Thomas v. Daubs
State: Illinois
Court: 5th District Appellate
Docket No: 5-96-0500
Case Date: 09/04/1997
NO. 5-96-0500
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
_________________________________________________________________
WILLIAM B. THOMAS and ROBERT S. ) Appeal from the
THOMAS, ) Circuit Court of
) Wayne County.
Plaintiffs-Appellants, )
)
v. ) No. 92-L-12
)
JOHN DAUBS, d/b/a DAUBS DISPOSAL ) Honorable
SERVICE, and DAUBS LANDFILL, INC., ) Robert S. Hill and
) Charles L. Quindry,
Defendants-Appellees. ) Judges, presiding.
_________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE GOLDENHERSH delivered the opinion of the court:
Plaintiffs, William B. Thomas and Robert S. Thomas, sought to
recover a 6% finder's fee from defendants, John Daubs, doing
business as Daubs Disposal Service, and Daubs Landfill, Inc., for
obtaining a buyer for the landfill, as per an alleged oral contract
between the parties. Defendants filed a joint motion for the
involuntary dismissal of plaintiffs' complaint, pursuant to section
2-619(a)(9) of the Code of Civil Procedure (the Code) (735 ILCS
5/2-619(a)(9) (West 1994)), on the ground that the Real Estate
License Act of 1983 (the Act) (225 ILCS 455/1 et seq. (West 1994))
bars the action because plaintiffs are not licensed to act as
brokers or salespersons of real estate. The circuit court of Wayne
County granted defendants' motion, and plaintiffs now appeal. The
issue we are asked to consider is whether the Act bars a cause of
action to collect a finder's fee under an oral contract for the
sale of a landfill when the finder is unlicensed. We affirm.
FACTS
In their amended complaint, plaintiffs allege that they
entered into an oral agreement with defendants in January 1988,
whereby they would act to find a purchaser for defendants' new
regional solid waste pollution control facility, the rights to the
environmental permits for the operation of the facility, the real
estate to be utilized as a landfill, and the equipment and other
personal property used at the facility. Plaintiffs' complaint
further alleges that on March 15, 1990, defendants entered into a
written contract with Waste Management Professionals, Inc., acting
as a nominee, agent, or other entity on behalf of Mid-American
Waste Systems, Inc., for the acquisition of the ongoing business,
real estate, operating permits, and equipment through a stock
transfer or purchase. Plaintiffs allege a purchase price of $3.3
million, plus 10% of all revenues from the operation of the
landfill. Plaintiffs further allege they made the original
contract with Mid-American Waste Systems, Inc., which ultimately
led to the deal, that they performed all the conditions on their
part, and that they are, therefore, entitled to their finder's fee
of 6% of the purchase price. Plaintiffs claim that their finder's
fee amounts to at least $198,000, plus 6% of the share of the
revenues from the landfill to be received by defendants.
Plaintiffs' amended complaint, like the original complaint, is
in four counts. Count I is based upon the theory of breach of an
oral contract. Count II is based upon the theory of promissory
estoppel and makes additional allegations that defendants promised
and represented to plaintiffs that they would pay a finder's fee of
6% on the gross sales price if plaintiffs extended their best
efforts in contacting prospective buyers across the country, which
plaintiffs did, and, therefore, plaintiffs are entitled to the
finder's fee. Count III of the amended complaint is based upon the
theory of quantum meruit and adds additional allegations that the
work, labor, and services performed by plaintiffs on defendants'
behalf have a reasonable value of 6% of the gross sales price of
the business, property, and assets sold by defendant to Mid-
American Waste Systems, Inc. Count IV is based upon a theory of
unjust enrichment. It contains additional allegations that
defendants benefited from the work, effort, and services provided
by plaintiffs and that defendants would be unjustly enriched if
allowed to retain the benefit of the services of plaintiffs without
paying for the services.
On August 2, 1994, defendants filed a joint motion for
involuntary dismissal based upon affirmative matter, pursuant to
section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West
1994)), and a memorandum of law in support of said motion.
Defendants' motion to dismiss was based upon plaintiffs' failure to
allege that either one of them held the requisite license necessary
to assert a claim for a commission as required by the Act.
