Acadia Ins. Co. v. Keiser Industries
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT					Reporter of Decisions
Decision:	2002 ME 57
Docket:	Cum-01-548
Argued:	March 7, 2002
Decided:	April 9, 2002

Panel:SAUFLEY, C.J., and CLIFFORD, RUDMAN, DANA, ALEXANDER, and CALKINS, JJ.



							

ACADIA INSURANCE COMPANY

v.	

KEISER INDUSTRIES, INC.

ALEXANDER, J.

	[¶1] Keiser Industries, Inc. (Keiser) appeals from a judgment of the
Superior Court (Cumberland County, Humphrey, J.), after a jury-waived trial,
finding that losses claimed by Keiser were not covered losses insured against by
an insurance policy issued by Acadia Insurance Company.  Keiser contends
that losses resulting from a corporate officer's misuse of the company credit
card, discovered in March 1998 and reported to Acadia fifteen months later,
should be covered losses sustained as a result of employee dishonesty. 
Because the record supports the trial court's findings,  and the trial court's
interpretation of the Acadia policy is not erroneous as a matter of law, we
affirm the judgment.

I.  CASE HISTORY

	[¶2] The factual history of this case is largely undisputed.  The issues
in dispute involve application of the facts to Acadia's insurance policy and
interpretation of that policy.
	[¶3]  Keiser is a corporation located in Oxford, Maine, that constructs
modular homes.  In 1996, Keiser hired Glenn Searl.  Searl was promoted to
chief operating officer in December 1996.  In 1997, he became both president of
Keiser and a director of the corporation.  
	[¶4]  After an independent audit in early March 1998, Bruce Saunders,
the chairman of the board at Keiser, testified that Keiser discovered that Searl
had been using the company credit card for personal purchases.  The auditor
informed Saunders and the board of directors that Searl had made
approximately $40,000 in personal charges.  According to Saunders, the
charges were unauthorized, because Searl's job description stated that the
corporate charge card was to be used only for "company- related expenses" and
Searl had no other authority to charge personal items to the corporation. 
	[¶5] Saunders informed Searl that his use of the company card was
improper.  In response, Searl promised that he would discontinue use of the
card for personal purchases and pay back the personal charges to Keiser within
two weeks.  Saunders did not take any further action against Searl, and
Saunders did not follow up to verify that Searl had paid the money back.  At
this point, no one at Keiser notified its insurer, Acadia, about Searl's actions. 
	[¶6]  Searl did not repay Keiser within the two­p;week period as
promised, and he continued to make personal charges to the company card. 
No further action regarding Searl was taken for approximately one year.  
	[¶7]  In the spring of 1999, Saunders learned from the independent
auditor that Searl had continued to make personal charges to the company
card, and that the total of Searl's first year purchases actually amounted to
$71,000, not $40,000.  According to the auditor, by March 1999, Searl's
personal charges totaled between $225,000 and $250,000.  Saunders again
approached Searl to discuss the charges.  He did not terminate Searl's
employment, but instead tried to get Searl to repay his debt to Keiser.  After
Saunders's efforts failed to recoup any of the money Searl owed, Searl's
employment was terminated on May 27, 1999. 
	[¶8]  A general commercial insurance policy issued to Keiser by Acadia
contained coverage provisions for losses sustained as a result of employee
dishonesty.{1}  On June 15, 1999, Keiser filed a proof of loss statement with
Acadia, claiming $287,569.90 in losses resulting from the unauthorized charges
made by Searl to the company credit card account.  Acadia denied coverage
under the dishonesty clause and filed this declaratory judgment action
pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 57.  In its complaint, Acadia alleged that Searl's
dishonest acts were discovered by Keiser no later than March 1998 and,
pursuant to the policy, coverage was unavailable because (1) coverage under
the policy terminated upon discovery of the dishonesty, and (2) no proof of loss
had been filed either as soon as possible or within 120 days of discovery of the
loss, as required by the policy.{2}
	[¶9]  Acadia filed a motion for summary judgment.  The Superior Court
denied Acadia's motion on the grounds that genuine issues of material fact
existed as to (1) when Searl's acts were discovered to be dishonest; and (2)
whether Keiser's chief financial officer and secretary after August 1997, was an
officer within the meaning of the policy. 
	[¶10] After a bench trial, the Superior Court found that Keiser's
determination, as of March 1998, that Searl's conduct was "an error in
judgment, not a dishonest act[,]" was "not objectively reasonable under the
circumstances."  The court concluded that the policy was canceled as to Searl
after March 1998, because the policy provided that coverage was canceled when
an act of dishonesty is discovered by a corporate officer.  The court also
concluded that the policy required Keiser to notify Acadia of the loss "as soon
as possible" and Keiser had failed to do so because they: (1) knew of the loss as
of March 1998; (2) should have considered Searl's conduct dishonest at that
time; and (3) did not notify Acadia until June 15, 1999.  Thus, the court
concluded that Keiser did not comply with the notice of loss requirements.  In
addition, the court found that Acadia was prejudiced by Keiser's late notice,
because Acadia could not recoup any of the loss in an action against Searl
since, by the time Acadia was notified, Searl's assets had been "dissipated." 
Accordingly, the court held that Acadia's policy did not cover the losses claimed
by Keiser.  This appeal followed.                         

