Dowd & Dowd v. Gleason
State: Illinois
Docket No: 82347
Dowd & Dowd v. Gleason, No. 82347 (3/19/98)
Docket No. 82347--Agenda 21--September 1997.
DOWD & DOWD, LTD., Appellee and Cross-Appellant, v. NANCY J.
GLEASON et al., Appellants and Cross-Appellees.
JUSTICE MILLER delivered the opinion of the court:
The plaintiff, Dowd & Dowd, Ltd., a law firm, brought this action against
two of its former members, Nancy J. Gleason and Douglas G. Shreffler, and the
law firm that they formed, Gleason, McGuire & Shreffler, following their
departure from Dowd & Dowd. The plaintiff sought imposition of a constructive
trust on the new firm's fee income, an accounting, and compensatory and punitive
damages for breach of fiduciary duty, breach of contract, and other theories of
recovery. Gleason and Shreffler filed a counterclaim, seeking amounts due under
a stock repurchase agreement and sanctions. The parties submitted cross-motions
for summary judgment. The trial judge denied the defendants' request for
sanctions and denied the defendants' motion for summary judgment on the part
of the plaintiff's second-amended complaint that sought recovery for breach of
fiduciary duty; with regard to that count, the trial judge certified a question of law.
The trial judge otherwise ruled in favor of the defendants on the issues then
contested. The plaintiff appealed, and the appellate court affirmed in part and
reversed in part. 284 Ill. App. 3d 915. We allowed the defendants' petition for
leave to appeal (166 Ill. 2d R. 315(a)), and the plaintiff additionally raises here
several issues decided adversely to it by the appellate court (155 Ill. 2d R. 318(a)).
Because of the procedural posture of this case, the summary of relevant facts
must be derived from the pleadings, depositions, and affidavits on file. These facts
are fully summarized in the appellate court opinion and will receive only brief
restatement here.
The law firm of Dowd & Dowd was organized as a professional corporation.
Ownership of the firm consisted of 72 shares, which were divided in the following
manner: Michael Dowd, 35 shares; Nancy Gleason, 10 shares; Kenneth Gurber 10
shares; Robert Yelton III, 10 shares; and Douglas Shreffler, 7 shares. Dowd,
however, had obtained from each of the other owners a proxy giving him the right
to vote one of that person's shares, and therefore Dowd effectively controlled a
total of 39 shares, while the four other owners together controlled a total of 33
shares.
The firm's principal client prior to the split up was Northbrook Excess and
Surplus Insurance Company, a subsidiary of the Allstate Insurance Company.
Billings to that client were more than $6 million in 1990, representing about 58%
of Dowd & Dowd's total revenue for that year. The work for Allstate mainly
involved environmental coverage.
By November or December 1990, the members who were planning to leave
the Dowd firm had obtained office space, furniture, telephones, and other
equipment preparatory to their departure. They had also presented their business
plan to Harris Bank, which had approved a line of credit for the new firm, to be
known as Gleason, McGuire & Shreffler.
On December 31, Gleason and Shreffler resigned from Dowd & Dowd,
delivering the news to Dowd in person at his home. Later that day they went to
Allstate's offices, and there they talked to two executives, Lynn Crim and George
Riley; Crim was vice-president of Allstate's claims department, and Riley was
director of the company's environmental claims department. Crim and Riley had
authority to choose counsel to represent Allstate, and at the meeting on December
31 Gleason and Shreffler obtained from them responsibility for handling Allstate's
cases that were currently with Dowd & Dowd. In the weeks that followed, the
new firm of Gleason, McGuire & Shreffler hired a number of persons previously
employed at Dowd & Dowd, including associate lawyers and office personnel.
The plaintiff sought recovery from the defendants on a variety of theories,
and the defendants filed a counterclaim. The plaintiff's second-amended complaint
comprised seven counts. Count I was against Gleason and Shreffler individually
for breach of fiduciary duty. Count II was against Gleason and Shreffler for
breach of contract--the employment agreements signed by Gleason and Shreffler.
Count II alleged several distinct breaches by the defendants, including their failure
to provide 90 days' notice of their departure, as required by the agreement, their
subsequent solicitation of Dowd & Dowd clients, prohibited by the noncompetition
provision in the agreement, and their subsequent solicitation of Dowd & Dowd
personnel, also prohibited by the agreement. Count III was against Gleason,
Shreffler, and their new firm, Gleason, McGuire & Shreffler, and alleged tortious
interference with contractual relations, based on their subsequently obtaining
Allstate as a client. Counts IV and V, which are not at issue in this appeal, sought
recovery from Gleason, Shreffler, and their new firm on theories of tortious
interference with contractual relations for hiring Dowd personnel and obtaining
Dowd clients. Count VI, brought against Gleason, Shreffler, and their new firm,
alleged civil conspiracy. Count VII, not at issue in this appeal, sought recovery
from Gleason, Shreffler, and their new firm on a theory of willful and wanton
misconduct. The defendants answered the second-amended complaint, alleged a
number of affirmative defenses, and filed a five-count counterclaim.
The parties later filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The parties
submitted extensive evidence in support of their respective motions, including
affidavits, transcripts of depositions, and other documents. The plaintiffs attempted
to show that the defendants, prior to their departure from the Dowd firm, had
engaged in extensive preparations for establishing their new firm. We have already
noted some of the steps taken by the defendants. The plaintiff also submitted
evidence to show that the defendants, while still employed by the Dowd firm, had
obtained a federal employer identification number and had discussed their new
venture with members of the Dowd & Dowd staff.
