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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT                                                               Reporter of Decisions

Decision:       2005 ME 99

Docket:         Som-04-582

Argued:        June 14, 2005

Decided:       August 12, 2005

Panel:            SAUFLEY, C.J., and CLIFFORD, DANA, ALEXANDER, CALKINS, and LEVY, JJ.*

STATE OF MAINE

v.

GREG JAMES WARMKE

LEVY, J.

[¶1]  Greg James Warmke appeals from a judgment of conviction entered in the Superior Court (Somerset County, Studstrup, J.) after a jury found him guilty of the murder of Leslie Bullock, see 17‑A M.R.S.A. § 201(1)(A) (Supp. 2004). Warmke argues that the court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on adequate provocation manslaughter, as set forth in 17-A M.R.S.A. §§ 201(3) and 203(1)(B) (Supp. 2004).  Because the court properly concluded that the evidence was not legally sufficient to support a jury instruction on the affirmative defense of adequate provocation, we affirm the judgment.

I.  BACKGROUND

[¶2]  Warmke and Bullock married in August 1999.  Their relationship was troubled, and they divorced in March 2002.  After the divorce, Warmke became depressed, and he claims he felt persecuted by what he perceived to be Bullock's ongoing mistreatment of him.

[¶3]  On May 2, 2003, brandishing a shotgun, Warmke confronted Bullock in her driveway.  Bullock asked Warmke why he was there, and he told her that he was going to shoot her.  Warmke then held Bullock hostage for the next three hours, during which time he complained to her about how she had mistreated him.  At about 11:00 a.m., a heating oil truck began backing up Bullock's driveway to make a delivery.  At that point, Warmke claims that Bullock smirked at him. Warmke testified, "It was like she just knew she won . . . .  [I]t [was] like, Greg, . . . you try and try and try but all you do is screw up.  You can't even do this right. . . .  [S]he just had that big smirk on her face like ha-ha, you're screwed again dude."  Warmke became enraged and shot Bullock in the torso.  He then reloaded his gun and shot her in the head.

[¶4]  Warmke was indicted for Bullock's murder on July 25, 2003.  At his arraignment on August 8, Warmke entered a plea of not guilty, coupled with a plea of not criminally responsible by reason of insanity, 17-A M.R.S.A. § 39(1) (Supp. 2004).  A jury trial was held in April 2004.

[¶5]  At trial, Warmke admitted that he had killed Bullock, but requested an adequate provocation manslaughter instruction.  Warmke argued that Bullock's mistreatment of him during and after their marriage, and her smirk prior to the shooting, caused him to be extremely angry and constituted adequate provocation for the killing.  Warmke pointed out that the State's forensic psychologist, Dr. Ann LeBlanc, testified during cross-examination that his extreme anger was a reasonable response to such behavior.  Because there was evidence that the shooting was the product of that anger, Warmke asserted that he was entitled to an adequate provocation instruction.

[¶6]  The court denied the requested instruction, explaining that whether the evidence was legally sufficient to support the defense depended on whether Warmke's extreme anger was self-induced and whether it was reasonable to react to the alleged provocation with extreme anger.  The court found that Warmke's anger was self-induced because he initiated the confrontation with Bullock.  Therefore, the court concluded that the evidence was insufficient to support an adequate provocation defense.

[¶7]  The jury returned a guilty verdict.  The jury also found that Warmke had not proven by a preponderance of the evidence that "he lacked substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct" at the time of the offense. 17-A M.R.S.A. § 39(1).  The court sentenced Warmke to the Department of Corrections for a term of thirty-seven years.

[¶8]  Warmke filed a motion for a new trial pursuant to M.R. Crim. P. 33, alleging that the court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on adequate provocation.  The court denied the motion, and this appeal followed.

II.  DISCUSSION

[¶9]  Warmke argues that the court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the defense of adequate provocation.[1]  He asserts that Bullock's provocation of him was two-fold: her chronic mistreatment of him and her smirk just prior to the shooting.

[¶10]  In order to vacate a judgment based on a denied jury instruction, the appealing party must demonstrate that the denied instruction: "(1) states the law correctly; (2) is generated by the evidence in the case; (3) is not misleading or confusing; and (4) is not otherwise sufficiently covered in the court's instructions."  Clewley v. Whitney, 2002 ME 61, ¶ 8, 794 A.2d 87, 90.  "In addition, the refusal to give the requested instruction must have been prejudicial to the requesting party."  Id.

[¶11]  A murder charge can be reduced to manslaughter if the defendant caused the death "while under the influence of extreme anger or extreme fear brought about by adequate provocation."  17-A M.R.S.A. §§ 201(3), 203(1)(B).  Provocation is adequate if "[i]t is not induced by the [defendant]" and if "[i]t is reasonable for the [defendant] to react to the provocation with extreme anger or extreme fear."  17-A M.R.S.A. § 201(4) (Supp. 2004).  Adequate provocation is an affirmative defense, 17-A M.R.S.A. § 201(3) (Supp. 2004), and therefore, "must be proved by the defendant by a preponderance of the evidence," 17-A M.R.S.A. § 101(2) (1983).

[¶12]  Although the adequacy of the provocation is a question to be resolved by the fact-finder, the court must first determine whether the evidence is legally sufficient to generate the defense.  State v. Michaud, 611 A.2d 61, 63 (Me. 1992).  "[W]hether there is any evidence