
Defendants filed numerous motions attacking the second amended
complaint, i.e., a notice demanding a bill of particulars, a motion
for a fuller or more particular statement, and a motion attacking
a second amended complaint. The circuit court denied defendants'
motions to the extent they relied on section 2-619 of the Code (735
ILCS 5/2-619 (West 1992)). The circuit court concluded that a
material and genuine disputed question of fact had been raised by
the pleadings as to whether plaintiff was actually under a "legal
disability." The circuit court granted defendants' motion pursuant
to section 2-615 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 1992)) and
gave plaintiff leave to clarify the time and place of the
occurrence pertaining to defendant H. Eugene Pedigo.
Plaintiff filed a third amended complaint on February 16,
1995. Defendants filed a motion to reconsider, a motion to
dismiss, and a motion attacking the third amended complaint. On
July 24, 1995, the circuit court entered an order denying
defendants' motions and ordering the parties to proceed with
discovery. In response, defendants filed a motion to reconsider
and vacate and a motion to vacate and dismiss or, in the
alternative, grant a rehearing. Plaintiff responded to defendants'
motions. Plaintiff also filed her own affidavit, along with a
supplemental affidavit.
After a hearing on defendants' motions to vacate, the circuit
court concluded that its previous position as to plaintiff's third
amended complaint was erroneous and that plaintiff's third amended
complaint was actually "insufficient as a matter of law to plead a
legal disability sufficient to delay commencement of a limitations
period under section 13-202.2(b)." Upon a reexamination of Pedigo
I, the circuit court concluded that it was not sufficient for
plaintiff merely to replead, and the court ruled that plaintiff was
also required to establish by an affidavit from a competent expert
that plaintiff was under a legal disability sufficient to delay the
commencement of the limitations period under the statute.
Plaintiff was given 45 days in which to submit such an affidavit.
In response, plaintiff submitted the affidavit of Mary L. Froning,
a licensed clinical psychologist.
Defendant, H. Eugene Pedigo, filed his own affidavit, as well
as the affidavits of Marian Pedigo, Silas R. Pedigo, Faye Pedigo,
and Robert P. Morton. After considering the submissions of the
parties and pursuant to a rehearing, the circuit court reversed
itself and granted defendants' motions to reconsider and dismissed
plaintiff's third amended complaint. Plaintiff now appeals.
ANALYSIS
The issue we address is whether the circuit court erred in
dismissing plaintiff's complaint as time-barred under section 13-
202.2(b) of the Code. Plaintiff contends that the circuit court
erred in dismissing her complaint, and she raises three arguments
in support thereof: first, the existence of a legal disability is
a fact question which should be determined by the trier of fact;
second, the circuit court incorrectly interpreted the standards
contained in Johnson v. Johnson, 766 F. Supp. 662, 664-65 (N.D.
Ill. 1991); and third, it is unconscionable to hold plaintiff to
pleadings and proofs based on changing definitions of legal
disability and changing legislative requirements. Defendants
respond that the circuit court did not err in dismissing
plaintiff's complaint on the ground that it was barred as a matter
of law by the application of section 13-202.2(b) of the Code
because there was an absence of a genuine issue of material fact
concerning the allegation of legal disability. Defendants further
contend that the circuit court correctly interpreted the standards
contained in Johnson. Finally, defendants respond that plaintiff
waived her argument that it is unconscionable to hold plaintiff to
pleadings and proof based on changing definitions of legal
disability and changing legislative requirements, by not raising it
before the circuit court.
We agree with plaintiff that the issue before us is muddled
and confused due to changing legal requirements; thus, we find it
best to begin our analysis by sorting through those changing legal
requirements. At the time plaintiff filed the instant action, the
Illinois statute of limitations for personal injury actions was,
and remains, two years. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 110, par. 13-
202. Prior to our General Assembly addressing the situation of an
adult incest victim who has no conscious memory of the abuse until
after the statutory period has expired, the consensus among
Illinois courts was that the "discovery rule" applied to such a
situation. See Johnson v. Johnson, 701 F. Supp. 1363, 1369-70
(N.D. Ill. 1988); Franke v. Geyer, 209 Ill. App. 3d 1009, 568
N.E.2d 931 (1991). The discovery rule postpones the starting of
the period of limitations until the injured party possesses
sufficient information concerning his injury and its cause to put
a reasonable person on inquiry to determine whether actionable
conduct is involved. Franke, 209 Ill. App. at 1011, 568 N.E.2d at
932, citing Knox College v. Celotex Corp., 88 Ill. 2d 407, 430
N.E.2d 976 (1981).