After protracted proceedings, the trial judge entered an order that granted the
following relief: summary judgment in favor of the firm Gleason, McGuire &
Shreffler on counts III (interference with prospective advantage), VI (civil
conspiracy), and VII (willful and wanton conduct) of the plaintiff's second-
amended complaint; summary judgment in favor of Gleason and Shreffler on
counts II (breach of contract) and III (tortious interference with prospective
economic advantage) of the second-amended complaint; and denial of defendants'
motion for sanctions. The judge denied Gleason and Shreffler's motion for
summary judgment on count I (breach of fiduciary duty) and certified a question
of law, pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 308(a) (155 Ill. 2d R. 308(a)), regarding
that count. The judge also entered judgment in favor of Gleason for $100,000 and
in favor of Shreffler for $70,000 on the part of the defendants' counterclaim
seeking compensation for a breach of a share repurchase agreement in their
employment contracts.
The appellate court accepted the question of law certified by the trial court.
Separately, the plaintiff appealed the portions of the judgment adverse to it, and
the defendant appealed the denial of sanctions. As to the certified question, the
appellate court concluded that the plaintiff had stated a cause of action for breach
of fiduciary duty, based on evidence of the defendants' pretermination activities.
With respect to the other issues that the parties raise before this court, the
appellate court upheld the dismissal of count VI, which seeks recovery against the
new firm on a conspiracy theory; reinstated count III, seeking recovery on a
theory of tortious interference with prospective economic advantage; reinstated the
portion of the count II seeking recovery on a breach of contract theory for the
defendants' failure to provide written notice of their departure from the Dowd
firm; affirmed the trial court's grant of summary judgment to the defendants on
the portion of count II seeking recovery on a breach of contract theory for
soliciting clients after termination of their employment; and denied the defendant's
requests for sanctions. We allowed the defendants' petition for leave to appeal.
166 Ill. 2d R. 315(a). Pursuant to Rule 318, the plaintiff also raises several issues
decided against it by the appellate court. 155 Ill. 2d R. 318. We granted leave to
the Illinois State Bar Association to submit a brief as amicus curiae in support of
the defendants. 155 Ill. 2d R. 345. For the reasons set out below, we now affirm
in part and reverse in part the judgments of the appellate and circuit courts, and
we remand the cause to the circuit court of Cook County for further proceedings.
I
The trial judge certified the following question of law, pursuant to Supreme
Court Rule 308 (155 Ill. 2d R. 308):
"Whether the plaintiff law firm, a professional corporation, has a
cause of action for breach of fiduciary duties against its former Officers
or Directors who:
a. Departed the plaintiff firm without notice to the other Officers or
Directors;
b. Had accomplished substantial planning of their departure before
leaving; and planned to solicit business or clients of Dowd and Dowd;
c. Had made substantial arrangements, in terms of new office space,
telephones, equipment, obtaining a federal employer identification
number, etc., without knowledge of the Officers or Directors;
d. Where more than one Officer or Director, and other support staff,
left simultaneously, from the Plaintiff firm;
e. But, where there is no evidence that legal clients or legal business
were solicited or sought before the departure. On the other hand, where
there is no evidence that the defendants, departing Officers and
Directors[,] solicited clients or sought the firm's legal business before
departing, should the claim of plaintiff, a professional corporation[,] be
dismissed (the Court certifies subparagraph e above over Plaintiff's
objection as to the question of the existence of solicitation)."
Count I of the second-amended complaint forms the basis for the certified
question, which asks us to assume the existence of certain facts. Although the
matter is framed as a question of law, we believe that any answer here would be
advisory and provisional, for the ultimate disposition of count I will depend on the
resolution of a host of factual predicates. For proof that factual issues remain, we
need look no further than the trial judge's ruling on the defendants' motion for
summary judgment on this count: in denying the motion, the trial judge stated that
issues of material fact remained, which precluded entry of summary judgment.
The judge observed that at some point departing partners are duty-bound to
disclose their plans to leave a firm; the judge noted a number of factual questions,
such as the number of predeparture meetings by the departing members, the
number of persons leaving the firm, and the taking of firm documents, as bearing
on this issue.
Moreover, the circumstances mentioned in the certified question do not
represent the full range of allegations underlying the count, even though the
certified question was seemingly designed to incorporate the various allegations
of this part of the complaint. Although the question assumes the answers to certain
allegations, it omits others. For example, the question notes that more than one
person left the firm, without specifying how many did so. Elsewhere, the question
states that "substantial planning" occurred prior to the defendants' departure from
the firm, but left unspecified are the types of things that the defendants did in
preparing for their new venture. The parties sharply dispute many of these matters,
and it is apparent that a number of unresolved variables are at work in this case,
making resolution of the certified question meaningless at this point in the
proceedings. Thus, given the provisional nature of the inquiry, the importance of
the issue involved, and the absence of a fully developed factual record, we do not
believe that it is necessary or advisable for us to attempt to provide an answer to
the question framed by the trial judge.
Still, it is appropriate here to set out, in a general way, some of the relevant
ethical guideposts. In the proceedings below, Judge Gillis observed that it is
difficult to locate the "fence," or dividing line, between permissible and
impermissible conduct in these circumstances. We agree with the trial judge's
assessment that these boundaries cannot be drawn with mathematical precision.
