Chrysler Credit v. Bert Cote's
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT				Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 	1998 ME 53
Docket:	And-97-139
Argued:	December 3, 1997
Decided:	March 11, 1998

Panel:   	ROBERTS, CLIFFORD, RUDMAN, DANA, LIPEZ, and SAUFLEY, JJ.  

CHRYSLER CREDIT CORPORATION

v.

BERT COTE'S L/A AUTO SALES, INC. and AUTO PARK ASSOCIATES, et al.

RUDMAN, J.  

	[¶1]  Chrysler Credit Corporation (CCC) appeals from the judgments
entered in the Superior Court (Androscoggin County, Cole, C.J.) finding that
CCC had breached its commitment to provide financing to Bert Cote's
L/A Auto Sales ("L/A Auto Sales") and to Bert's Subaru, Inc. ("Bert's
Subaru"); that CCC's failure to provide financing to L/A Auto Sales was in
violation of the Maine Dealers Act, 10 M.R.S.A. §§ 1171-1186 (1997 & Supp.
1997); that CCC had intentionally interfered with L/A Auto Sales' and Bert's
Subaru's contractual relations; and that L/A Auto Sales' guarantors were
liable in the amount of $189,000 for L/A Auto Sales' breach of its loan
agreements with CCC.{1} CCC makes numerous arguments on appeal,
including, inter alia, that the court exceeded the bounds of its discretion by
granting L/A Auto Sales' motion to amend its complaint to add Bert's Subaru
as a plaintiff after L/A Auto Sales had rested its case; that the court exceeded
the bounds of its discretion by allowing a witness who had not been
designated as an expert to testify regarding Bert's Subaru's estimated lost
profits; and that the court erred by instructing the jury that CCC could be
equitably estopped from enforcing its loan agreements.  We agree with CCC's
contentions and vacate the judgments in favor of L/A Auto Sales and Bert's
Subaru and the judgment in favor of CCC against L/A Auto Sales' guarantors.{2}

I.