On January 1, 1991, the Code was amended by our General
Assembly, adding section 13-202.2, which specifically addresses the
situation of an adult victim who has no conscious memory of the
sexual abuse until after the statute-tolling provision has expired:
"13-202.2 Childhood sexual abuse. (a) In this Section:
`Childhood sexual abuse' means an act of sexual abuse
that occurs when the person abused is under 18 years of age.
`Sexual abuse' includes but is not limited to sexual
conduct and sexual penetration as defined in Section 12-12 of
the Criminal Code of 1961.
(b) An action for damages for personal injury based on
childhood sexual abuse must be commenced within 2 years of the
date the person abused discovers or through the use of
reasonable diligence should discover that the act of childhood
sexual abuse occurred and that the injury was caused by the
childhood sexual abuse, but in no event may an action for
personal injury based on childhood sexual abuse be commenced
more than 12 years after the date on which the person abused
attains the age of 18 years.
(c) If the injury is caused by 2 or more acts of
childhood sexual abuse that are part of a continuing series of
acts of childhood sexual abuse by the same abuser, then the
discovery period under subsection (b) shall be computed from
the date the person abused discovers or through the use of
reasonable diligence should discover (i) that the last act of
childhood sexual abuse in the continuing series occurred and
(ii) that the injury was caused by any act of childhood sexual
abuse in the continuing series.
(d) The limitation periods under subsection (b) do not
begin to run before the person abused attains the age of 18
years; and, if at the time the person abused attains the age
of 18 years he or she is under other legal disability, the
limitation periods under subsection (b) do not begin to run
until the removal of the disability.
(e) This Section applies to actions pending on the
effective date of this amendatory Act of 1990 as well as to
actions commenced on or after that date." Ill. Rev. Stat.,
1990 Supp., ch. 110, par. 13-202.2.
By enacting section 13-202.2 of the Code, our General Assembly
acknowledged that the discovery rule is applicable to the situation
where an adult victim has no conscious memory until after the
tolling provision has expired, as indicated in Johnson and Franke,
but sought to place a 12-year limit on the availability of a remedy
for past abuse. See Ill. Rev. Stat., 1990 Supp., ch. 110, par. 13-
202.2(b); Phillips v. Johnson, 231 Ill. App. 3d 890, 894, 599
N.E.2d 4, 7 (1992).
The situation presented here, however, is complicated by the
fact that three years after the 12-year statute of repose was
instituted, our General Assembly chose to amend that portion of the
statute to delete the 12-year limitation period. This section now
provides:
"(b) An action for damages for personal injury based on
childhood sexual abuse must be commenced within 2 years of the
date the person abused discovers or through the use of
reasonable diligence should discover that the act of childhood
sexual abuse occurred and that the injury was caused by the
childhood sexual abuse." 735 ILCS 5/13-202.2(b) (West 1994).
The 12-year language was deleted by Public Act 88-127, section 5,
effective January 1, 1994.
As previously set forth, in Pedigo I we relied on Johnson in
finding that the circuit court should have allowed plaintiff the
opportunity to replead and provide affidavits in order to attempt
to establish that she was under a legal disability. Johnson is a
case similar to the case at bar. In that case, the 36-year-old
plaintiff alleged that her father had abused her sexually between
1958 and 1968, that she had suppressed her memories of the abuse as
a self-protecting measure, and that in 1987 during treatment she
recovered her memory of the abuse. The United States District
Court for the Northern District of Illinois distinguished between
those incest cases where the plaintiff knows of the sexual conduct
but is unaware of the physical or psychological problems caused by
the abuse until past the period of limitation and those cases where
the plaintiff has no memory of sexual abuse until shortly before
suit is filed. After reviewing the rulings in other states, the
federal district court in Johnson determined that Illinois courts
would take into account the equitable considerations involved and
would allow the discovery rule to apply in the case of a suppressed
memory of childhood abuse. A review of the Johnson case shows that
the Johnson court did not consider the applicability of the 12-year
statute of repose to pending cases but assumed that the 1991
statute of repose did apply to that case since the parties did not
dispute its applicability.
After our decision in Pedigo I, our colleagues on the Third
District Appellate Court addressed a similar situation in Phillips
v. Johnson, 231 Ill. App. 3d 890, 599 N.E.2d 4 (1992). In that
case, a niece sued her uncle for damages allegedly arising out of
sexual abuse committed by the uncle when she was a child. The
Phillips court concluded, contrary to the decision of the circuit
court, that the two-year period of limitations began to run when
the niece discovered the previously repressed sexual abuse.
