Schindler v. Nilsen
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURTReporter of Decisions
Decision:	2001 ME 58
Docket: 	Cum-00-414
Submitted 
  on Briefs:  	January 18, 2001
Decided:	April 12, 2001

Panel: 	WATHEN, C.J., and CLIFFORD, RUDMAN, DANA, SAUFLEY, ALEXANDER, and
CALKINS, JJ.
Majority:CLIFFORD, DANA, SAUFLEY, ALEXANDER, and CALKINS, JJ.
Concurring:WATHEN, C.J., and RUDMAN, J.


			

MARTIN SCHINDLER 

v.

DEBORAH NILSEN

ALEXANDER, J.

	[¶1]  Deborah Nilsen appeals from a judgment of the Superior Court
(Cumberland County, Mills, J.) granting Martin Schindler's motion for a
summary judgment in his breach of contract action for nonpayment of
attorney fees.  Nilsen contends that the Superior Court erred in concluding
that Schindler had satisfied his burden of establishing that there were no
genuine issues of material fact in dispute and that he was entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.  See M.R. Civ. P. 56(c).  Because the available
record does not resolve factual disputes regarding the method or
reasonableness of the interest calculation, we vacate and remand for further
consideration.

I.  CASE HISTORY

	[¶2]  Martin Schindler is an attorney.  In 1992, Deborah Nilsen
retained Schindler to represent her in what ultimately became an extended
and highly contentious divorce proceeding and related protection from
abuse proceedings.  The fee agreement called for payment of a retainer plus
fees and expenses and interest at a rate of 1.5% per month on balances due
more than sixty days.  Schindler's bills to Nilsen state:  "A Finance Charge of
1.5% per month (18% per annum) will be added on all balances outstanding
after 60 days."  
	[¶3]  At the divorce hearing in August 1993, Nilsen testified under
oath that she had paid Schindler a retainer of $2500, had paid an additional
$750, and owed Schindler a balance of $11,581.  Additional expenses were
incurred during and after the divorce hearing which added to this sum.  The
divorce judgment was appealed and vacated.{1}  Schindler's representation of
Nilsen ceased at some point, and the divorce proceedings continued with
Nilsen representing herself.  See n.1.  By December 1993, approximately
when his representation of Nilsen terminated, Schindler was owed $12,682
for fees and expenses.  These expenses included substantial communication
and preparation costs related to three days of hearings incident to the
divorce judgment and seven days of pretrial hearings or mediations for the
divorce or related protection from abuse matters.
	[¶4]  The abbreviated record in this proceeding, based primarily on
the materials filed by the parties in support of and in opposition to
Schindler's motion for a summary judgment, does not indicate what efforts
Schindler may have undertaken to collect the fees due over the course of
the next several years or what reasons there may have been for delays in
collection efforts.  The record also does not resolve an apparent ambiguity as
to whether the 1.5% per month interest rate is simple interest, calculated
on the balance due for fees and services, or compound interest.{2}  The
record indicates that Schindler was aware that despite acknowledging
substantial sums due while testifying under oath, Nilsen was unwilling to pay
the sums claimed to be due.  
	[¶5]  In 1999, Schindler wrote to Nilsen inviting her to submit the fee
dispute to the Fee Arbitration Commission pursuant to M. Bar R. 9.   Nilsen
refused to do so.  
	[¶6]  In February 2000, Schindler commenced the present action to
collect the fees due and owing, including the underlying bill of $12,682 and
approximately $22,000 in interest which he asserted had accrued in
accordance with the fee agreement over the years since 1993.  Schindler
then filed a motion for a summary judgment.  See M.R. Civ. P. 56.  The
motion was supported by a statement of material facts in accordance with
former M.R. Civ. P. 7(d)(1) (now M.R. Civ. P. 56(h)).  In his statement of
material facts, properly supported by an affidavit and a copy of his bill for
fees and expenses, Schindler asserted that the $12,682 was due and owing
and that the agreement with Nilsen included a commitment to pay interest
at a rate of 1.5% per month on balances unpaid for more than sixty days. 
The statement of material facts included the claim for approximately
$22,000 in interest accrued on the bill.  This sum appears to have been
calculated using interest compounding (i.e., charging interest on accrued
interest).
	[¶7]  Although Nilsen filed a timely opposition to Schindler's motion
for a summary judgment, she neglected to file a responding statement of
material facts in dispute.  See former M.R. Civ. P. 7(d)(2) (now M.R. Civ. P.
56(h)).  Nilsen's opposition, while asserting "discrepancies and
misrepresentations" in Schindler's materials, did not specifically contest
either the $12,682 due on the bill or the 1.5% per month interest rate, but
did challenge the overall amount of Schindler's claim.  Because it was not
properly contested, Schindler's statement of material facts is "deemed to be
admitted" for purposes of this proceeding.  See Pratt v. Ottum, 2000 ME
203, ¶ 15 n.8, 761 A.2d 313, 318; Saucier v. State Tax Assessor, 2000 ME
8, ¶ 5, 745 A.2d 972, 974; Prescott v. State Tax Assessor, 1998 ME 250,
¶ 6, 721 A.2d 169, 172.{3}  See also Cloutier, Barrett, Cloutier & Conley, P.A.
v. Wax, 604 A.2d 42, 44 (Me. 1992).
	[¶8]  At the hearing on Schindler's motion for a summary judgment,
Nilsen presented an affidavit contesting Schindler's claim for attorney fees. 
In her affidavit, Nilsen asserted that Schindler had undertaken to represent
her through the entire divorce proceedings for $3000, which she had
already paid to Schindler.  The court refused to consider Nilsen's affidavit
because it was filed beyond the twenty-one days required for filing a
statement of material facts and other material in opposition to a motion for a
summary judgment.  See M.R. Civ. P. 7(c)(2).  The court then entered a
summary judgment for Schindler for his attorney fees and his claimed
interest, and Nilsen brought this appeal.