Plaintiffs responded that the Act was inapplicable because the sale
here was the sale of "stock of Daubs Landfill, Inc. and not the
sale of real estate." On November 30, 1994, the circuit court
entered an order granting defendants' motion for involuntary
dismissal on the basis that plaintiffs were not licensed to act as
brokers or salespersons by the Department of Professional
Regulation and, thus, plaintiffs' claims were prohibited by the
Act. The trial court's original dismissal order contained the
words "with prejudice," but these words were crossed out with a pen
or marker. Plaintiffs' counsel, apparently believing that the
amended complaint had been dismissed with prejudice, then filed a
notice of appeal on December 2, 1994, asking leave to amend their
pleadings. We issued a Supreme Court Rule 23 order (Official
Reports Advance Sheet No. 15 (July 20, 1994), R. 23, effective July
1, 1994) dismissing plaintiffs' appeal for want of jurisdiction on
the basis that the complaint had not been dismissed with prejudice,
and we remanded the case for further proceedings. Thomas v. Daubs,
No. 5-94-0817 (October 5, 1995). On November 29, 1995, plaintiffs
filed a motion for the entry of a trial court statement under
Supreme Court Rule 308 (134 Ill. 2d R. 308). After a hearing, the
trial court denied the motion. Following the denial of said
motion, plaintiffs requested leave to amend the complaint. The
trial court granted plaintiffs 28 days to file an amended
complaint.
Plaintiffs did not file any additional pleadings. On April
22, 1996, plaintiffs filed a motion for extension of time to
disclose opinion witnesses. Defendants objected, and ultimately,
the trial court denied plaintiffs' motion. On May 30, 1996,
plaintiffs moved for the reconsideration of the trial court's
November 30, 1994, decision to dismiss their amended complaint. On
July 10, 1996, the trial court denied plaintiffs' motion to
reconsider but granted plaintiffs' alternative request for the
entry of a final order of dismissal. Plaintiffs now appeal.
ANALYSIS
The issue we are asked to address is whether the Act bars a
cause of action to collect a finder's fee under an oral contract
for the sale of a landfill when the finder is unlicensed.
Plaintiffs contend that the Act does not apply to the facts alleged
in their amended complaint because the Act specifically enumerates
the activities that make one a broker, and all such activities are
directed toward real estate, not toward a business. Plaintiffs
insist that the sale of the landfill here in question was the sale
of a business, not the sale of real estate. Defendants respond
that the Act, which requires that a person be licensed in order to
claim a commission, applies to the facts herein because it cannot
be said that the land is merely incidental to the sale. We agree.
The trial court based its determination on the Act, which
requires, inter alia, the licensing of real estate brokers.
Section 3 of the Act specifically provides:
"3. It is unlawful for any person, corporation, limited
liability company, or partnership to act as a real estate
broker or real estate salesperson, or to advertise or assume
to act as such broker or salesperson, without a properly
issued sponsor card or a license issued by the Department of
Professional Regulation under this Act." 225 ILCS 455/3 (West
1994).
The overall purpose of the Act "is to evaluate the competency of
persons engaged in the real estate business and to regulate such
business for the protection of the public." 225 ILCS 455/1 (West
1994). Section 4(4) of the Act defines "broker" as follows:
"(4) `Broker' means an individual, partnership, limited
liability company, or corporation, other than a real estate
salesperson, who for another and for compensation:
(a) Sells, exchanges, purchases, rents or leases
real estate.
(b) Offers to sell, exchange, purchase, rent or
lease real estate.
(c) Negotiates, offers, attempts or agrees to
negotiate the sale, exchange, purchase, rental or leasing
of real estate.
(d) Lists, offers, attempts or agrees to list real
estate for sale, lease or exchange.
(e) Buys, sells, offers to buy or sell or otherwise
deals in options on real estate or improvements thereon.
(f) Collects, offers, attempts or agrees to collect
rent for the use of real estate.
(g) Advertises or represents himself as being
engaged in the business of buying, selling, exchanging,
renting or leasing real estate.
(h) Assists or directs in procuring of prospects,
intended to result in the sale, exchange, lease or rental
of real estate.
(i) Assists or directs in the negotiation of any
transaction intended to result in the sale, exchange,
leasing or rental of real estate." 225 ILCS 455/4(4)
(West 1994).