	[¶2] L/A Auto Sales,{3} a Lewiston automobile dealership selling mainly
Jeep/Eagle vehicles, was established in 1987 by Bertrand Cote and five
minority stockholders.{4}  It leased its place of business on Lisbon Street from
Auto Park Associates, a real estate partnership whose partners were L/A
Auto Sales' six stockholders and a seventh individual.
	[¶3]  In order to finance its inventory of vehicles, L/A Auto Sales
entered into a floorplan credit agreement with CCC in 1987.  Pursuant to
the floorplan credit agreement, CCC agreed to advance funds to L/A Auto
Sales to finance the acquisition of vehicles, and L/A Auto Sales agreed to
promptly remit the proceeds from each sold vehicle to CCC.  The floorplan
line of credit was secured by a first security interest in the financed vehicles
and in L/A Auto Sales' business assets, and was personally guaranteed by L/A
Auto Sales' six stockholders.  In addition to providing the floorplan line of
credit, CCC also loaned L/A Auto Sales approximately $161,000 for the
purchase of various fixed assets.   
	[¶4]  Within a year after it commenced operations, L/A Auto Sales
encountered financial difficulties.  By late 1988 it began to report monthly
operating losses and floorplan borrowings in excess of one million dollars,
resulting in tightened cash flow, increased leverage, and a bloated inventory
of vehicles.  According to Bert Cote, L/A Auto Sales' majority shareholder,
CCC contributed to the dealership's financial problems by allowing it to
overborrow on the floorplan line.  By late summer 1989 L/A Auto Sales had
breached the CCC floorplan agreement by failing to remit to CCC vehicle sale
proceeds totalling $189,000, keeping the funds instead to cover daily
operating expenses.  As a result of this "out-of-trust" situation, CCC put L/A
Auto Sales on involuntary finance hold, meaning that no more vehicles would
be shipped and no additional funds would be advanced.  L/A Auto Sales' out-
of-trust amount continued to grow during the ensuing months, eventually
reaching $308,000 by October 1990.  
	[¶5]  As L/A Auto Sales continued to struggle financially, Bert Cote
became interested in adding a Subaru franchise to the existing business. 
Hoping that the economic efficiencies of operating two franchises,
Jeep/Eagle and Subaru, at the Lisbon Street location would improve
profitability, in mid-1989 he applied for a Subaru franchise.  Henry Burbank,
a vice president of marketing for Subaru New England, reviewed Cote's
application and in August 1989 approved the application, subject to several
conditions, including the provision of adequate facilities and the acquisition
of a one million dollar floorplan credit line. In anticipation of the Subaru
dealership, Cote incorporated a new entity called "Bert's Subaru, Inc.,"
whose stock would be 100% owned by Cote.  
	[¶6]  On December 15, 1989, Fleet Bank issued a commitment letter
to Auto Park Associates, the real estate partnership, promising to lend it
$600,000.  Pursuant to the commitment letter, $300,000 of the total loan
was to be used to renovate the Lisbon Street building to house the proposed
Subaru dealership, and $200,000 of the total loan was to be injected as
capital into L/A Auto Sales and the proposed Subaru dealership.  The loan
would be due in three years, and would be secured by, inter alia, a second
mortgage on Auto Park Associate's Lisbon Street property and a $350,000
cash collateral pledge.    
	[¶7] According to Cote's testimony at trial, he called CCC
representative Charles Fahey on December 15 to discuss the Fleet proposal. 
Fahey requested that Cote send him expense projections, which would
enable Fahey to determine whether CCC was interested in making its own
financing proposal.  Cote sent Fahey the requested information.  On January
23, 1990, Cote telephoned Fahey and asked whether he should accept
Fleet's proposal.  According to Cote, Fahey told him not to sign the
commitment letter, and that CCC "would come up with a better finance
package."  There was no further discussion with respect to the amount or
term of the loan, the borrowing entity, the collateral, or the interest rate. 
