Bernier v. Data General Corp.
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT					Reporter of Decisions
Decision:	2002 ME 2
Docket:	WCB-00-511
Argued:	November 6, 2001
Decided:	January 4, 2002

Panel:SAUFLEY, C.J., and CLIFFORD, RUDMAN, DANA, ALEXANDER, and CALKINS, JJ.

DOLORES BERNIER

v.

DATA GENERAL CORPORATION

CALKINS, J.

	[¶1]  Data General Corporation appeals from a decision of a hearing
officer of the Workers' Compensation Board granting Delores Bernier's
petition for restoration of workers' compensation benefits related to a 1978
injury.  Data General raises three issues.  First, it contends that the hearing
officer erred in finding that Bernier's circumstances had changed
sufficiently since a previous decision in 1992 to warrant a different result. 
Second, Data General claims that the hearing officer erred in failing to
reduce its liability for the contribution of Bernier's subsequent nonwork
injury pursuant to 39-A M.R.S.A. § 201(5) (2001).  Finally, Data General
argues that the adjustment of Bernier's average weekly wage for inflation was
error pursuant to our recent decision in Bernard v. Mead Publishing Paper
Division, 2001 ME 15, ¶ 17, 765 A.2d 576, 581.  We affirm the hearing
officer's decision of changed circumstances, but we vacate and remand for
the hearing officer to determine the relative contributions of Bernier's work
and nonwork injuries.  We further hold that the inflation adjustment of
Bernier's wage should be made pursuant to the newly enacted P.L. 2001, ch.
390 (codified at 39-A M.R.S.A. § 224 (Supp. 2001) (effective Sept. 21,
2001)).  

I.  BACKGROUND

	[¶2]  Bernier suffered a work-related injury on December 28, 1978. 
She fractured her left wrist in a machine while employed by Data General. 
She reinjured her left wrist in a nonwork accident in 1980.  Her petition for
benefits was denied in a 1992 decree by the former Workers' Compensation
Commission because she failed to show that her reduction in earnings was
related to her work injury. 
	[¶3]  Data General terminated Bernier's employment in 1984, and she
subsequently worked for other employers.  Eventually, Bernier went to work
for Aramark Food Services, a food service provider for the University of
Southern Maine's Gorham campus.  Her job required her to lift and carry
trays of dishes.  Her left wrist continued to worsen, ultimately leading to
surgery in December 1999.  She returned to her employment in a modified
capacity after the surgery.  
	[¶4]  Bernier filed a petition for restoration of benefits in September
1999.  An independent medical examiner (IME) was appointed pursuant to
39-A M.R.S.A. § 312 (2001).{1}  Based on the IME's report, the hearing officer
found that Bernier's 1999 surgery was related solely to her nonwork injury. 
Although Bernier was totally incapacitated for three months following her
surgery, the hearing officer found no entitlement to benefits for that period
because of the intervening nonwork injury.  See Mathieu v. Bath Iron Works,
667 A.2d 862, 864 (Me. 1995) (employee not entitled to benefits during
period of surgery related solely to intervening nonwork injury).  
	[¶5]  The hearing officer found that Bernier's circumstances had
changed since the 1992 decree because her wrist-related symptoms had
worsened and because of the 1999 wrist surgery.  The hearing officer
further found that Bernier continued to suffer the effects of the 1978 work
injury.  At the time of the hearing she was restricted from doing repetitive
or heavy work with her left hand.  The hearing officer found that the
combined effects of the work and nonwork injuries entitled Bernier to
benefits because the work injury was a substantial factor in her incapacity. 
The hearing officer relied on the IME's finding that "the work injury is a
more serious functional issue than the non-work-related injury."   
	[¶6]  In determining the amount of benefits, the hearing officer found
that Bernier could earn $205 weekly.  The hearing officer further found that
her adjusted average weekly wage was $413.31, and that she suffered a fifty
percent earning incapacity since March 15, 2000. 