As set forth below, section 7 of the Act prohibits those who are
unlicensed from recovering compensation:
"7. No action or suit shall be instituted, nor recovery
therein be had, in any court of this State by any person,
partnership, limited liability company, or corporation for
compensation for any act done or service performed, the doing
or performing of which is prohibited by this Act to other than
licensed brokers or salespersons unless such person,
partnership, limited liability company, or corporation was
duly licensed hereunder as a broker or salesperson under
Article 1 of this Act at the time that any such act was done
or service performed which would give rise to a cause of
action for compensation." 225 ILCS 455/7 (West 1994).
Other jurisdictions with licensing statutes similar to
Illinois's have approached in three different ways the issue of
whether the Act requires persons engaged in selling business
entities to hold a real estate broker's license if real property is
included in the business's assets. First, numerous jurisdictions
with statutes similar to ours hold that if a sale of the ongoing
business involves any real estate component, no matter now de
minimis, the unlicensed broker is denied any commission. See,
e.g., Ford v. American Medical International, Inc., 228 Neb. 226,
422 N.W.2d 67 (1988); Thomas v. Jarvis, 213 Kan. 671, 518 P.2d 532
(1974); Knight v. Johnson, 741 S.W.2d 842 (Mo. Ct. App. 1987);
Lockridge v. Hale, 764 S.W.2d 84 (Ky. Ct. App. 1989); Bonasera v.
Roffe, 8 Ariz. App. 1, 442 P.2d 165 (1968). The rationale for such
a rule is that the transaction is viewed as a whole and could not
have gone through but for the real estate component. Business
Brokerage Centre v. Dixon, 874 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Tenn. 1994). Second,
a minority view, known as the New Jersey rule, or the "pure
severability" rule, holds that if the personalty is susceptible to
a reasonable valuation, then the broker is entitled to a commission
for that portion of the transaction which constitutes personalty.
Kazmer-Standish Consultants, Inc. v. Schoeffel Instruments Corp.,
89 N.J. 286, 445 A.2d 1149 (1982). The rationale for this approach
is that it is unfair to allow a buyer or seller to use the broker's
services and then refuse to pay the broker's rightfully earned
commission. Business Brokerage Centre, 874 S.W.2d at 4. Third,
other courts hold that a business broker is not precluded from
recovering a commission if the real estate component is "merely
incidental" to the sale of the entire business. See, e.g.,
Weingast v. Rialto Pastry Shop, 243 N.Y. 113, 152 N.E. 693 (1926);
Frier v. Terry, 230 Ark. 302, 323 S.W.2d 415 (1959); Cary v. Borden
Co., 153 Colo. 344, 386 P.2d 585 (1963); Quick Shops of
Mississippi, Inc. v. Bruce, 232 So. 2d 351 (Miss. 1970). Courts
applying this approach cite the legislative purpose that real
estate broker statutes are intended to protect unsophisticated home
buyers, not those who are knowledgeable and well versed in buying
and selling entire businesses. The "merely incidental" approach
focuses on the transaction as a whole but emphasizes the ultimate
purpose of the transaction, the sale of an entire business.
Business Brokerage Centre, 874 S.W.2d at 4.
While we have not addressed this particular issue, our
colleagues in other districts have addressed similar issues. The
parties agree that the Illinois case which is most closely on point
is People ex rel. Fahner v. Community Hospital of Evanston, 108
Ill. App. 3d 1051, 440 N.E.2d 200 (1982), but the parties do not
agree on an interpretation of Fahner. In Fahner, our colleagues on
the First District Appellate Court addressed, among other things,
the issue of whether a finder's fee of 5% was recoverable in
connection with the sale of Community Hospital. The hospital
contended that the finder's fee was barred by section 7 of the Real
Estate Brokers and Salesmen License Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch.
111, par. 5714), the predecessor to the Act here in question. The
finder in that case, an unlicensed broker, contended "that the
court could properly award the fee because licensure was
unnecessary as the transaction involved a `hospital' and only
incidentally included real estate." Fahner, 108 Ill. App. 3d at
1062, 440 N.E.2d at 208. The finder argued vigorously that the
sale was not a sale of real estate because the essence of the
transaction was the sale of the hospital, most particularly the
sale of the license to operate the hospital. The Fahner court,
however, rejected this argument, finding that the hospital's
license was not an asset available for sale and that there was no
condition precedent set forth in the contract that the buyer be
able to obtain a license in order for the deal to close. 108 Ill.