II.  DISCUSSION

	[¶9]  Before us, Nilsen urges that the Superior Court erred in refusing
to consider and accept her claim that Schindler agreed to represent her
through the entire divorce and protection from abuse proceedings for the
total sum of $3000.  Even if Nilsen had timely filed her affidavit, supporting
a proper statement of material facts, the court could not have considered
the claim made in Nilsen's affidavit since it was directly contrary to her own
prior sworn testimony.  In summary judgment practice, a party may not
submit an affidavit attempting to create a dispute as to material facts by
making statements contrary to statements in that party's own prior sworn
testimony.  See Zip Lube, Inc. v. Coastal Savs. Bank, 1998 ME 81, ¶ 10, 709
A.2d 733, 735.  
	[¶10]  Thus, for two reasons, the trial court properly refused to
consider Nilsen's claim that Schindler agreed to represent her for $3000. 
First, because Nilsen did not timely assert this claim in a responding
statement of material facts, Schindler's statement of material facts was
properly deemed admitted.  Second, because Nilsen's claims in her affidavit
were directly contrary to her prior sworn testimony that she owed
Schindler substantial sums in addition to those previously paid, she was
appropriately prevented from creating a dispute as to material facts on that
issue.  See id. 
	[¶11]  For us to allow Nilsen's otherwise unsupported assertion to be
considered on appeal, despite her prior sworn testimony to the contrary, we
would have to determine either as a matter of law or as a matter of fact, but
without support on the record, that Schindler's fee of $15,132 for 126.10
hours of work, plus expenses of $615.82, is arguably unreasonable or
excessive.  See M. Bar R. 3.3(a).{4}  However, a fee of $15,132 for 126.10
hours work, plus expenses of $615.82, is not, as a matter of law,
unreasonable or excessive.
	[¶12]  The rules regarding summary judgment practice are designed
precisely to discourage last minute and otherwise unsupported claims
presented at hearing from creating disputes as to material facts where, in
reality, none exist.  On the record that was properly before the trial court,
there was no dispute as to material facts regarding the amount or
reasonableness of Schindler's fee.   
	[¶13]  The same analysis applies to the 1.5% per month interest rate.{5}
While a Fee Arbitration Panel may have decided differently had Nilsen
elected to use that process, see M. Bar R. 9, we cannot rule as a matter of
law that a fee agreement for an interest rate of 1.5% per month on an
overdue bill is unreasonable or excessive.  Such interest rates are set, in
part, to give parties an incentive to pay bills on time.  Thus, they tend to be
higher than interest rates on some loans, and understandably so.  For the
same reason, to promote payment, the basic post-judgment interest rate on
our own judgments is 1.25% per month, see 14 M.R.S.A. § 1602-A(1) (Supp.
2000), and it may go even higher depending on the price of 52­p;week
treasury bills immediately prior to the time the interest rate is to be
calculated.  See 14 M.R.S.A. § 1602-A(2) (Supp. 2000).  
	[¶14] Although the agreement to pay a monthly interest rate on unpaid
balances is established without dispute as to material facts, the calculations
to achieve the $22,000 in interest claimed to be due are more problematic. 
Nilsen's timely opposition to Schindler's motion for a summary judgment
did contest the overall sum claimed to be due.  Her failure to file a timely
statement of material facts in opposition to Schindler's motion does not
operate as a waiver of this challenge because her challenge presents a mixed