The New York Court of Appeals aptly summed up the state of the law in this area
when it observed, "It is unquestionably difficult to draw hard lines defining
lawyers' fiduciary duty to partners and their fiduciary duty to clients." Graubard
Mollen Dannett & Horowitz v. Moskovitz, 86 N.Y.2d 112, 119, 653 N.E.2d 1179,
1183, 629 N.Y.S.2d 1009, 1013 (1995).
Lawyers who are preparing to leave a law firm face a dilemma, caught
between the fiduciary obligations they owe the other members of their firm, on
one hand, and the duty of being able to adequately represent clients who choose
to follow them to their new place of employment, on the other hand. As a
practical matter, then, cases have recognized that some preliminary preparations
by lawyers who are leaving a firm must be allowed, and that it is appropriate for
lawyers in these circumstances to make arrangements, prior to their departure, to
obtain new office space, equipment, and other materials necessary for the practice
of law. Bray v. Squires, 702 S.W.2d 266, 702 (Tex. Ct. App. 1985); see also
Restatement (Second) of Agency sec. 393, Comment e (1958) (recognizing that
agent may make certain preparations for own venture prior to termination of
agency). Discussing a similar question, the Supreme Court of Massachusetts
stated, in Meehan v. Shaughnessy, 404 Mass. 419, 435, 535 N.E.2d 1255, 1264
(1989):
"Here, the judge found that Meehan and Boyle made certain logistical
arrangements for the establishment of MBC [i.e., the new firm]. These
arrangements included executing a lease for MBC's office, preparing lists
of clients expected to leave Parker Coulter for MBC, and obtaining
financing on the basis of these lists. We believe these logistical
arrangements to establish a physical plant for the new firm were
permissible ***, especially in light of the attorneys' obligation to
represent adequately any clients who might continue to retain them on
their departure from Parker Coulter."
For the reasons mentioned, we do not believe that lawyers are necessarily bound
by the same fiduciary constraints that apply to nonlawyer officers and directors
who are seeking to leave positions in commercial entities. See Veco Corp. v.
Babcock, 243 Ill. App. 3d 153, 160-61 (1993); Preferred Meal Systems, Inc. v.
Guse, 199 Ill. App. 3d 710, 724-25 (1990).
One of the major questions underlying the present action is whether the
defendants solicited the Allstate business for their new firm before they left Dowd
& Dowd. The question certified by the trial judge assumes that no pretermination
solicitation occurred; the final order entered by the judge, which contains the
certified question and rulings on the other counts, includes a finding that there is
"no credible or admissible evidence that defendants solicited the Allstate account
prior to December 31, 1990," the date of their departure from the Dowd firm. The
plaintiff contends that the evidence demonstrates that the defendants engaged in
pretermination solicitation, while the defendants argue that there is no competent
evidence of pretermination solicitation. Strictly speaking, the judge's finding is not
before us. As noted previously, the certified question arises from count I, on
which the trial judge denied the defendants' motion for summary judgment. The
denial of a motion for summary judgment is not a final judgment (Pagano v.
Occidental Chemical Corp., 257 Ill. App. 3d 905, 909 (1994)), for it does not
terminate the litigation on that part of the complaint (see In re Marriage of
Verdung, 126 Ill. 2d 542, 553 (1989)), and therefore an order denying summary
judgment is not by itself appealable. The issue before us concerning count I is
framed by the certified question, which, as we have noted, assumes that no
solicitation occurred. Still, we may go beyond the limits of a certified question in
the interests of judicial economy (Bright v. Dicke, 166 Ill. 2d 204, 208 (1995);
Schrock v. Shoemaker, 159 Ill. 2d 533, 537 (1994)), and we believe that such
action is appropriate here.
We recognize, as the defendants point out, that Lynn Crim and George Riley
of Allstate testified in their depositions that they did not know about the
defendants' plans to form a new firm until December 31, 1990, when the
defendants resigned from Dowd & Dowd. The plaintiff refers to other evidence,
however, to support its theory that Allstate was obtained as a client prior to the
defendants' departure. The plaintiff cites the testimony of Leslie Henkels, who
was defendant Gleason's chief paralegal at Dowd & Dowd. Henkels testified in
her deposition that before December 31, 1990, she learned from Gleason,
Shreffler, or one of Gleason's sisters, Judith, that Allstate would be a client of the
new firm. A statement to Henkels by either of the individual defendants, Gleason
or Shreffler, would be an admission, and therefore Henkels' testimony regarding
that would be admissible. Henkels further testified that on December 31, 1990,
Gleason faxed her a letter over George Riley's signature transferring Allstate files
from Dowd & Dowd to the new firm; according to Henkels, Gleason instructed
her to copy the letter and to place it on the desks of nondeparting lawyers at
Dowd & Dowd. Henkels further testified that Gleason called back later that day
and, on what Gleason characterized as advice of counsel, told Henkels to collect
the copies of the letter she had previously distributed and to destroy them. Henkels
had a third telephone conversation with Gleason on December 31; on that
occasion, Gleason told Henkels that they were on their way to Michael Dowd's
house to tell him of their resignation from the firm. The plaintiff argues that
Henkels' deposition undercuts the defendants' contention that on December 31,
1990, the defendants informed Michael Dowd of their departure before they talked
to the Allstate executives.