II.  DISCUSSION

	[¶11]  Keiser argues that the trial court erred when it found that the
board's March 1998 determination that Searl's acts were not dishonest was not
objectively reasonable.  Keiser asserts that this finding was improper for two
reasons.  First, Keiser alleges that the facts and circumstances justified the
board's determination.  Second, Keiser argues that the court's finding was
improper, because the term "dishonest" is ambiguous and ambiguous terms in
an insurance contract should be construed in favor of coverage. 
	[¶12] Where Keiser had no written policy regarding personal charges to
company credit cards, except for the job description directive that the company
credit cards were to be used only for "company-related expenses," its actions
responding to a discovery of at least a $40,000 violation of its prohibition on
personal use of credit cards must be judged against ordinary standards of
reasonableness.  This standard leaves considerable discretion to the factfinder.
	[¶13]  The trial court found that Keiser's determination was not
objectively reasonable and, inferentially, that it should have recognized that
Searl's acts were dishonest in March 1998, because: (1) Keiser learned in March
1998 that Searl had made personal charges that, at a minimum, amounted to
$40,000; (2) Keiser was aware that Searl "did not have authority or permission
to use [the company credit card] in that fashion"; (3) Searl had admitted that
his actions were improper and promised Saunders that he would repay the
money within two weeks; and (4) most significantly, Keiser knew or reasonably
should have known two weeks after Saunders confronted Searl, that Searl had
not fulfilled his promise to repay the debt.
	[¶14] We review findings of fact in the light most favorable to the trial
court's judgment to determine if the findings are supported by competent
evidence.  See Jenkins, Inc. v. Walsh Bros., Inc., 2001 ME 98, ¶ 13, 776 A.2d
1229, 1234-35; see also State v. Turner, 2001 ME 44, ¶ 6, 766 A.2d 1025, 1027. 
There is competent evidence in the record to support the trial court's finding
that Keiser's response to discovery of Searl's misuse of his credit card was not
objectively reasonable.
	[¶15]  Whether the terms in an insurance contract are ambiguous is a
question of law.  Geyerhahn v. U.S. Fidelity & Guar. Co., 1999 ME 40, ¶ 12, 724
A.2d 1258, 1261.  Terms are considered ambiguous if they are "'reasonably
susceptible [to] different interpretations.'"  Id. (quoting Cambridge Mut. Fire
Ins. Co. v. Vallee, 687 A.2d 956, 957 (Me. 1996)).  If the terms in a policy are
ambiguous, the ambiguity is construed in favor of coverage.  Id. 	
	[¶16]  Keiser asserts that the term "dishonest" is ambiguous and is
subject to a reasonable interpretation, that an essential element of dishonesty
is "the intent to deceive" and that dishonesty involves "secrecy and
concealment."  Keiser argues that because Searl's spending was "open and fully
disclosed," his acts could reasonably be construed as not being dishonest.{3} 
	[¶17]  Even if Keiser's argument was sound, it logically breaks down at
the point that Searl failed to repay two weeks after Saunders contacted Searl
about his unauthorized spending as he had promised.  At the very latest, it is
at this point that Searl's acts became dishonest and reasonably should have
been discovered and addressed.
	[¶18]  Because Keiser's policy provided that coverage was canceled as to
the dishonest individual's acts upon discovery of the dishonesty, coverage as to
Searl's acts was terminated, at the latest, two weeks after Saunders confronted
Searl about repayment.  Further, Acadia is relieved of any duty to pay the
$40,000 or $71,000 loss, because Keiser's proof of loss was filed well outside
the time specified in the policy, and the trial court's finding of prejudice to
Acadia is supported by the evidence.  See Ouellette v. Maine Bonding & Cas. Co.,
495 A.2d 1232, 1235 (Me. 1985).
	The entry is:
			Judgment affirmed.
Attorney for plaintiff:

Thomas S. Marjerison, Esq. (orally)
Norman, Hanson & DeTroy, LLC
P O Box 4600
Portland, ME 04112-4600

Attorneys for defendant:

Eric F. Saunders, Esq. (orally)
Jennifer D. Sawyer, Esq.
Bernstein, Shur, Sawyer & Nelson, P.A.
P O Box 9729
Portland, ME 04104-5029

FOOTNOTES******************************** {1}1. The portion of the Acadia policy concerning employee dishonesty provided as follows: 2. Additional Condition Cancellation As To Any Employee: This insurance is canceled as to any "employee": a. Immediately upon discovery by: (1) You; or (2) Any of your partners, officers or directors not in collusion with the "employee"; of any dishonest act committed by that "employee" whether before or after becoming employed by you. . . . . 3. Additional Definitions a. "Employee Dishonesty" in paragraph A.2. means only dishonest acts committed by an "employee", whether identified or not, acting along or in collusion with other persons, except you or a partner, with the manifest intent to: (1) Cause you to sustain loss; and also (2) Obtain financial benefit (other than employee benefits earned in the normal course of employment, including: salaries, commissions, fees, bonuses, promotions, awards, profit sharing or pensions) for: (a) The "employee"; or (b) Any person or organization intended by the "employee" to receive that benefit. {2} . Section B.5. of the crime rider in the Acadia policy states: 5.Duties in the Event of Loss: After you discover a loss or a situation that may result in loss of, or loss from damage to, Covered Property you must: a. Notify us as soon as possible. b.Submit to examination under oath at our request and give us a signed statement of your answers. c. Give us a detailed, sworn proof of loss within 120 days. d. Cooperate with us in the investigation and settlement of any claim. {3} . Keiser's argument on this point seems to be that it need not have viewed Searl's acts as dishonest, but Acadia must pay Keiser's loss under the dishonest employee clause.