Brent Leasing Co. v. Tax Assessor
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT					Reporter of Decisions
Decision:	2001 ME 90
Docket: 	Ken-00-324
Argued:  	February 13, 2001
Decided:	June 15, 2001

Panel: 	WATHEN, C.J., and CLIFFORD, RUDMAN, DANA, SAUFLEY, ALEXANDER, and
CALKINS, JJ.
Majority:	WATHEN, C.J., and  RUDMAN, SAUFLEY, ALEXANDER, and CALKINS, JJ.
Dissenting:CLIFFORD, and DANA, JJ.

BRENT LEASING CO., INC.

v.

STATE TAX ASSESSOR

CALKINS, J.

	[¶1]  Brent Leasing Co., Inc. appeals the judgment of the Superior
Court (Kennebec County, Marden, J.) affirming a decision of the State Tax
Assessor which denied it an exemption from the Maine Sales and Use Tax
Law, 36 M.R.S.A. §§ 1751-2113 (1990 & Supp. 2000).  Brent Leasing argues
that its vessel, the Friendship IV, is an instrumentality of foreign commerce
and exempt from the use tax pursuant to 36 M.R.S.A. § 1760(41) (Supp.
2000).  We agree that Brent Leasing is not entitled to an exemption, and we
affirm that portion of  the judgment.{1}

I.  FACTS AND PROCEDURE

	[¶2]  The parties stipulated to the facts.  In May 1994, Brent Leasing
purchased a vessel called the Friendship IV in Massachusetts.  It paid no
sales or use tax to any state.  Within thirty days of the purchase, the
Friendship IV sailed to Bar Harbor.  Brent Leasing used the Friendship IV to
carry passengers on whale watching and other nature cruises departing from
and returning to Bar Harbor, without any intermediate stops.  On the
majority, if not all, of the cruises, the Friendship IV crossed into
international waters.  
	[¶3]  The Assessor issued an assessment against Brent Leasing for use
taxes, interest, and penalties.  Brent Leasing filed a timely petition for
reconsideration pursuant to 36 M.R.S.A. § 151 (Supp. 2000).  The Assessor
upheld the assessment and added additional interest.  Brent Leasing sought
review by the Superior Court pursuant to 36 M.R.S.A. § 151 and 5 M.R.S.A.
§ 11002 (1989).  The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment on
the stipulated facts.  The Superior Court, in a thorough and well-reasoned
decision, granted the Assessor's motion, affirming the decision of the
Assessor.  