The plaintiff also cites a credit memorandum prepared by David J. Varnerin,
of Harris Bank. The memorandum states, "Allstate has been urging the Gleasons
to break away from Dowd & Dowd and start their own firm"; "Allstate stands
ready to give them as much business as they can handle"; "Discussions have been
held with their principal client--Allstate. The firm has been assured that their
invoices will be paid promptly within 30 days." These statements lend support to
the plaintiff's contention that the defendants had obtained Allstate as a client prior
to their departure from Dowd & Dowd.
Opposing this interpretation, the defendants point to an affidavit submitted by
Varnerin in the proceedings below. In the affidavit, Varnerin states that no one
associated with the new firm told him that Allstate or any other Dowd client had
been contacted regarding the plan to leave the Dowd firm. Varnerin also asserts
that his statement concerning Allstate's readiness to give them business was
simply his conclusion. Regarding the statement in the credit memorandum,
"Discussions have been held with their principal client--Allstate. The firm has
been assured that their invoices will be paid promptly within 30 days," Varnerin
insists in his affidavit that he was referring only to discussions that Dowd &
Dowd had with Allstate, and that the word "firm" in the second sentence--"The
firm has been assured ***"--refers to Dowd & Dowd. We would observe,
however, that the remainder of the paragraph in the credit memorandum conflicts
with the explanation later given in Varnerin's affidavit. In the credit memorandum,
the paragraph goes on to state, "And, since the firm will have the prior firm's
office administrator, we can reasonably assume that bills will be generated and
sent in a very prompt manner." Dowd & Dowd obviously was the "prior firm."
Although the affidavit submitted by Varnerin was not directly contradicted by
anything filed by the plaintiff, the affidavit and credit memorandum seem in
certain respects to be irreconcilable.
In rejecting the request of the defendants for sanctions, which was based on
the defendants' argument that the action was not well grounded in fact, the
appellate court explained, "[P]laintiff was not obligated to believe Riley and Crim
and, in fact, elicited credible testimony from other witnesses refuting Riley's and
Crim's claims." 284 Ill. App. 3d at 935. This statement is also apt here, and we
believe that questions of fact remain concerning the defendants' possible
pretermination solicitation of Allstate.
Cases have recognized that pretermination solicitation of clients by members
of an existing firm for the benefit of a new firm rises to a breach of fiduciary
duty. Vowell & Meelheim, P.C. v. Beddow, Erben & Bowen, P.A., 679 So. 2d 637,
639 (Ala. 1996); In re Silverberg, 81 A.D.2d 640, 641, 438 N.Y.S.2d 143, 144
(1981). As one commentator has explained:
"Although the ethical principles relating to the attorney-client
relationship constrain a fairness inquiry concerning postwithdrawal
competition by a former agent, pre-termination competition by firm
members is another matter. The principle of client choice is not, or at
least should not be, so overpowering that it shields all pre-termination
competition by members of a firm." R. Hillman, Law Firms and Their
Partners: The Law and Ethics of Grabbing and Leaving, 67 Tex. L. Rev.
1, 27 (1988).
The case law supports the trial judge's view, expressed in the proceedings
below, that while lawyers who are planning to leave a firm may take preliminary
logistical steps of obtaining office space and supplies, they may not solicit clients
for their new venture. In Graubard Mollen Dannett & Horowitz v. Moskovitz, 86
N.Y.2d 112, 119-20, 653 N.E.2d 1179, 1183, 629 N.Y.S.2d 1009, 1013 (1995),
the New York Court of Appeals observed:
"[A]s a matter of principle, preresignation surreptitious `solicitation' of
firm clients for a partner's personal gain--the issue posed to us--is
actionable. Such conduct exceeds what is necessary to protect the
important value of client freedom of choice in legal representation, and
thoroughly undermines another important value--the loyalty owed partners
(including law partners), which distinguishes partnerships (including law
partnerships) from bazaars."
Thus, proof of pretermination solicitation of clients by the defendants may
establish a breach of their fiduciary duties.
Although much of the focus in the briefs is on the question of pretermination
solicitation, the plaintiff points to other acts as also supporting its argument that
the defendants breached their fiduciary duty. We note in passing some of the other
allegations in the complaint, which might or might not be true. For example, the
plaintiff alleges that the departing members improperly decided to pay off the
existing firm's line of credit, in an effort to reduce their own potential liabilities
and to improve their positions as borrowers for their new firm. The plaintiff
believes that this decision by the departing members was a breach of the fiduciary
duty they owed to the existing firm. In addition, the plaintiff alleges that the
departing members usurped a corporate opportunity by hiring for the new firm
persons who had been interviewed for positions at the Dowd firm. If established,
this allegation could also support a claim for breach of fiduciary duty.
The record on appeal thus discloses a number of factual variables which
present a range of possible conduct by the defendants but remain unresolved.
Relevant here are the following comments by the court in Graubard Mollen
Dannett & Horowitz v. Moskovitz, 86 N.Y.2d 112, 653 N.E.2d 1179, 629 N.Y.S.2d
1009 (1995):
"Given the procedural posture of the case before us, plainly this is not
an occasion for drawing the hard lines. Factual variations can be crucial
in determining whether an attorney's duties have been breached, and we
cannot speculate as to what conclusions will follow from the facts yet to
be found in the case before us. We can, however, set out certain broad
parameters ***.