On the basis of this conversation, Cote testified he declined the Fleet
proposal.      
	[¶8]  The already strained relationship between CCC and L/A Auto
Sales deteriorated further after January 1990.  According to Cote, a CCC
representative repeatedly disrupted L/A Auto Sales' operations by entering
the dealership several times a week to collect the proceeds from vehicles
sold, harassing its customers, and treating its employees abusively.   Despite
frequent audits by CCC, L/A Auto Sales' out-of-trust amount continued to
grow as the dealership used the proceeds from vehicles sold to fund payroll
and daily operating expenses.  Floorplan indebtedness approached one
million dollars, and the business continued to report losses each month.
Cote testified at trial that he asked Fahey numerous times about CCC's
financing proposal; Fahey allegedly responded that he "was working on it."   
	[¶9]  In May 1990, Auto Park Associates executed a partnership
guaranty secured by a second mortgage on the Lisbon Street property in
favor of CCC to further collateralize L/A Auto Sales' outstanding
indebtedness, allegedly in exchange for CCC's promise to provide financing
for the proposed Subaru dealership and to refinance L/A Auto Sales' out-of-
trust amount.{5}  Shortly thereafter, Fahey notified Cote that CCC was
unwilling to provide further financing for any purpose, and demanded that
L/A Auto Sales cure its floorplan defaults.   L/A Auto Sales remained out-of-
trust, and in October 1990 ceased operations.  
	[¶10]  After liquidating its collateral, CCC filed suit against Auto Park
Associates, pursuant to the May 1990 secured partnership guaranty, and the
individual guarantors, pursuant to their 1987 guaranties, to recover
approximately $1.15 million in remaining indebtedness owed by L/A Auto
Sales (hereinafter referred to as "the guarantor action").  Auto Park
Associates and the individual guarantors filed an answer and a counterclaim,
alleging, inter alia, that CCC had breached its commitment to provide
financing for the proposed Subaru dealership and to refinance L/A Auto
Sales' out-of-trust amount; and that CCC had intentionally interfered with
Auto Park Associates' rental relationship with L/A Auto Sales.    
	[¶11]  In January 1992, L/A Auto Sales filed its own complaint against
CCC (hereinafter referred to as the "L/A Auto Sales action"), in which it
alleged, inter alia, that CCC had breached its agreement to refinance its out-
of-trust amount and to provide financing for the Subaru franchise (Count 1);
that CCC had violated the Maine Dealers Act, 10 M.R.S.A. §§ 1171-1186
(Count 4); and that CCC had intentionally interfered with its car-selling
business (Count 5).{6}  CCC filed an answer and counterclaim, alleging that L/A
Auto Sales had breached the conditions of its loan agreements.  The court
granted CCC's motion to consolidate the guarantor action and the L/A Auto
Sales action.{7}  
	[¶12]  At trial L/A Auto Sales was permitted, over CCC's repeated
objections, to introduce evidence concerning the projected profitability of
the proposed Subaru dealership.  This evidence was introduced through the
testimony of Henry Burbank, the Subaru New England marketing vice
president who had reviewed and conditionally approved Cote's application
for a Subaru franchise in  August 1989.  At the close of L/A Auto Sales'
evidence at trial, it moved to amend its complaint to include Bert's Subaru
as a plaintiff.  The court granted L/A Auto Sales' motion over CCC's objection.
	[¶13]  With respect to the L/A Auto Sales action, the jury returned a
verdict finding that CCC was liable to L/A Auto Sales on all three counts in
the amount of $250,000; and that CCC was liable to Bert's Subaru, Inc. on
the contract and tort counts in the amount of $300,000.  The court entered
judgments accordingly.  The jury also determined that L/A Auto Sales had
breached its loan agreements with CCC.  With respect to the guarantor
action, the court adopted the damages determined by the jury in the L/A
Auto Sales action, and entered a judgment in favor of CCC in the amount of
$189,000.   

