State v. Janice Parsons
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT					Reporter of Decisions
Decision:	2001 ME 85
Docket:	Pen-00-339
Submitted
on Briefs:	April 24, 2001	
Decided:	May 22, 2001

Panel:WATHEN, C.J., and  RUDMAN, CLIFFORD, DANA, SAUFLEY, ALEXANDER, and
CALKINS, JJ.
									     		
									

STATE OF MAINE

v.

JANICE PARSONS

ALEXANDER, J.


	[¶1]  Janice Parsons appeals from a judgment entered in the
Superior Court (Penobscot County, Mead, C.J.) following a jury verdict
finding her guilty of two counts of theft by unauthorized taking (Class B) in
violation of 17-A M.R.S.A. §§ 353(1) & 362(2)(A) (1983 & Supp. 2000). 
Parsons contends that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury's
finding that the value of the property taken exceeded $10,000 for each theft
count, and that the evidence was insufficient to support the jury's verdicts
because the State presented no direct evidence of Parsons' exclusive
possession of the property.  We affirm the judgment.

I.  CASE HISTORY

	[¶2]  Janice Parsons was elected town clerk for the Town of Etna in
March 1996.  Prior to her election, Parsons had received no formal training
in either accounting or bookkeeping, and she had never held an
employment position that involved depositing Town funds into a bank
account, reconciling bank account records, handling real property tax
records, or preparing documents for year-end tax audits.  In her newly
elected position, however, Parsons explained that she alone handled all
money coming into the Town, provided receipts for sums paid, placed the
funds in a safe, brought the money to the bank, and compiled certain Town
financial records and reports.  As a result of her inexperience, Parsons
stated that she had difficulty in compiling the Town's records.  In early
December 1996, Parsons was asked to redraft her initial reports in
preparation for an upcoming Selectmen's meeting with the Town auditor.
	[¶3] Parsons worked on the redrafts during the afternoon of
December 30, 1996.  When she left the Etna Town Office, all of the financial
records remained out on various desks and tables so she could resume her
work the next morning.  Later that day a fire swept through the Town Office. 
Destroyed, or partially destroyed, in the fire were some of the Town's
treasurer's cash reports, treasurer's receipts, and tax collector's receipts;
the treasurer's cash book; and certain DMV registrations, bank statements,
and inventory sheets with excise tax forms.  In addition, the evidence
indicates that Parsons discarded copies of some of the destroyed records.
	[¶4]  Stewart Jacobs, a fire investigation supervisor with the State
Fire Marshall's Office, examined the scene and concluded that two separate
fires had been set and that the fires were the result of an intentional act. 
Parsons denied setting the fires. 	
	[¶5]  As a result of the fire and subsequent allegations generated by
audits of Town finances for 1996 and 1997, Parsons was charged with one
count of arson in violation of 17-A M.R.S.A. § 802(1)(A) (1983), and two
counts of theft by unauthorized taking of property with a value in excess of
$10,000 (Class B) in violation of 17-A M.R.S.A. §§ 353(1) & 362(2)(A) (1983
& Supp. 2000).{1}  One theft charge related to 1996.  The other theft charged
related to 1997.  The jury returned a verdict of not guilty on the arson
charge, but convicted Parsons on both theft charges.{2}  This appeal followed.