At one end of the spectrum, where an attorney is dissatisfied with the
existing association, taking steps to locate alternative space and
affiliations would not violate a partner's fiduciary duties. That this may
be a delicate venture, requiring confidentiality, is simple common sense
and well illustrated by the eruption caused by defendants' announced
resignation in the present case. As a matter of ethics, departing partners
have been permitted to inform clients with whom they have a prior
professional relationship about their impending withdrawal and new
practice, and to remind the client of its freedom to retain counsel of its
choice [citations]. Ideally, such approaches would take place only after
notice to the firm of the partner's plans to leave [citations].
At the other end of the spectrum, secretly attempting to lure firm
clients (even those the partner has brought into the firm and personally
represented) to the new association, lying to clients about their rights with
respect to the choice of counsel, lying to partners about plans to leave,
and abandoning the firm on short notice (taking clients and files) would
not be consistent with a partner's fiduciary duties [citations]." Graubard,
86 N.Y.2d at 120-21, 653 N.E.2d at 1183-84, 629 N.Y.S.2d at 1013-14.
This is a fact-intensive inquiry, and on remand the finder of fact will have to
resolve a number of factual disputes before determining whether the defendants
breached their fiduciary duty. Because of the provisional nature of the inquiry and
the many unresolved factual questions that remain, mentioned above, we do not
attempt on this occasion to offer an answer to the question certified by the trial
judge.
II
We now turn to the other issues raised in this appeal. Count II of the
plaintiff's second-amended complaint sought recovery from the defendants for
breach of contract on several distinct grounds. The contracts involved were the
employment agreements signed by Gleason and Shreffler as employees of the
Dowd firm. Relevant here are the allegations in count II that the defendants
breached their employment contracts by failing to give the Dowd firm 90 days'
notice prior to their departures, by later attempting to solicit clients of the Dowd
firm, and by later attempting to solicit other employees of the Dowd firm.
According to count II, the employment agreements required the defendants to
provide 90 days' notice of their intended departure from the firm and barred the
defendants from subsequently representing Dowd & Dowd clients. The trial court
granted summary judgment for the defendants on all three theories of recovery.
On appeal, the plaintiff challenged the rulings with respect to the 90-day notice
provision and the noncompetition covenant; the plaintiff did not challenge the
ruling with respect to the solicitation of Dowd & Dowd employees. The appellate
court held in favor of the plaintiff on the 90-day notice provision and in favor of
the defendants on the noncompetition covenant. The parties challenge the appellate
court's determinations, and we will consider these questions in turn.
A
The defendants argue that the appellate court erred in ruling in favor of the
plaintiff on the portion of count II of the second-amended complaint that alleged
that the defendants breached their employment agreements by failing to give
advance notice of their intended departures from the Dowd firm. We agree with
the defendants that they did not violate the employment agreements, given the
timing of their departures.
Paragraph 4 of the employment agreements signed by Gleason and Shreffler
states:
"4. Term of Employment. The term of the Employee's employment
hereunder shall be from the date hereof until the end of the Corporation's
current fiscal year and from year to year thereafter, subject to termination
at any time upon 90 days['] prior written notice either by the Corporation
(acting by unanimous vote of the Board of Directors, excluding the
Employee if he is a Board member) to the Employee or by the Employee
to the Corporation."
The Dowd firm's fiscal year ended on December 31. The trial judge found
that the defendants did not violate the notice provisions in their employment
contracts; the judge construed the provision to mean that no notice at all was
required during the last quarter of the year, an interpretation not advanced by the
defendants. The appellate court took a different view, concluding that 90 days'
written notice was always required, even at the end of the year.
The defendants argue that the terms of the contract must be enforced as they
appear, and that the appellate court's interpretation departs from the text of the
provision and renders a portion of it surplusage. The defendants maintain that
notice is not required on the last day of the year, for the employment term expires
then by its own terms. In response, the plaintiff maintains that the appellate
court's requirement of 90 days' notice correctly fulfills the parties' intent by
ensuring greater continuity in representing and serving clients when attorneys
decide that they wish to leave.
The terms of an agreement, if not ambiguous, should generally be enforced
as they appear (P.A. Bergner & Co. v. Lloyds Jewelers, Inc., 112 Ill. 2d 196, 203
(1986)), and those terms will control the rights of the parties (Midland
Management Co. v. Helgason, 158 Ill. 2d 98, 103 (1994)). Moreover, any
ambiguity in the terms of a contract must be resolved against the drafter of the
disputed provision. Duldulao v. St. Mary of Nazareth Hospital Center, 115 Ill. 2d
482, 493 (1987).
We agree with the defendants that the terms of the agreement are not
ambiguous. As the defendants observe, the agreement affords an employee two
alternative ways of terminating his or her employment: first, by not renewing that
employment when it expires by its own terms each December 31, the close of the
firm's fiscal year, or, second, by providing 90 days' written notice of termination.
When Gleason and Shreffler informed Michael Dowd on December 31, 1990, that
they would no longer be members of the firm, they fulfilled their obligations
under the language of paragraph 4 of the employment contract. To require 90
days' notice in all instances, as the plaintiff argues and the appellate court held,
makes meaningless the contract phrase "from year to year thereafter," regarding
the period of employment. Courts will generally avoid interpretations that render
contract terms surplusage (Hufford v. Balk, 113 Ill. 2d 168, 172 (1986)), and
accordingly we reject the plaintiff's interpretation.