II.

	[¶14]  CCC first argues that the court exceeded the bounds of its
discretion by allowing L/A Auto Sales to amend its complaint to add Bert's
Subaru as a party plaintiff after L/A Auto Sales had concluded its case-in-
chief.  When a trial court permits an amendment to the pleadings to add a
party, we review this action to determine whether the court exceeded the
bounds of its discretion.  See Mutual Fire Ins. Co. v. Richardson, 640 A.2d
205, 207 (Me. 1994); Spickler v. York, 566 A.2d 1385, 1389 (Me. 1989).  
	[¶15]  M.R. Civ. P. 15(a) provides that leave to amend should be freely
given when justice so requires.  We have construed this mandate to mean
that "if the moving party is not acting in bad faith or for delay, the motion
will be granted in the absence of undue prejudice."   Diversified Foods, Inc.
v. First Nat'l Bank of Boston, 605 A.2d 609, 616 (Me. 1992) (quoting 1 Field,
McKusick & Wroth, Maine Civil Practice § 15.4; Bangor Motor Co. v.
Chapman, 452 A.2d 389, 392 (Me. 1982)).  When a motion to amend is
accompanied by unjustifiable delay that results in prejudice to an opposing
party, a court exceeds the bounds of its discretion by granting the motion. 
See Spickler, 566 A.2d at 1389.  
	[¶16]  Pursuant to M.R. Civ. P. 17(a), every action must be prosecuted
in the name of the real party in interest.  It is well established that a
corporation is a separate legal entity which has the power to sue and be sued
in its corporate name.  See 13-A M.R.S.A. § 202(1)(B) (1981 & Supp. 1997).
L/A Auto Sales' majority shareholder, Bertrand Cote, created a new
corporation, "Bert's Subaru," in anticipation of the award of the proposed
Subaru dealership.  Despite Bert's Subaru's separate legal existence, L/A
Auto Sales failed to identify Bert's Subaru as a party in interest during the
five years which elapsed between the 1990 commencement of CCC's
guarantor action and the conclusion of L/A Auto Sales' case-in-chief at trial. 
L/A Auto Sales offers no justification, other than its misapprehension that
the two entities would be viewed as one for the purposes of litigation, for
this lengthy delay in identifying Bert's Subaru as a plaintiff entitled to its
own damages.  Although the passage of time, without more, is not grounds
for denying a motion to amend, undue delay removes any presumption in
favor of allowing the amendment.  See Diversified, 605 A.2d at 616.          
	[¶17]  L/A Auto Sales' unjustifiable delay in moving to amend its
complaint resulted in unfair prejudice to CCC, as CCC was effectively
deprived of the opportunity to prepare a defense to Bert's Subaru's claims.{8} 
See Spickler, 566 A.2d at 1389 (when the court granted plaintiff's motion
to amend complaint to add derivative claim at mid-trial, defendant was left
with no opportunity to prepare defense to derivative claim).  Although
overlapping, the contract and tort claims of L/A Auto Sales and Bert's Subaru
were not interchangeable with respect to either liability or damages.  To
what extent, for example, did CCC's alleged promise to "come up with a
better finance package" pertain to Bert's Subaru's financing needs rather
than to L/A Auto Sales' financing needs?  Similarly, to what extent was CCC's
alleged tortious conduct directed towards Bert's Subaru's prospective
operations rather than towards L/A Auto Sales' existing operations? Had
Bert's Subaru been identified as a party in interest claiming contract and
tort damages in its own behalf, CCC would have had the incentive and the
opportunity to explore such distinctions in much greater detail at trial.{9}
	[¶18]  With respect to damages, the differences between L/A Auto
Sales and Bert's Subaru, although consistently blurred by L/A Auto Sales in
its presentation of evidence, become apparent on close inspection.  L/A Auto
Sales was an ongoing, active business with an established financial history;
Bert's Subaru had yet to commence operations and had no track record. 
Again, had CCC known that Bert's Subaru intended to seek damages, CCC
would have had the incentive and the opportunity to introduce evidence,
including perhaps the testimony of an independent expert, designed to
show that any prospective lost profits alleged by the contemplated
dealership were minimal or unduly speculative.  While we recognize the
difficulties presented to the trial judge in attempting to sort through the
myriad theories and claims which the parties had failed to clarify in advance
of trial, we ultimately conclude that the court exceeded the bounds of its
discretion by granting L/A Auto Sales' motion to amend its pleadings to add
Bert's Subaru as a party in interest at the conclusion of L/A Auto Sales' case-
in-chief.