question of fact and law for the Court to resolve.  The statement of material
facts asserted that approximately $22,000 in interest was due.  However, in
describing the nature of the contract between Schindler and Nilsen, the
statement nowhere indicated that Nilsen had contracted to pay compound
interest rather than simple interest on any overdue balances.  The interest
calculation was clearly made, however, using interest compounding of some
nature.{6}
	[¶15]  Whether a contract is ambiguous is a question of law for the
Court.  See Hilltop Cmty. Sports Ctr. v. Hoffman, 2000 ME 130, ¶ 19, 755
A.2d 1058, 1063.  Resolution of any ambiguity is a question of fact for the
trial court.  See id. ¶ 21, 755 A.2d at 1063.  The contract term at issue in
this case is the statement that "1.5% per month (18% per annum)" interest
will be charged on balances due more than sixty days.  This term is
ambiguous as to whether the interest rate is simple or compound and thus
whether the interest rate is applied to only the unpaid balance for fees and
services or, additionally, the unpaid interest already charged and more than
sixty days overdue.  Although the "18% per annum" reference suggests a
simple interest calculation, neither Schindler's statement of material facts
nor anything else in the record purports to resolve this ambiguity.
	[¶16]  Because resolution of the ambiguity was essential to the
calculation of the amount of the judgment, summary judgment is precluded
because a material fact-the method of interest calculation-is not resolved
in the record.  It may have been possible for the trial court to decide that, in
the absence of a specific agreement to the contrary, simple interest would
apply.  See Cloutier, Barrett, Cloutier & Conley, 604 A.2d at 45.  However,
the trial court did not take that approach and accepted the higher,
compound interest calculation despite the uncertain basis for it in the
record.  Accordingly, a partial summary judgment could have been granted
to Schindler as to the amount of his fees and services which were unpaid
and as to the agreement for the 1.5% per month interest rate, see M.R. Civ.
P. 56(d).  However, a summary judgment as to calculation of the amount of
interest due should have been denied as not resolvable because of disputes
as to material facts.  
	[¶17]  Separately, because the dispute arose over the amount and
collection of an attorney's fee, and the amount of interest claimed appeared,
at least facially, to be in considerable disproportion to the amount claimed
for fees and services, the trial court had an independent obligation pursuant
to M. Bar R. 3.3(a) to determine whether, in the circumstances of the case,
the amount of the total claim or the approach utilized for collection of the
fee was excessive or unreasonable.  See Cloutier, Barrett, Cloutier & Conley,
604 A.2d at 744-45 (discussing a trial court's determination in an attorney
fee collection case where there was an inadequately opposed motion for a
summary judgment).  On remand, in examining the appropriateness of the
overall amount claimed to be due, the court should consider whether the
parties agreed that simple interest or compound interest would be used to
calculate the interest rates on overdue balances on the account.  The court
should also consider whether significant amounts of the interest claimed to
be due may have resulted from significant delay or laches in initiating the
collection action and, in light of these factors, consider and award a sum
that is neither excessive nor unreasonable under M. Bar R. 3.3(a).{7}
	The entry is:
Judgment vacated.  Remanded for further
consideration in accordance with this opinion.
 