II.  INSTRUMENTALITY OF INTERSTATE OR FOREIGN COMMERCE

	[¶4]  Submission of this matter on summary judgment was appropriate
because there are no disputes of material fact.  Estate of DiMillo v. State Tax
Assessor, 1999 ME 154, ¶ 2, 739 A.2d 385, 386.  We review de novo the
Superior Court's determinations of law.  Fairchild Semiconductor Corp. v.
State Tax Assessor, 1999 ME 170, ¶ 7, 740 A.2d 584, 586.
	[¶5]  Brent Leasing's entitlement to a tax exemption for the
Friendship IV depends upon whether the vessel is a "watercraft that is
placed in use by the purchaser as an instrumentality of interstate or foreign
commerce."  36 M.R.S.A. § 1760(41).{2}  Our task is to determine the
meaning that the Maine Legislature intended when it chose these words.  	
	[¶6]  When we construe a statute, we first look to the plain meaning of
the language to determine legislative intent.  Fairchild Semiconductor Corp.,
1999 ME 170, ¶ 7, 740 A.2d at 587.  Only if the language is ambiguous do
we resort to extrinsic aids to glean the statutory intent.  Lewiston Raceway,
Inc. v. Maine State Harness Racing Comm'n, 593 A.2d 663, 665 (Me. 1991). 
"In the absence of a legislative definition, the term must be given a meaning
consistent with the overall statutory context and must be construed in the
light of the subject matter, the purpose of the statute and the consequences
of particular interpretation."  Reagan v. Racal Mortgage, Inc., 1998 ME 188,
¶ 8, 715 A.2d 925, 928 (citation and quotation omitted).  "'[W]e avoid
statutory constructions that create absurd, illogical, or inconsistent results.'" 
Fairchild Semiconductor Corp., 1999 ME 170, ¶ 7, 740 A.2d at 587
(quoting Darling's v. Ford Motor Co., 1998 ME 232, ¶ 5, 719 A.2d 111,
114).
	[¶7]  Brent Leasing contends that the entry of the Friendship IV into
international waters on the whale watching cruises qualifies it as an
instrumentality of foreign commerce.  Brent Leasing argues that the phrase
"foreign commerce" is a term of art with extensive precedent defining the
phrase in the context of the Commerce Clause of the United States
Constitution.{3}   It contends that because the phrase is a term of art, the
Legislature intended "foreign commerce" to carry the same meaning given
to it by decisions interpreting the phrase in the Commerce Clause.  The
Assessor, on the other hand, argues that the Legislature did not intend the
phrase to be coextensive with the Commerce Clause.
	[¶8]  Thus, the issue comes down to whether the Legislature intended
the Commerce Clause definition of "foreign commerce" to be applicable to
section 1760(41) or whether it intended a narrower meaning.  If the Maine
Legislature intended the phrase to have the same meaning and to be
coextensive with the Commerce Clause, then we would likely have to
interpret section 1760(41) as granting an exemption to a watercraft
carrying passengers onto international waters during its cruises.  Precedent
from the United States Supreme Court and other courts would dictate this
result.  When interpreting "foreign commerce" as it is used in the
Commerce Clause, the Supreme Court has included within the meaning of
that phrase a ship that carries passengers between ports in the same state
but enters into international waters on its route.  See Lord v. S.S. Co., 102
U.S. 541, 544 (1880) (declaring that ships sailing from San Francisco to San
Diego without making any stops are engaged in foreign commerce while in
international waters within the meaning of the Commerce Clause).{4}  Because
the Maine Legislature is obviously aware of Supreme Court precedent, if it
intended "foreign commerce" to carry the same meaning that it has in the
Commerce Clause, that meaning would include vessels carrying passengers
from Bar Harbor, crossing into international waters and returning to Bar
Harbor.  However, if the Legislature intended that the phrase "foreign
commerce" not be read as broadly as it is read when used in the Commerce
Clause, Brent Leasing may not be entitled to the tax exemption.   
	[¶9]  The Supreme Court has recently reminded us that when
Congress uses the phrase "interstate or foreign commerce" in a statute, it
does not necessarily carry the same meaning as in the Commerce Clause.  In
Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams, --- U.S.---, 121 S. Ct. 1302, 1309 (2001),
the Court held that the phrase "workers engaged in foreign or interstate
commerce," as used in the Federal Arbitration Act, was not intended by
Congress to be coextensive with the Commerce Clause.{5}
	[¶10]  Just as the Supreme Court does not assume that Congress
always uses the phrase "interstate or foreign commerce" to be coextensive
with the Commerce Clause, we should not assume that the Maine Legislature
uses the phrase coextensively with the Commerce Clause.  Indeed, an
examination of the purpose of the use tax causes us to conclude that the
Legislature intended "foreign commerce" in section 1760(41) to carry a
narrower meaning than the meaning in the Commerce Clause.  
	[¶11]  "The purpose of the use tax is to minimize unfair competition
between intrastate and interstate sales of tangible personal property." 
Harold MacQuinn, Inc. v. Halperin, 415 A.2d 818, 821 (Me. 1980). 

The necessity of a use tax is obvious.  It is well known that much
personal property is purchased outside the borders of the state
and brought into the state for use here.  This State is without
authority to tax sales beyond its territorial limits.  Without some
tax to complement and supplement the sales tax, not only would
a tax advantage be enjoyed by the buyer who purchases outside of
the state and uses that property here, but also local merchants
would be at a disadvantage against competition by out of state
merchants who may be able to offer lower prices by reason of
lower tax burdens.  A typical illustration is the purchase of an
automobile in a non-taxable state by a citizen of this state for use
here.  A Maine dealer is obliged to collect a sizeable tax on such
a transaction when made in this state.  Without a use tax the
aggregate purchases of this character would result in a severe
tax loss to the State, and present a serious handicap to Maine
dealers.