App. 3d at 1063, 440 N.E.2d at 209. The Fahner court found that
the sale of the hospital, which was no longer operating, was not
the sale of the hospital entity but was the sale of real and
personal property. 108 Ill. App. 3d at 1063-64, 440 N.E.2d at 209.
In Scott/Hubbard Co. v. Sika Chemical Corp., 708 F. Supp. 945
(N.D. Ill. 1989), a choice-of-law case, the United States District
Court for the Northern District of Illinois interpreted Fahner and
found that while Fahner was inconclusive as to which of the three
previously outlined rules would apply in Illinois, the indication
from Fahner was that its reasoning supports the view that recovery
will be allowed by an unlicensed finder when real estate is only
incidental to the entire transaction. Scott/Hubbard Co., 708 F.
Supp. at 947. While we are not obliged to follow either the United
States District Court or our colleagues in the First District, we
agree that the better approach is to allow an unlicensed broker to
collect his fee only when the real estate is incidental to the
transaction. Plaintiffs seem to concede this point but,
nevertheless, contend that the sale of the landfill was not a
transaction in which the real property was predominant, noting
specifically the environmental permits necessary to run a landfill
and the equipment and other personal property used at the landfill.
We are unconvinced.
The term "landfill" itself connotes acres of real estate
necessary for the disposal of waste. In this instance the sale
encompasses 180 acres. Under the facts presented here, we cannot
agree that the real estate was incidental to the transaction. To
the contrary, the 180 acres was of principal importance to the
transaction. Moreover, under the facts presented, we cannot agree
with plaintiffs that this was a factual question for a jury
determination, rendering inappropriate a dismissal pursuant to
section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code, as the Act itself describes "real
estate" as "land." Section 4(18) of the Act defines "real estate"
as follows:
"(18) `Real Estate' means and includes leaseholds, as
well as any other interest or estate in land, whether
corporeal, incorporeal, freehold or non-freehold, and whether
the real estate is situated in this State or elsewhere."
(Emphasis added.) 225 ILCS 455/4(18) (West 1994).
We agree with defendants that without land, there can be no
landfill.
As previously set forth, plaintiffs contend that they are
"business brokers" and claim that the sale here was the sale of an
ongoing business. However, our General Assembly, through the
Illinois Business Brokers Act of 1995 (Business Brokers Act), has
made it quite clear that calling oneself a "business broker" in no
way entitles one to circumvent licensing requirements. 815 ILCS
307/10-1 et seq. (West 1996). Section 10-5.15 of the Business
Brokers Act specifically provides:
"10-5.15. Business. `Business' means an existing
business, goodwill of an existing business, or any interest
therein, or any one or combination thereof, where the
transaction is not a securities transaction involving
securities subject to the Illinois Securities Law of 1953, and
wherein the sale or exchange of real estate is not the
dominant element of the transaction." 815 ILCS 307/10-5.15
(West 1996).
While the Business Brokers Act was not in effect at the time the
alleged oral contract was made in the instant case, it,
nevertheless, demonstrates legislative intent that the Real Estate
License Act of 1983 applies to the sale of the business, unless
real estate is merely incidental to the sale.
Furthermore, the Business Brokers Act requires a contract to
be in writing in order to be enforceable. 815 ILCS 307/10-35 (West
1996). We find it noteworthy that the contract here was oral.
Likewise, we find it noteworthy that the Business Brokers Act
requires business brokers to register with the Office of the
Secretary of State (815 ILCS 307/10-10 (West 1996)), but there were
no allegations that plaintiffs were so registered. Moreover, the
law is quite clear in Illinois that a finder involved in the sale
of real estate must satisfy the licensing requirements of the Act.
225 ILCS 455/1 et seq. (West 1994); see also Rabin v. Prenzler, 116
Ill. App. 3d 523, 530, 451 N.E.2d 1331, 1337 (1983); Kilbane v.
Collins, 56 Ill. App. 3d 707, 712, 372 N.E.2d 415, 419 (1978);
Kilbane v. Dyas, 33 Ill. App. 3d 439, 337 N.E.2d 217 (1975).
Therefore, it is clear from not only the Real Estate License Act of
1983 but also the Business Brokers Act that our General Assembly is
attempting to protect buyers, and, in our estimation, not just
unsophisticated home buyers. Consequently, we believe that the
trial court's determination on this issue was correct.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court
of Wayne County is affirmed.
Affirmed.
KUEHN, P.J., and WELCH, J. concur.
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