Phillips, 231 Ill. App. 3d at 894-96, 599 N.E.2d at 5-7. The
Phillips court also concluded that section 13-202.2(b) of the Code,
which placed a 12-year limitation on the availability of a remedy
for childhood sexual abuse, does not apply retroactively to pending
cases filed before the statute's effective date. 231 Ill. App. 3d
at 894-96, 599 N.E.2d at 7-8. Section 13-202.2 became effective
January 1, 1991, while the plaintiff in Phillips, then 35, filed
her action on August 21, 1990. The defendant's motion to dismiss
was heard on December 4, 1990, but was not decided by the circuit
court until January 29, 1991. The applicability of the 12-year
statute of repose was not raised until the plaintiff filed her
motion to reconsider, and the circuit court found section 13-
202.2(b) as additional reason to dismiss, in effect holding that
the statute applied retroactively. 231 Ill. App. 3d at 894, 599
N.E.2d at 7.
On appeal, the Phillips court disagreed with the circuit
court, even though the amendatory enactment, effective January 1,
1991, contains an express provision that it is to apply to actions
pending on January 1, 1991, as well as to actions commenced on or
after that day. Ill. Rev. Stat., 1990 Supp., ch. 110, par. 13-
202.2(e). The Phillips court held that since the plaintiff filed
her complaint prior to the effective date of the statute, the
plaintiff actually filed pursuant to the two-year discovery rule
then in effect, and it would be unjust, unfair, and inequitable to
extinguish her cause of action by retroactive application of the
12-year statute of repose. 231 Ill. App. 3d at 896, 599 N.E.2d at
8. Following the Phillips decision, our General Assembly amended
section 13-202.2(b) by deleting the 12-year statute of repose.
In the instant case, plaintiff filed her complaint on
September 13, 1990. In October 1990, defendants filed a motion to
dismiss. On December 13, 1990, the circuit court entered an order
denying defendants' motion to dismiss as time-barred and granting
plaintiff leave to file an amended complaint for reasons other than
those at issue here. Plaintiff filed her first amended complaint
on December 24, 1990. On January 11, 1991, defendants filed a
motion for the reconsideration of their motion to dismiss, citing
section 13-202.2 of the Code.
Reviewing this case in light of Phillips and our General
Assembly's most recent amendment to section 13-202.2(b), which
deleted the 12-year statute of repose, we are convinced that it
would be contrary to our State's legislative policy to require that
this cause of action be extinguished by the retroactive application
of the 12-year statute of repose. A review of the legislative
enactments surrounding section 13-202.2 makes it clear that our
General Assembly recognized that childhood sexual abuse may result
in delayed recollections of the events and that codification of the
discovery rule benefits plaintiffs who might otherwise be barred.
We will not hold plaintiff to a more stringent standard and force
her to prove the existence of a "legal disability" in order to be
able to proceed when, both at the time she filed her cause of
action and at the present time, it was and is unnecessary for a
plaintiff to establish a "legal disability" in order to proceed.
Defendants cite the case of M.E.H. v. L.H., 283 Ill. App. 3d
241, 669 N.E.2d 1228 (1996), in support of their position that the
1994 amendment, which repealed the 12-year statute of repose, does
not apply retroactively to revive a plaintiff's cause of action.
In M.E.H., the plaintiffs were 44 and 45 years of age when they
filed their tort action against their parents on October 14, 1994.
The trial court granted the defendants' motions to dismiss,
concluding that the general personal injury statute of limitations
(735 ILCS 5/13-202 (West 1992)) barred claims against the mother
and the 12-year statute of repose barred claims against the father.
The plaintiffs in M.E.H. did not provide a challenge to the trial
court's dismissal of the counts against their mother, leaving only
the counts against the father for review. Our colleagues on the
Second District Appellate Court affirmed, finding, inter alia, not
only that plaintiffs were barred because of the 1991 statute of
repose but also that the discovery rule did not apply to cases in
which a plaintiff allegedly suppresses the memory of childhood
sexual abuse and remembers it years later. M.E.H., 283 Ill. App.