Hanbro, Inc. v. Johnson, 158 Me. 180, 184, 181 A.2d 249, 251 (1962).
	[¶12]  Because of the purpose of the use tax, it is apparent that the
Legislature intended that any exemptions from the tax be limited to those
otherwise required by the federal constitution or other laws or those
demanded by public policy concerns.  Extending the exemption beyond that
required by public policy, other statutes, or the federal constitution does not
advance the purpose of the use tax.  
	[¶13]  The Legislature is aware that the Commerce Clause restricts a
state's ability to tax instrumentalities of interstate and foreign commerce,
but it is also aware that states are not prohibited from taxing
instrumentalities of interstate and foreign commerce so long as the tax
meets the requirements established by the Supreme Court.{6}   Brent Leasing
has not challenged the imposition of the use tax on constitutional grounds,
and it concedes that taxing the Friendship IV does not violate the
Commerce Clause.      
	[¶14]  Because the Legislature was aware of the constitutional
limitation, it enacted the section 1760(41) exemption to meet that
limitation.  It is highly doubtful, given the purpose of the use tax, that the
Maine Legislature intended to exempt more instrumentalities placed in
foreign commerce than the federal constitution requires.  It has not been
suggested to us that the Legislature had any other public policy or rationale
in mind for which it intended to expand the foreign commerce exemption
beyond the confines of the constitutional restraint.  There is no legislative
history indicating such public policy or rationale for which the Legislature
may have intended an expansive reading of the phrase "foreign commerce."
Thus, we construe the section 1760(41) exemption to apply to vessels only
when the Commerce Clause requires an exemption from the use tax. 
Because the Commerce Clause does not mandate an exemption to the
Friendship IV, as Brent Leasing concedes, we conclude that section
1760(41) does not grant an exemption to it. 
	[¶15]  Furthermore, we have said on several occasions that tax
exemptions are construed narrowly.  Silverman v. Town of Alton, 451 A.2d
103, 105 (Me. 1982) (stating that uncertainty as to the meaning of the
exemption requires resolving the uncertainty against the exemption);
Harold MacQuinn, 415 A.2d at 820 (stating that exemptions are entitled to
reasonable interpretation but not extended to situations not clearly coming
within their purposes); SST & S, Inc. v. State Tax Assessor, 675 A.2d 518,
521 (Me. 1996) (stating that taxation is the rule and exemption is the
exception).  Because it is not apparent that the Legislature intended to
broaden the scope of the exemption beyond what it was constitutionally
required to exempt, we conclude that it intended the narrower reading.
	[¶16]  Finally, our construction of section 1760(41) is buttressed by a
construction of the statute made contemporaneously with its enactment in
an interpretive rule promulgated by the Maine Revenue Service.  Rule
318.02 states:  "Personal property is not 'used as an instrumentality of
interstate or foreign commerce' when carrying only cargo which both
originates and terminates within the State of Maine."{7}
	[¶17]  Because we conclude that the Legislature intended only to
exempt instrumentalities utilized in foreign commerce when the Commerce
Clause would require exemption from taxation and because Brent Leasing
has conceded that the Commerce Clause does not require its exemption
from taxation, we hold that Brent Leasing is responsible for payment of the
use tax on the Friendship IV.
	The entry is:

Judgment vacated as to interest and penalties. 
Remanded to Superior Court for recalculation of
interest.  Judgment affirmed in all other respects.

DANA, J., with whom CLIFFORD, J., joins, dissenting.