III.

	[¶19]  CCC next contends that the prejudice it suffered as a result of
the belated addition of Bert's Subaru as a party in interest was compounded
by the court's failure to exclude testimony of the Subaru New England
marketing vice president who had reviewed and conditionally approved
Bertrand Cote's application for a Subaru franchise.  Although the
determination of admissibility of testimony, including the testimony of an
expert witness, falls within the discretion of the trial court, we will overturn
a court's determination for a clear abuse of that discretion.  See Spickler,
566 A.2d at 1388.  When the admission of the testimony of a surprise
witness would result in unjustifiable prejudice, a trial court exceeds the
bounds of its discretion by failing to exclude that testimony.  See id. at 1389. 
	[¶20]  Burbank, who had not been designated as an expert witness and
whose testimony therefore had not been subject to M.R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4)'s
discovery requirements,{10} testified over CCC's repeated objections
concerning the proposed Subaru dealership's estimated lost profits.  He
testified, inter alia, that he was familiar with the market for Subarus in
Maine based on his eighteen years of experience with Subaru New England;
that the average annual net profit for Subaru franchises from 1990 to 1994
in Maine was $130,000; that the average annual number of unit sales for
Maine Subaru franchises was 284; that based on his knowledge of market
conditions for Subarus, the Lewiston area would have been an "above
average" market; that the long-term future demand for Subarus in the
Lewiston area is "excellent"; and that, in retrospect, he believed that Bert's
Subaru would have sold between 300 and 400 vehicles per year and would
have earned an annual net profit in excess of $300,000.	
	[¶21]  L/A Auto Sales contends that Burbank's testimony was not
expert in nature, but rather was a permissible lay opinion based on his
firsthand review of Cote's application and his personal knowledge of the
Maine automobile market.  We disagree.  Pursuant to M.R. Evid. 701, if a
witness is not testifying as an expert, his testimony in the form of opinions
or inferences is limited to those which are rationally based on the
perception of the witness and which are helpful to a clear understanding of
his testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.  Thus, although an
opinion by a lay witness may be permissible if based on his own perception,
such perception must be "adequately grounded on personal knowledge or
observation just as would be the case with simple statements of fact."  Field
& Murray, Maine Evidence § 701.1 (4th ed. 1997).  If, however, "scientific,
technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to
understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified
as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may
testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise."  M.R. Evid. 702.  
	[¶22]  In this case, it is true that Burbank was personally involved in
reviewing and conditionally approving Cote's application for a Subaru
dealership.  It was Burbank's "knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
education" concerning the automobile industry in general and the Maine
market for Subarus in particular, however, which enabled him to extrapolate
from Cote's application and supporting schedules the opinion that the
proposed Subaru dealership would have earned an annual net profit in
excess of $300,000.{11}   See M.R. Evid. 702; cf. Ginn v. Penobscot Co., 334
A.2d 874, 883 (Me. 1975) (expert opinion unnecessary where "the subject
of inquiry is one which is plainly comprehensible by the jury and of such a
nature that unskilled persons would be capable of forming correct
conclusions respecting it").  Burbank's opinion with respect to the
unrealized profits of the proposed dealership derived from his specialized
knowledge of the automobile industry, and was not within the realm of the
ordinary layperson. 
	[¶23]  In the absence of a pre-trial expert designation and Rule
26(b)(4) discovery, CCC had no reason to anticipate that the content of
Burbank's testimony would include precise profitability projections
developed after the litigation had commenced.  Rather, because Burbank had
not been designated as an expert witness, CCC reasonably could have
concluded that his testimony would be limited to a description of the
contemporaneous factual circumstances surrounding Cote's application for a
Subaru franchise.  Burbank's surprise testimony left CCC with no time to
formulate a meaningful cross-examination with respect to the proposed
Subaru dealership's lost profits.  Similarly, CCC was left with inadequate
time to locate its own independent expert to rebut Burbank's testimony on
the issue of Bert's Subaru's projected performance.  See Spickler, 566 A.2d
at 1389 (where defendant was unable to obtain expert to rebut surprise
expert witness's testimony, "the jury was left with the impression that,
during the nine years before trial, [the defendant] was unable to find a single
[expert] who was willing to advance his position").  Moreover, the
prejudicial effect of the admission of Burbank's surprise testimony on CCC's
defense cannot be dismissed as de minimis.  Cf. Turner v. Reed, 606 A.2d
194, 194 (Me. 1992) (when surprise expert testimony had no effect on
plaintiffs' claim, court did not exceed the bounds of its discretion in
admitting the testimony).  As the only witness to testify concerning the
proposed dealership's prospective lost profits, Burbank's testimony formed
the exclusive basis for the jury's calculation of Bert's Subaru's damages.  We
conclude that the court's decision to admit Burbank's surprise expert
testimony exceeded the bounds of its discretion.