B
The plaintiff, seeking cross relief, contends that the appellate court erred in
refusing to enforce the noncompetition covenants contained in Gleason's and
Shreffler's employment agreements. As we have noted, these covenants formed
one of the bases for the plaintiff's breach of contract claim, in count II, against
Gleason and Shreffler.
The noncompetition clause at issue states:
"10. Nonsolicitation. During the term of this Agreement and for a
period of two (2) years following the termination of this Agreement, the
Employee will not directly or indirectly, solicit or endeavor to entice
away any clients of the Corporation without the prior written consent of
the Corporation. For the purpose of this subsection, the term `solicit' shall
mean to call or contact or to lend assistance in any way to any person or
entity in calling or contacting a client of the Corporation in a manner
detrimental to the business of the [C]orporation ***."
The appellate court believed that the provisions violated Rule 5.6 of the Rules
of Professional Conduct and that Rule 5.6 therefore precluded their enforcement.
284 Ill. App. 3d at 932-33; see also Stevens v. Rooks Pitts & Poust, 289 Ill. App.
3d 991 (1997) (following decision of appellate court in this case and applying rule
to preexisting contract). Rule 5.6, which took effect August 1, 1990, after the
employment agreements in question were signed, provides:
"A lawyer shall not participate in offering or making:
(a) a partnership or employment agreement that restricts the rights of
a lawyer to practice after termination of the relationship, except an
agreement concerning benefits upon retirement ***." 134 Ill. 2d R. 5.6(a).
The plaintiff contends that Rule 5.6 should not be applied to invalidate contract
clauses entered into prior to the effective date of the rule, noting that Gleason
signed her employment agreement in 1988 and that Shreffler signed his in 1989.
The plaintiff maintains that the language of the rule indicates that it is not to be
given retroactive effect and, moreover, that retroactive operation would result in
an unconstitutional impairment of contracts.
We believe that Rule 5.6 may have retroactive effect and therefore bars the
present enforcement of noncompetition covenants entered into prior to the
effective date of the rule. Contrary to the plaintiff's argument, the prohibition of
the rule is not expressed in the future tense and is not limited by its terms to
contract provisions formed after its effective date. We recognize, of course, that
Rule 2--108 of the Code of Professional Responsibility, the predecessor to Rule
5.6, did not contain a similar prohibition. Still, "the law cannot enforce a contract
which it prohibits" (Sibley v. Health & Hospitals' Governing Comm'n, 22 Ill. App.
3d 632, 637 (1974)), and we believe that enforcement of the provisions at issue
would violate the important considerations of public policy that underlie the
prohibition found in Rule 5.6. The rule is designed both to afford clients greater
freedom in choosing counsel and to protect lawyers from onerous conditions that
would unduly limit their mobility. 2 G. Hazard & W. Hodes, The Law of
Lawyering: A Handbook on the Model Rules of Professional Conduct sec.
5.6:201, at 824 (Supp. 1997). Consistent with that rationale, we conclude that the
noncompetition covenants in the employment agreements conflict with Rule 5.6
and may not be enforced.
The plaintiff also contends that application of Rule 5.6 to the contract
provisions at issue here would result in an unconstitutional impairment of
contracts, in violation of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, sec. 16
("No *** law impairing the obligation of contracts *** shall be passed")). As a
general principle, however, judicial decisions are not subject to the prohibition
against impairment of contracts. Phelps v. Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Ry. Co., 28 Ill.
2d 275, 280 (1963); Prall v. Burckhartt, 299 Ill. 19, 42 (1921). Thus, if the
promulgation of Rule 5.6 is understood to be a judicial decision and not an act of
legislation, then the plaintiff cannot be heard to argue that application of the rule
to the contract provisions at issue here results in an unconstitutional impairment
of contracts. Assuming, without deciding, that judicial action like the promulgation
of a court rule may fall within the interdiction of the contracts clause, as the
plaintiff suggests, we still do not believe that such an objection will lie here. In
resolving this question, we will apply federal case law interpreting the
corresponding provision of the United States Constitution. U.S. Const., art. I, sec.
10. Under this line of authority, the first step in determining whether the contract
clause has been violated is to ask whether the change in law substantially impairs
a contractual relationship. General Motors Corp. v. Romein, 503 U.S. 181, 186,
117 L. Ed. 2d 328, 337, 112 S. Ct. 1105, 1109 (1992); Allied Structural Steel Co.
v. Spannaus, 438 U.S. 234, 244, 57 L. Ed. 2d 727, 736, 98 S. Ct. 2716, 2722
(1978). "The severity of the impairment measures the height of the hurdle the state
legislation must clear." Allied Structural Steel, 438 U.S. at 245, 57 L. Ed. 2d at
736-37, 98 S. Ct. at 2723. We do not believe that the change in law at issue here
operated as a substantial impairment of the parties' contract. The noncompetition
provision represented a small part of the contract, and it came into play only when
an employee left the Dowd firm. Accordingly, we do not believe that the
mandated elimination of that provision represented an invalid impairment of
contract.
Moreover, courts will not enforce contract terms that violate public policy.