II.  DISCUSSION

A.	Change of Circumstances

	[¶7]  In order to overcome the application of res judicata, Bernier bore
the burden to show changed circumstances since the 1992 decree.  See
McIntyre v. Great N. Paper, Inc., 2000 ME 6, ¶ 5, 743 A.2d 744, 746.  Data
General contends that Bernier failed to show "comparative medical
evidence" comparing her condition at the time of the 1992 decree with her
current condition, or showing that her condition deteriorated as a result of
her work injury.  As we have stated, "[w]e give deference to factual findings
of [hearing officers], particularly when those findings require an evaluation of
medical evidence."  Mathieu, 667 A.2d at 864.  Based on the medical
opinion of the IME, the hearing officer found that Bernier "carried her
burden of demonstrating a change in circumstance by virtue of the fact that
she has had surgery on the body part at issue and has experienced a
worsening of her wrist related symptoms, since the date of the last decision
in this matter." (emphasis added).  The hearing officer's findings are
supported by competent medical evidence, and we affirm the finding of
changed circumstances.

B.	Applicability of Section 201(5)

	[¶8]  The hearing officer awarded benefits to Bernier based upon the
finding that her work injury was a substantial factor in her incapacity, but
failed to determine what portion of her incapacity was attributable to the
work injury and failed to reduce the amount of benefits to account for the
contribution of the nonwork injury.  The hearing officer cited Brackett v.
A.C. Lawrence Leather Co., 559 A.2d 776, 778 (Me. 1989), which held that
as long as the work injury is a cause of the incapacity, the employer was
liable for the full extent of the incapacity.  Data General contends that the
hearing officer should have applied 39-A M.R.S.A. § 201(5) (2001) instead of
the holding in Brackett.  Section 201(5) reads:

5. Subsequent nonwork injuries.  If an employee suffers a
nonwork-related injury or disease that is not causally connected
to a previous compensable injury, the subsequent nonwork-
related injury or disease is not compensable under this Act.

Bernier, however, argues that section 201(5) is only applicable to employees
who were injured after the effective date of the statute, which was
January 1, 1993.  
	[¶9]  The enacting statute for title 39-A provides that it applies to all
injuries occurring on or after January 1, 1993.  For matters in which the
injury occurred before that date, title 39-A applies except for enumerated
sections.  P.L. 1991, ch. 885, § A-10.  Section 201 is not one of the
enumerated sections in the enacting statute, section A-10.
	[¶10]  We have consistently held that sections of title 39-A that are not
enumerated in section A-10 are applicable to pre-1993 injuries.  Cust v.
Univ. of Maine, 2001 ME 29, ¶ 11, 766 A.2d 566, 569.  The only exception
to our line of decisions listed in Cust requiring retroactive application of all
title 39-A provisions not listed in section A-10 is Gifford v. Nelson
Freightways, 645 A.2d 11, 12-13 (Me. 1994).  There we addressed 39-A
M.R.S.A. § 203 (2001), a statute not listed section A-10, which provides that
"[c]ompensation for incapacity under section 212 or 213" cannot be paid to
prisoners.  Sections 212 and 213 are enumerated in section A-10, meaning
that they are not applicable to pre-1993 injuries.  Because section 203 only
applies to persons receiving benefits pursuant to sections 212 or 213, we
held that it did not apply to the case of an employee receiving benefits
pursuant to former 39 M.R.S.A. §§ 54-B, 55-B (1989).  Id. 
	[¶11]  Bernier contends that we should apply the reasoning of Gifford
to her case because the last clause of subsection 201(5) states, "the
subsequent nonwork-related injury or disease is not compensable under this
Act."  39-A M.R.S.A. § 201(5).  She argues that the phrase "under this Act,"
limits the applicability of subsection 201(5) to situations where at least one
of the injuries occurs after January 1, 1993.  We disagree.  Section 201(5) is
based on a predecessor statute, former 39 M.R.S.A. § 51(4) (Supp. 1992),
which contained identical language and included the phrase "under this
Act."  See Pratt v. Fraser Paper, Ltd., 2001 ME 102, ¶ 8 n.3, 774 A.2d 351,
354 n.3.  The phrase "under this Act" in section 201(5) is generic,
referring generally to workers' compensation benefits pursuant to either
former title 39 or current title 39-A.  Section 201(5) applies to Bernier's
injury.{2}
    