IV.

	[¶24]  CCC next argues that the trial court erred by instructing the
jury that CCC could be equitably estopped from enforcing the terms of its
loan agreements with L/A Auto Sales.   The court instructed the jury on
equitable estoppel as follows:

	Under Maine law, equitable estoppel is an affirmative
defense that operates to absolutely preclude a party from
asserting contract rights which might perhaps [have] otherwise
existed against another person who has in good faith relied upon
the [party's] conduct and who has been led thereby to change his
position for the worse.  It has been emphasized in order for the
estoppel defense to be successful, the acts relied upon must
have induced the [party's] seeking to enforce an estoppel to do
what resulted to his detriment and what would -- he would not
have otherwise done.
	[I]f you find that the Plaintiff changed its position for the
worse in detrimental reliance upon misrepresentations and
misguided conduct on the part of the Defendant, you may find
that Defendant should be estopped from enforcing the terms
and conditions of the various loan and financial agreements set
forth by the Defendant during the course of the trial or a portion
thereof.{12}	

The jury determined that L/A Auto Sales had breached its loan agreements
with CCC and awarded damages in the amount of only $189,000,
notwithstanding CCC's claim that at the time of trial it was owed in excess of
$1,000,000.  The court entered a judgment in the amount of $189,000.   
	[¶25]  In its traditional form, the doctrine of equitable estoppel states
that "a party (1) who is guilty of a misrepresentation of existing fact,
including concealment, (2) upon which the other party justifiably relies, (3)
to his injury, is estopped from denying his utterances or acts to the
detriment of the other party."  J. Calamari & J. Perillo, Contracts § 11-29(b),
at 489 (3d ed. 1987). 	Thus, the doctrine of equitable estoppel, when
properly invoked, operates to preclude absolutely a party "from asserting
rights which might perhaps have otherwise existed, either of property, of
contract, or of remedy . . . ."  Martin v. Maine Central R.R. Co., 83 Me. 100,
104, 21 A. 740 (1890) (quotation omitted); see Berry v. Board of Trustees,
663 A.2d 14, 18 n.8 (Me. 1995) ("Estoppel bars the assertion of the truth by
one whose misleading conduct has induced another to act to his detriment
in reliance on what is untrue.") (quoting Anderson v. Commissioner of Dep't
of Human Servs., 489 A.2d 1094, 1099 (Me. 1985)).  The doctrine of
equitable estoppel is a principle of law, see H.E. Sargent, Inc. v. Town of
Wells, 676 A.2d 920, 924 (Me. 1996), and "should be carefully and sparingly
applied," Littlefield v. Adler, 676 A.2d 940, 942 (Me. 1996) (quotations
omitted).  
	[¶26]  L/A Auto Sales argues that CCC's unfulfilled alleged promise to
"come up with  a better finance package" should allow it to invoke the
doctrine of equitable estoppel as a shield to prevent CCC from enforcing its
loan agreements, and that the court's instructions were proper.  We
disagree.  L/A Auto Sales fails to distinguish between the doctrine of
promissory estoppel, which involves promises and permits enforcement of
an otherwise unenforceable agreement, and the doctrine of equitable
estoppel, which involves misrepresentations and prevents the assertion of
an otherwise unequivocal right. See Cottle Enters., Inc. v. Town of
Farmington, 693 A.2d 330, 335-36 n.6 (Me. 1997) (clarifying distinction
between promissory and equitable estoppel).  The doctrine of equitable
estoppel, as distinguished from the doctrine of promissory estoppel,
ordinarily is used defensively and requires a misrepresentation as to a past
or present fact.  See Chapman v. Bomann, 381 A.2d 1123, 1127 (Me. 1978)
(estoppel in pais involves the misrepresentation of an existing fact).  As a
general rule, and apart from circumstances calling for application of the
doctrine of promissory estoppel, "a representation or assurance, in order to
furnish the basis of an estoppel, must relate to some present or past fact or
state of things, as distinguished from mere promises or statements as to the
future." 28 Am. Jur. 2d Estoppel and Waiver § 46 (1966); see 31 C.J.S.
Estoppel § 92 (1996) (where a party seeks to employ the affirmative
defense of equitable estoppel based on another party's false representations,
the doctrine is ordinarily applicable "only to representations as to facts
either past or present, and not to representations or promises concerning
the future").   In this case, CCC's alleged promise to provide a better
financing package pertained to contemplated future action, and was not a
false representation of past or present facts.  Accordingly, we conclude that
the requisites of an equitable estoppel are not present as a matter of law.
	[¶27]  Moreover, even if CCC's alleged promise could be characterized
as a "misrepresentation" for equitable estoppel purposes, we agree with
CCC's contention that the court erred by instructing the jury that CCC could
be estopped from enforcing any of its loan agreements "set forth during the
course of the trial," regardless of when the loan funds were disbursed. 
Estoppel is used to prevent injustice and to promote justice, and should not
be used to work a positive gain to a party. See First State Bank v. Diamond
Plastic Corp., 891 P.2d 1262, 1272 (Okla. 1995).  The record establishes
that CCC had lent a substantial amount of money to L/A Auto Sales before its
alleged promise to "come up with a better finance package" in January
1990.  Although L/A Auto Sales may have relied on CCC's alleged promise in
its decision to decline the Fleet proposal, CCC's promise could not possibly
have induced L/A Auto Sales to incur its already-existing indebtedness.  A
lender cannot be equitably estopped from enforcing the terms of loan
agreements for loans that existed before, and therefore that were entered
into without reliance upon, the alleged misrepresentation.  Cf., e.g., Ritk v.
Jones, 251 S.E.2d 360, 361 (Ga. Ct. App. 1978)("A lender's refusal to make
a second loan, or even misrepresentations that it would make a second loan,
does not bar the lender from recovery of the amount owed under the first
loan."), aff'd, 255 S.E.2d 19 (Ga. 1979)).{13}
	The entry is:
Judgments vacated. Remanded for further
proceedings consistent with the opinion herein.
                                                                                            
Attorneys for plaintiff:

Timothy H. Norton, Esq., (orally)
U. Charles Remmel, Esq.
Kelly, Remmel & Zimmerman
P O Box 597
Portland, ME 04112-0597