WATHEN, C.J., with whom RUDMAN, J., joins, concurring.

	[¶18]  I concur in the result, but I reach that result more directly and,
possibly, more forcefully.
	[¶19]  I begin with the premise that "an attorney-client fee dispute is
no ordinary contractual controversy." Anderson v. Elliott, 555 A.2d 1042,
1049 (Me. 1989).  As officers of the court, attorneys who have taken the
oath to delay no person "for lucre or malice, but . . . conduct [themselves] in
the office of an attorney . . . with all good fidelity, as well as to the courts, as
to [their] clients," 4 M.R.S.A. § 806 (1989), are members of a regulated
profession and are subject to the court's inherent supervisory power. 
Anderson, 555 A.2d at 1048.  Thus, in addition to their general fiduciary
duties, attorneys are held to high standards "'derived from traditions of the
bar designed to assure fairness and efficiency of court procedures and
adjudications and to foster public confidence in such fairness and
efficiency.'" Id. (quoting In re Dineen, 380 A.2d 603, 604 (Me. 1977)).  One
of these standards finds expression in the rule that "[a] lawyer shall not
enter into an agreement for, charge, or collect an illegal or excessive fee." 
M. Bar R. 3.3(a) (emphasis added).  This rule is based on a standard of
professionalism that "emphasize[s] the subordination of financial gain to an
ideal of public service."  Anderson, 555 A.2d at 1048.   Thus, regardless of
the language of a fee agreement, a court that is asked to enforce the
agreement must always consider the reasonableness of the fee claimed.  
	[¶20]  In the present case, there are genuine issues of material fact
regarding the reasonableness of the fee, the finance charges, and the
attempt to collect either or both on a complaint that may be beyond the
applicable statute of limitations.
                                                 
Attorney for plaintiff:

Thomas A. Dyhrberg, Esq.
P O Box 2401
South Portland, ME 04116-2401

For defendant:

Deborah Nilsen
P O Box 1333
Scarborough, ME 04070-1333

FOOTNOTES******************************** {1} . See Nilsen v. Hanson, 1998 ME 109, ¶ 2, 709 A.2d 1190, 1191 (discussing the lengthy litigation following entry of the initial divorce judgment). {2} . The record does not include any signed fee agreement. It includes bills stating an interest rate of "1.5% per month (18% per annum)" on balances due more than sixty days, and a blank fee agreement form which Schindler asserts is similar to one Nilsen signed. {3} . At the time of the Superior Court's consideration of this matter, the rule that uncontested statements of material facts are deemed admitted was stated in M.R. Civ. P. 7(d)(2). Effective January 1, 2001, that rule is now stated in M.R. Civ. P. 56(h). {4} . The first two sentences of M. Bar R. 3.3(a) state: (a) Excessive Fees. A lawyer shall not enter into an agreement for, charge, or collect an illegal or excessive fee. A fee is excessive when, after a review of the facts, a lawyer of ordinary prudence would be left with a definite and firm conviction that the fee is in excess of a reasonable fee . . . . The rule then lists a series of factors to be considered in determining reasonableness. {5} . This case is distinguishable from Cloutier, Barrett, Cloutier & Conley on enforceability of the 1.5% interest rate because here the existence of an agreement to pay 1.5% interest is established by the uncontested statement of material facts in support of Schindler's motion for a summary judgment. {6} . From a review of the record, it is not entirely clear whether the interest calculations were compounded on a monthly, yearly, or some other basis. {7} . A statute of limitations defense is an affirmative defense which is not preserved unless asserted in a timely manner. See Jackson v. Borkowski, 627 A.2d 1010, 1013 (Me. 1993); Bellegarde Custom Kitchens v. Leavitt, 295 A.2d 909, 912 (Me. 1972); M.R. Civ. P. 8(c). No statute of limitations defense was asserted in this action. Thus, it is not preserved. However, in examining whether the amount claimed or the collection approach results in an excessive or unreasonable fee, the court may consider that from the record it appears that the last billable act for which compensation is claimed occurred in October 1993, that this sum became overdue in December 1993, and that the collection action was not filed until February 2000, thus indicating that the action may have been subject to the six-year statute of limitations in 14 M.R.S.A. § 752 (1980).