C.	Effects of the Subsequent Nonwork Injury

	[¶12]  Because the hearing officer did not apply section 201(5), she
did not separate out the effects of Bernier's 1980 nonwork injury from her
1978 work injury in calculating the amount of benefits.  Data General
contends that Bernier failed to prove the relative contribution of each injury
to her ongoing condition, and, therefore, because she bore the burden of
proof, she is not entitled to any benefits for the work-related portion of her
incapacity.  We agree that the hearing officer erred in failing to apply section
201(5), but we do not agree that the lack of an exact mathematical
apportionment forecloses Bernier from receiving benefits.  We have held
that when it is impossible to fix an exact percentage to determine the
relative responsibility of different injuries in a multiple injury case, it is
permissible to divide responsibility evenly between the multiple injuries. 
See Phelan v. St. Johnsbury Trucking, 526 A.2d 584, 587 (Me. 1987).  If the
hearing officer had found it impossible to decide the contribution of the
nonwork injury, she could have split evenly the relative contributions. 
	[¶13]  There was evidence from the IME, however, that two-thirds of
Bernier's incapacity was due to the work injury and the nonwork injury was
responsible for one-third of her incapacity.  In arriving at this
apportionment the IME used a permanent impairment analogy.  The IME
assigned a ten percent whole person impairment for Bernier's work injury
and a five percent whole person impairment for the nonwork injury.{3}  Data
General argues that the permanent impairment analogy is flawed.  We
recognize, however, that even though permanent impairment benefits no
longer exist under the current Worker's Compensation Act, the concept still
provides "a rough measure of an employee's overall level of work-
incapacity."  Churchill v. Cent. Aroostook Ass'n for Retarded Citizens, Inc.,
1999 ME 192, ¶ 11, 742 A.2d 475, 478.  We conclude that it is permissible
for a hearing officer to determine the relative contributions of two injuries
to the employee's work incapacity by utilizing whole body impairment
guides in a case when it is otherwise impossible to determine the relative
contributions.  In this case the hearing officer might have divided liability
evenly between the two injuries if she determined it was impossible to
resolve the contribution of each, or she might have adopted the two-
thirds/one-third split indicated by the IME.  Because the hearing officer did
neither, we remand for a determination pursuant to section 201(5).

D.	The Inflation Adjustment

	[¶14]  The hearing officer's decision was rendered prior to our
decision in Bernard, 2001 ME 15, ¶ 17, 765 A.2d at 581.  In Bernard, we
vacated a decision of a hearing officer who had made an inflation adjustment
to an employee's pre-injury wage.  We held that, in cases in which a partially
incapacitated employee is entitled to an inflation adjustment, the hearing
officer must first compare unadjusted wages and apply the inflation factor to
that result.{4}  Id.  Because Bernier's unadjusted pre-injury wage is lower than
her post-injury work capacity, Bernier would receive no benefits after a
comparison of pre- and post-injury wages if she is not entitled to an
adjustment of her 1978 wage.  
	[¶15]  Subsequent to the Bernard decision, and while this case was
pending, the Legislature enacted a new statute that alters the rule
established in Bernard.  The new statute provides:

The annual adjustment made pursuant to former Title 39,
sections 55 and 55-A must be made as follows.  The preinjury
average weekly wage must first be adjusted to reflect the annual
inflation or deflation factors as computed by the Maine
Unemployment Insurance Commission for each year from the
date of injury to the date of calculation.  Once this weekly benefit
amount is calculated, the amount must continue to be adjusted
annually so that it continues to bear the same percentage
relationship to the average weekly wage in the State as
computed by the Maine Unemployment Insurance Commission
as it did at the time of the injury.  This section clarifies the
method of calculating the annual adjustment to benefits under
former Title 39, sections 55 and 55-A and applies to all benefit
calculations pursuant to those sections.

P.L. 2001, ch. 390, § 1 (codified at 39-A M.R.S.A. § 224 (effective Sept. 21,
2001)).  The enacting provision to section 224 states: "This Act applies
retroactively to benefit calculations made under the Maine Revised Statutes,
former title 39, sections 55 and 55-A at any time after January 1, 1972, and
applies notwithstanding any adverse order or decree."  P.L. 2001, ch. 390,
§ 2. 
	[¶16] Data General contends that section 224 cannot be applied to
Bernier's case because her case was pending at the time section 224
became effective.  Data General further argues that the enacting statute lacks
the requisite clear and explicit language to suggest a legislative intent to
apply section 224 to pending proceedings.  We have held that "[i]n
determining whether a statute or ordinance affects proceedings pending on
the date of enactment, we apply 1 M.R.S.A. § 302 (1989), and require a
clear statement or implication of retroactive intent."{5}  Weeks v. Allen &
Coles Moving Sys., 1997 ME 205,