American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees v. Department of
Central Management Services, 173 Ill. 2d 299, 317-18 (1996); Beneficial
Development Corp. v. City of Highland Park, 161 Ill. 2d 321, 330-31 (1994). As
we have noted, the foundation for Rule 5.6 rests on considerations of public
policy, and it would be inimical to public policy to give effect to the offending
provisions.
III
The defendants next argue that the appellate court erred in reinstating count
III of the plaintiff's second-amended complaint, which sought recovery on a
theory of tortious interference with prospective economic advantage. Count III
alleged that the defendants, prior to their departure from Dowd & Dowd,
improperly solicited Allstate as a client and took various steps to establish a new
firm that would be capable of representing Allstate once the departure was
completed. The trial judge had granted the defendants summary judgment on this
count.
A motion for summary judgment may be granted only when "the pleadings,
depositions, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." 735 ILCS 5/2--1005(c) (West 1996).
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the trial court must consider the
pleadings, depositions, and affidavits strictly against the movant and in favor of
the opposing party. Kolakowski v. Voris, 83 Ill. 2d 388, 398 (1980). Summary
judgment "is a drastic means of disposing of litigation," and therefore it should be
granted only when the movant's right to the relief "is clear and free from doubt."
Purtill v. Hess, 111 Ill. 2d 229, 240 (1986). Our review of an order granting
summary judgment is de novo. Crum & Forster Managers Corp. v. Resolution
Trust Corp., 156 Ill. 2d 384, 390 (1993).
In Fellhauer v. City of Geneva, 142 Ill. 2d 495, 511 (1991), this court
described the elements of a cause of action for tortious interference with
prospective economic advantage: "It is generally recognized by the Illinois courts
*** that to prevail on a claim for tortious interference with a prospective
economic advantage, a plaintiff must prove: (1) his reasonable expectation of
entering into a valid business relationship; (2) the defendant's knowledge of the
plaintiff's expectancy; (3) purposeful interference by the defendant that prevents
the plaintiff's legitimate expectancy from ripening into a valid business
relationship; and (4) damages to the plaintiff resulting from such interference.
[Citations.]" As the appellate court below found, although a lawyer-client
relationship is terminable at the will of the client (In re Estate of Callahan, 144
Ill. 2d 32, 37-38 (1991)), the gravamen of the charge is interference with an
existing relationship, and the absence of an enforceable contract does not bar
recovery (Anderson v. Anchor Organization for Health Maintenance, 274 Ill. App.
3d 1001, 1013 (1995)).
The defendants contend that allowing the plaintiff to go forward with a cause
of action under count III is incompatible with the substantial body of case law
recognizing that a client may discharge an attorney at any time, with or without
cause. Balla v. Gambro, Inc., 145 Ill. 2d 492, 503 (1991); In re Estate of
Callahan, 144 Ill. 2d 32, 37-38 (1991); Rhoades v. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co.,
78 Ill. 2d 217, 227-28 (1979). We do not agree.
"Third party inducement of breaches of contract or unjustifiable interference
by third parties in business relationships between attorneys and clients have been
held actionable in numerous cases." Herman v. Prudence Mutual Casualty Co., 41
Ill. 2d 468, 472-73 (1969). The focus here is not on the conduct of the client in
terminating the relationship, but on the conduct of the party inducing the breach
or interfering with the expectancy. Unlike the actions involved in the cases
recognizing the client's right of discharge, the plaintiff's claim here is directed not
at the client, but at the party allegedly responsible for causing the termination of
the relationship. Moreover, to prevail on the claim, a plaintiff must show not
merely that the defendant has succeeded in ending the relationship or interfering
with the expectancy, but "purposeful interference"--that the defendant has
committed some impropriety in doing so. Restatement (Second) of Torts sec.
766B, Comment a (1979) ("In order for the actor to be held liable, this Section
requires that his interference be improper"); Mittelman v. Witous, 135 Ill. 2d 220,
251 (1989); La Rocco v. Bakwin, 108 Ill. App. 3d 723, 730 (1982).
In the present case, the plaintiff alleges in count III of the second-amended
complaint that the defendants committed the tort through their various
predeparture activities. If the defendants engaged in the actions alleged by the
plaintiff--and on review of an order granting summary judgment, we must assume
that they did--then we believe that a cause of action for tortious interference with
prospective economic advantage could lie. We believe that there are material
issues of fact that preclude entry of summary judgment in favor of the defendants
on this count. As we have noted, in discussing the scope and nature of the
defendants' fiduciary duties, numerous factual questions exist regarding the
defendants' conduct prior to their departure from the Dowd firm, including the
possible solicitation of Allstate as a client, and the steps taken by the defendants
in establishing their new firm.
IV
In its second and final contention as cross-appellant, the plaintiff argues that
the appellate court erred in dismissing the conspiracy count, count VI, brought in
the plaintiff's second-amended complaint against the new firm, Gleason, McGuire
& Shreffler, formed by the departing members. The appellate court believed that
the conspiracy count was duplicative of other counts of the complaint.
Illinois recognizes civil conspiracy as a distinct cause of action. Adcock v.