	[¶18]  I respectfully dissent.
	[¶19]  I agree that we should give the words "instrumentality of
interstate or foreign commerce" the meaning that the Legislature intended. 
Because a ship taking passengers from Maine waters into international
waters and back is engaged in "foreign commerce"; see Lord v. S.S. Co., 102
U.S. 541, 544 (1880); Bob-Lo Excursion Co. v. Michigan, 333 U.S. 28, 34-35
(1948); the vessel is unquestionably an "instrumentality of . . . foreign
commerce."  The Court reasons that because the Legislature may
constitutionally impose a use tax on such a vessel, 36 M.R.S.A. § 1760 does
not exempt the Friendship IV from taxation.  This is a non sequitur.  That a
use tax would be permitted by the United States Constitution does not mean
that the Legislature imposed such a tax.  It is evident from the plain
language used that the Legislature wanted to stay well clear of the taxation of
the "instrumentalit[ies] of interstate and foreign commerce."
	[¶20]  The Maine Revenue Service's effort to limit the exemption is
understandable.  The Legislature, however, did not qualify the exemption
articulated in section 1760, and it is neither the Service's function nor our
function to craft such a qualification.
                                                       
Attorneys for plaintiff:

Roy T. Pierce, Esq., (orally)
Michael L. Sheehan, Esq.
Preti, Flaherty, Beliveau, Pachios & Haley, LLC
P O Box 9546
Portland, ME 04104-9546 

Attorneys for defendant:

G. Steven Rowe, Attorney General
Crombie J.D. Garrett, Asst. Attorney General, (orally)
Clifford B. Olson, Asst. Attorney General
6 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333-0006

FOOTNOTES******************************** {1} . Brent Leasing also claims that the Superior Court erred in affirming the Assessor's decision to assess penalties and in affirming the Assessor's calculation of interest. The Assessor has no objection to the waiver of the penalty assessed against Brent Leasing and agrees that interest accrues from July 15, 1994, instead of the date utilized by the Assessor. Because the Assessor agrees with Brent Leasing's position on penalties and interest, the portions of the judgment concerning the penalties and interest will be vacated and remanded for calculation of the correct amount of interest. {2} . 36 M.R.S.A. § 1760 (Supp. 2000) provides in relevant part: Subject to the provisions of section 1760-D, no tax on sales, storage or use may be collected upon or in connection with: . . . . 41. Certain instrumentalities of interstate or foreign commerce. The sale of a . . . watercraft that is placed in use by the purchaser as an instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce within 30 days after that sale and that is used by the purchaser not less than 80% of the time for the next 2 years as an instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce. . . . For purposes of this subsection, property is "placed in use as an instrumentality of interstate or foreign commerce" by its carrying of, or providing the motive power for the carrying of, a bona fide payload in interstate or foreign commerce . . . . For purposes of this subsection, "bona fide payload" means a cargo of persons or property transported by a contract or common carrier for compensation that exceeds the direct cost of carrying that cargo . . . . {3} . The Commerce Clause gives Congress the power: "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." U.S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 3. {4} . See also Cent. Greyhound Lines, Inc. v. Mealey, 334 U.S. 653, 655-56 (1948) (holding that a bus going to and from points in the same state but crossing into another state during the journey is engaged in interstate commerce within the meaning of the Commerce Clause). The Missouri Supreme Court has likewise held that the transportation of passengers by boat on a boundary river in a continuous nonstop journey from and to the same point in Missouri during which the boat crosses into the waters of Illinois is interstate commerce. City of St. Louis v. Streckfus, 505 S.W.2d 70, 73-74 (Mo. 1974). {5} . The Court stated that Congress' use of the phrases "affecting commerce" or "involving commerce" evidences its intent "to regulate to the outer limits of its authority under the Commerce Clause," but the phrases, "engaged in commerce" or "used in commerce," have a more limited meaning. Circuit City, --- U.S. ---, 121 S. Ct. at 1309. {6} . A tax on instrumentalities of interstate commerce must meet four requirements: (1) it can only be applied to an activity with a substantial nexus with the taxing state; (2) it must be fairly apportioned; (3) it cannot discriminate against interstate commerce; and (4) it must be fairly related to the services provided by the state. Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady, 430 U.S. 274, 279 (1977). A tax on foreign commerce must meet the requirements of taxation on interstate commerce, plus two additional requirements: (1) it cannot create a risk of multiple taxation, or (2) impair federal uniformity. Japan Line Ltd. v. County of Los Angeles, 441 U.S. 434, 451 (1979). {7} . The Attorney General's office represents that this rule was promulgated eight days after the 1980 effective date of section 1760(41).