Attorneys for defendants: 

Jeffrey T. Edwards, Esq., (orally)
Bruce C. Gerrity, Esq.
Carl W. Tourigny, Esq.
Preti, Flaherty, Beliveau & Pachios, LLC
P O Box 11410
Portland, ME 04104-7410

FOOTNOTES******************************** {1} Separate actions by CCC and L/A Auto Sales were consolidated for trial. {2} Because we vacate the judgments on the basis of CCC's first three contentions, we do not reach its other contentions on appeal, nor do we have occasion to consider the issues raised by L/A Auto Sales and Bert's Subaru in their cross-appeal. {3} Bertrand Cote's L/A Auto Sales, Inc. was originally incorporated as "Bert Cote's AMC/Jeep/Renault, Inc." Its name was changed in June 1989. {4} L/A Auto Sales' minority stockholders were John Haynes, Jerome Millett, Daniel Thompson, Raymond Lombard, and Alan Ramsdell. {5} The court later determined that this partnership guaranty was unenforceable due in part to a lack of consideration. CCC has not appealed the court's determination. {6} L/A Auto Sales' complaint also alleged in Count 2 that CCC had breached an alleged common law duty of good faith and fair dealing, and in Count 3 that CCC had violated the Federal Automobile Dealer's Day in Court Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1222. Count 3 was dismissed by L/A Auto Sales at the close of its case-in-chief, and the court granted CCC's motion for judgment as a matter of law on Count 2. {7} In granting CCC's motion to consolidate, the court ordered that the guarantor action remain a non-jury case as originally scheduled, and that the L/A Auto Sales action remain a jury case as originally scheduled. {8} We reject L/A Auto Sales' contention that because evidence concerning the proposed Subaru dealership was admitted at trial over CCC's repeated objections, CCC was on notice that Bert's Subaru would seek damages. Bertrand Cote testified that he hoped that combining the existing Jeep/Eagle dealership with a new dealership would result in increased volume and a return to profitability. Thus, CCC reasonably could have concluded that the Subaru evidence was offered and admitted because it was relevant to establishing L/A Auto Sales' damages. The fact that Subaru evidence was offered and admitted did not necessarily inform CCC that Bert's Subaru would itself seek damages as a party in interest. Moreover, even if CCC suspected that Bert's Subaru would attempt to recover damages, "the fact that defense counsel was alert . . . does not excuse the failure of [plaintiff's] counsel to appreciate the necessity of amending the complaint." Wilson v. Strong, 474 A.2d 176, 179 (Me. 1984). {9} We also note that Subaru New England's approval of the proposed Subaru dealership remained subject to the fulfillment of several significant conditions, including the acquisition of a one million dollar floorplan line of credit and the provision of adequate facilities. Had CCC known that Bert's Subaru would seek damages as a party plaintiff, it likely would have placed much greater emphasis on these facts at trial. {10} M.R. Civ. P. 26(b)(4) provides in pertinent part: Trial Preparation: Experts. Discovery of facts known and opinions held by experts, otherwise discoverable under the provisions of subdivision (b)(1) of this rule and acquired or developed in anticipation of litigation or for trial, may be obtained only as follows: (A)(i) A party may through interrogatories require any other party to identify each person whom the other party expects to call as an expert witness at trial, to state the subject matter on which the expert is expected to testify, and to state the substance of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion. . . . {11} We intimate no opinion as to whether Burbank's testimony was adequate to enable a jury to calculate the prospective lost profits of this unestablished business. See Marquis v. Farm Family Mut. Ins. Co., 628 A.2d 644, 650-51 (Me. 1993); Eckenrode v. Heritage Management Corp., 480 A.2d 759, 765 (Me. 1984); Sheridan Corp. v. Silsby, 410 A.2d 225, 227 (Me. 1980); Ginn v. Penobscot Co., 334 A.2d 874, 887 (Me. 1975). {12} We note that the court's instructions described the types of conduct that could give rise to an equitable estoppel as "misrepresentations and misguided conduct." We assume that the court intended the phrase "misguided conduct" to mean "misleading conduct," or conduct which impliedly misrepresents the truth. See American College Dictionary 802 (2d college ed. 1982) (defining "misguide" as "to give wrong or