3d at 250-53, 669 N.E. 2d at 1234-36. Our supreme court recently
affirmed (M.E.H. v. L.H., No. 81943 (September 11, 1997)), but only
on the basis that the plaintiffs were barred from recovery because
of the 1991 statute of repose. M.E.H., slip op. at 10 (Heiple, J.,
specially concurring). In an opinion filed subsequent to oral
argument in the instant case, our supreme court specifically
stated:
"Although the 12-year repose period was repealed, that
repeal did not alter the viability of plaintiffs' claims.
More than a hundred years ago, our court held that once a
statute of limitations has expired, the defendant has a vested
right to invoke the bar of the limitations period as a defense
to a cause of action. That right cannot be taken away by the
legislature without offending the due process protections of
our state's constitution. Board of Education of Normal School
District v. Blodgett, 155 Ill. 441, 445-50[, 40 N.E. 1025]
(1895).
Our court has continued to adhere to this view. See
Sepmeyer v. Holman, 162 Ill. 2d 249, 253-55[, 642 N.E.2d 1242]
(1994). Although the present matter involves a statute of
repose rather than a statute of limitations, there is no basis
for applying a different rule. In terms of a defendant's due
process rights, the situations are the same. Accordingly, we
agree with the circuit and appellate courts that repeal of the
statutory repose period could not operate to revive
plaintiffs' claims. If the claims were time-barred under the
old law, they remained time-barred even after the repose
period was abolished by the legislature." M.E.H., slip op. at
5.
Our supreme court's determination in M.E.H. was based in large part
on the fact that the victims did not file suit until the fall of
1994, even though both the plaintiffs admitted to discovering that
they were victims of the alleged abuse by 1992. Because of the
plaintiffs' failure to file suit until two years after the memories
surfaced and almost three years and 10 months after the 12-year
statute of repose took effect, the supreme court found that the
plaintiffs' claims were properly dismissed as untimely. M.E.H.,
slip. op. at 8-9. The supreme court specifically addressed the
case on which we rely, Phillips, and distinguished it as follows:
"In arguing that they acted with sufficient dispatch,
plaintiffs have cited the appellate court's opinion in
Phillips v. Johnson, 231 Ill. App. 3d 890[, 599 N.E.2d 4]
(1992). That case, however, is inapposite. There the
plaintiffs had already filed suit by the time the period of
repose took effect. As we have just noted, plaintiffs in this
case did not initiate their litigation until years after the
effective date of the repose period.
There are no compelling reasons to justify plaintiffs'
delay. The excuse plaintiffs gave in the trial court for not
filing suit earlier was simply that they did not believe they
could. According to their response to defendants' motion to
dismiss, plaintiffs believed that enactment of the repose
period precluded them from bringing suit and left them with no
cause of action until the 12-year period was repealed by the
new legislation in January of 1994. Contrary to the position
they have taken on appeal, plaintiffs did not contend that
reasonable additional time was still available to them.
As we have discussed, and as plaintiffs have now
recognized, this view of the law was incorrect. Plaintiffs
did have a reasonable period after the law took effect to
bring suit. In addition, the viability of their action was
not dependent on subsequent legislation. For reasons
previously mentioned, if plaintiffs' claims were time-barred
under the old law, they would have remained time-barred even
after the repose period was abolished by the legislature."
M.E.H., slip op. at 9.
In the instant case, plaintiff's memories of alleged abuse
surfaced in October or November 1988, according to the pleadings.
She filed suit less than two years later on September 13, 1990. At
that time, the 12-year statute of repose was not in effect.
Likewise, in Phillips, the plaintiff alleged that memories of
sexual abuse surfaced on August 22, 1988, and she filed suit within
two years on August 21, 1990. Because the facts of the instant
case are so similar to Phillips and because our supreme court let
stand the Phillips decision in M.E.H., we choose to follow
Phillips.
II
As we noted earlier, in Pedigo I we limited our holding by
making it clear we were not deciding the issue of whether it would
be proper to bar a plaintiff's cause of action by retroactive
application of an amendment to the statute of limitations. We now
hold it improper to bar plaintiff's cause of action by retroactive
application of the statute of repose. The fact that plaintiff's
complaint was timely filed pursuant to the discovery rule in effect
when she filed her complaint in September 1990 and the discovery
rule now in effect warrant the reversal of the circuit court's
dismissal order. Finally, we disagree with defendants' contention
that plaintiff waived her argument that it was unconscionable to
hold plaintiff to pleadings and proof based on changing definitions
of legal disability and changing legislative requirements.
For the foregoing reasons, the dismissal order of the circuit
court of Madison County is reversed, and the cause is remanded for
further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
CHAPMAN and HOPKINS, JJ., concur.
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