Brakegate, Ltd., 164 Ill. 2d 54, 62 (1994). Although the allegations in the
conspiracy count against the firm of Gleason, McGuire & Shreffler mirror
allegations made elsewhere in the complaint, the elements of the cause of action
are distinct, and are not subsumed under another theory of recovery pleaded by
the plaintiff. In addition, Gleason, McGuire & Shreffler is a named defendant in
the civil conspiracy count, and not elsewhere. We agree with the plaintiff that
dismissal of the conspiracy count as duplicative of other theories of recovery
alleged in the complaint is, at this point in the proceedings, premature. A plaintiff
may plead and prove multiple causes of action, though it may obtain only one
recovery for an injury. Congregation of the Passion, Holy Cross Province v.
Touche Ross & Co., 159 Ill. 2d 137, 172 (1994); Dial v. City of O'Fallon, 81 Ill.
2d 548, 558 (1980). Here, the conspiracy count simply represents an alternative
theory of liability.
V
The defendants raise one further issue on appeal, contending that the appellate
court improperly denied their motions for sanctions against the plaintiff and its
counsel. The defendants sought sanctions on two separate grounds, arguing that
the plaintiff's circuit court pleadings and the plaintiff's appellate court brief
violated rules of this court. The appellate court denied relief on both grounds, and
the defendants renew here their requests for sanctions.
Supreme Court Rule 137 addresses the signing of pleadings, motions, and
other papers in the circuit courts. The rule provides, in pertinent part:
"The signature of an attorney or party constitutes a certificate by him that
he has read the pleading, motion or other paper; that to the best of his
knowledge, information, and belief formed after reasonable inquiry it is
well grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good-faith
argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law, and
that it is not interposed for any improper purpose, such as to harass or to
cause unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of litigation." 155
Ill. 2d R. 137.
Rule 137 also authorizes a court to impose sanctions on lawyers and parties who
violate its terms.
Because Rule 137 is penal in nature, it will be strictly construed. Reyes v.
Compass Health Care Plans, 252 Ill. App. 3d 1072, 1078 (1993); see Yassin v.
Certified Grocers of Illinois, Inc., 133 Ill. 2d 458, 467 (1990) (discussing
predecessor provision, section 2--611 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Ill. Rev.
Stat. 1987, ch. 110, par. 2--611)). The decision whether to impose sanctions under
Rule 137 is committed to the sound discretion of the circuit judge, and that
decision will not be overturned unless it represents an abuse of discretion. Spiegel
v. Hollywood Towers Condominium Ass'n, 283 Ill. App. 3d 992, 1001 (1996);
Bennett & Kahnweiler, Inc. v. American National Bank & Trust Co., 256 Ill. App.
3d 1002, 1007 (1993).
The judge here denied the defendants' request for sanctions under Rule 137,
and we cannot say that his determination was an abuse of discretion. The
defendants first argue that the plaintiff initiated the present action without having
made reasonable inquiry. In support of this contention, the defendants point to
Michael Dowd's statement in his deposition that the present action was brought
even though no investigation had been conducted into the question whether the
defendants solicited the Allstate account before leaving the Dowd firm. As we
have already noted, however, evidence exists supporting the plaintiff's claim that
pretermination solicitation occurred, and therefore we do not believe that sanctions
would be appropriate under this theory.
The defendants next argue that the suit was not well grounded in fact because
Allstate's Riley and Crim both repeatedly denied, in their deposition testimony,
that any solicitation of the client occurred before December 31, 1990, when
Gleason and Shreffler left the Dowd firm. Again, as we have noted, other
evidence exists that supports the plaintiff's contention; as the appellate court
observed, the plaintiff "was not obligated to believe Riley and Crim." 284 Ill. App.
3d at 935.
The defendants also argue that existing law did not support the plaintiff's
breach of contract claims against Gleason and Shreffler for their alleged violations
of noncompetition provisions in their employment agreements. As we concluded
earlier in this opinion, the noncompetition provisions are unenforceable. We do
not agree with the defendants, however, that the theory of recovery was so clearly
lacking in merit that sanctions would be warranted under Rule 137.
Finally, the defendants contend that suit was brought for an improper purpose,
citing Michael Dowd's comment in his deposition that he initiated the action to
obstruct Gleason and Shreffler in their efforts to take away the Dowd firm's major
client. We do not agree with the defendants that Dowd's remark betrays a
sanctionable purpose for the litigation. The plaintiff may ultimately prevail on
several theories of recovery against the defendants, and we cannot say that the
action lacks a proper purpose.
Separately, the defendants argue that sanctions should be imposed for the
brief filed by the plaintiff as appellant in the appellate court; the defendants
contend that the statement of facts appearing in the plaintiff's brief was
improperly argumentative. Supreme Court Rule 341(e)(6) requires an appellant to
provide an accurate and fair statement of facts (155 Ill. 2d R. 341(e)(6)); Rule
375(a) permits a court to impose sanctions on a party for violations of our
appellate practice rules (155 Ill. 2d R. 375(a)).
The defendants have attached to their brief before this court a copy of the
disputed portions of the plaintiff's appellate court brief. We have examined the
challenged brief, and we agree with the appellate court's assessment that the
contents of the brief do not warrant the imposition of sanctions under Rule 375(a).
284 Ill. App. 3d at 922-23.
* * *
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the appellate court is affirmed in part
and reversed in part and the cause is remanded to the circuit court of Cook
County for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
Appellate court judgment affirmed in part
and reversed in part;
circuit court judgment affirmed in part
and reversed in part;
cause remanded.
JUSTICES BILANDIC and HEIPLE took no part in the consideration or
decision of this case.
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