II.  DISCUSSION

	[¶6]  When examining the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict to determine
whether any trier of fact rationally could find each element of the offense
charged proven beyond a reasonable doubt.  See State v. Falcone, 2000 ME
196, ¶ 5, 760 A.2d 1046, 1048 (quoting State v. Roussel, 2000 ME 185,
¶ 8, 760 A.2d 1062, 1064).  
	[¶7]  To convict Parsons of theft by unauthorized taking, the jury had
to find that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Parsons
obtained or exercised unauthorized control over the Town's funds with the
intent to deprive the Town of those funds.  See 17-A M.R.S.A. § 353(1); State
v. Hernandez, 1998 ME 73, ¶ 11, 708 A.2d 1022, 1026.  To support a
conviction on the charge of Class B theft, the State also had to prove beyond
a reasonable doubt that the value of the missing funds subject to each charge
exceeded $10,000.  See 17-A M.R.S.A. § 362(1) & (2)(A).
	[¶8]  Parsons first contends that the evidence was insufficient to
support the jury's finding that the funds taken in each year exceeded
$10,000.  To support her assertion, Parsons contends that the statements
made by the State's experts were so inconsistent as to render their
testimony incredible and unreliable, and thus that no jury could rationally
rely on their testimony to support the conviction.  Despite Parsons'
assertion, the evidence was sufficient to support the jury's finding.
	[¶9]  The State presented three experts to address the amount of
missing funds.  The first expert, a senior auditor from the State of Maine
Department of Audit's Municipal Bureau, reported that in 1996 and 1997,
the Town experienced respective unidentified deficiencies of approximately
$22,000 and $14,000.  The second expert, a certified fraud examiner with
the Attorney General's Office, reported that the Town's cash deposits
decreased substantially in 1996 and 1997 and then achieved more normal
levels in 1998, and that the Town's deposit records indicated unidentified
deficiencies of $22,000-$40,000 in 1996 and $14,000-$30,000 in 1997. 
The third expert, a self-employed certified fraud examiner and internal
auditing consultant, testified that the Town's excise tax revenues decreased
approximately 22% in 1996 and 1997, and that approximately $16,000 in
automobile registrations were not reflected in the Town's bank accounts in
1997.{3}
	[¶10]  On cross-examination, each of the experts qualified his report
to some extent.  As such, the experts admitted that they were unable to
determine the exact amount of revenue missing or the precise source for
the missing revenue.  Nevertheless, the experts testified that they were
confident as to the accuracy of the estimated amounts provided.
	[¶11]  Although Parsons is correct that all three witnesses testified
on cross-examination that they could not determine a specific amount or
source for the missing revenue, the jury presumably accepted the witnesses'
testimony that money was taken.  See State v. Black, 2000 ME 211, ¶ 17,
763 A.2d 109, 113-14 (noting that the weight accorded the evidence and
determinations of witness credibility fall within the trier of fact's exclusive
province); State v. Maizeroi, 2000 ME 187, ¶ 17, 760 A.2d 638, 644
(stating that it is the factfinder's duty "to reconcile conflicting testimony,
determine its relative weight and decide what part of the testimony is
credible and worthy of belief") (citation omitted).  Based on the experts'
testimony, the jury could reasonably conclude that the amount of money
taken exceeded $10,000 in each year.  See State v. Ardolino, 1997 ME 141,
¶ 20, 697 A.2d 73, 80 (noting that a conviction may be grounded on
circumstantial evidence, and the jury is permitted to draw all reasonable
inferences from the State's presentation of circumstantial evidence).
	[¶12]  Relying on State v. Durgan, 467 A.2d 165 (Me. 1983), Parsons
next asserts that the evidence was insufficient to support the verdicts
because the State provided no direct evidence that she had exclusive
possession of the funds.  In Durgan, we noted that when the State's evidence
in a theft case is entirely circumstantial, the State bears the additional
burden of producing evidence "that establishes beyond a reasonable doubt
that the defendant was or had been at one time in exclusive possession of
the recently stolen property."  Id. at 167 (emphasis added).  Exclusive
possession may be established by evidence of either actual possession or
constructive possession of the property at issue.  See id.  Actual possession
means that the defendant "has actual physical possession" of the property,
whereas constructive possession requires only a showing that the defendant
has "dominion, authority or control over" it.  State v. DePhilippo, 628 A.2d
1057, 1060 (Me. 1993).  
	[¶13]  In reality, this is not a constructive possession case.  Parsons'
actual physical possession of all Town revenue in her position as town clerk
is sufficient to establish her exclusive possession of the missing funds.  To
that effect, Parsons testified that only she: (1) handled all the money coming
into the Town; (2) provided receipts for monies paid to the Town; (3) put
the funds in the safe and brought the money to the bank; and (4) received
the Town's bank statements.  This evidence establishes that Parsons "was,
or had been at one time," in actual physical possession, and hence exclusive
possession, of the missing funds.  Durgan, 467 A.2d at 167.{4}
	[¶14]  Accordingly, viewed in the light most favorable to the State,
the evidence was sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Parsons
had taken property of the Town of Etna in 1996 and 1997, with a value
exceeding $10,000 in each year, and that Parsons had exclusive possession
of such property and had intended to deprive the Town of the property. 
 	The entry is:
			Judgment affirmed.
                                                         
Attorneys for State:

R. Christopher Almy, District Attorney
Michael P. Roberts, Deputy Dist. Attorney
C. Daniel Wood, Asst. Dist. Attorney
97 Hammond Street
Bangor, ME 04401

Attorney for defendant:

Glen L. Porter, Esq.
Eaton, Peabody, Braford & Veague, P.A.
P O Box 1210
Bangor, ME 04402-1210

FOOTNOTES******************************** {1} . Section 353 provides that: 1.A person is guilty of theft if he obtains or exercises unauthorized control over the property of another with intent to deprive him thereof. Section 362 provides, in pertinent part, as follows: 1. All violations of this chapter shall be classified, for sentencing purposes, according to this section. The facts set forth in this section upon which the classification depends shall be proved by the State beyond a reasonable doubt. 2. Theft is a Class B crime if: A. The value of the property or services exceeds $10,000 . . . . {2} . Parsons was sentenced to five years imprisonment with all but nine months suspended, four years probation, and was ordered to pay $40,000 in restitution. {3} . Each expert utilized a slightly different methodology in conducting his analysis. The first expert reviewed the Town's prior audits to determine the amounts and sources of revenue received by the Town, the second expert focused on the Town's resources from 1995 through 1998 as reflected in the Town's bank and deposit records, and the third expert performed a comprehensive excise tax analysis. {4} . Parsons contends that the record fails to support an exclusive possession finding because it contains no evidence that she exercised dominion or control over the funds. Accordingly, Parsons asserts that the State has failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt her constructive possession of the funds. However, given Parsons' own testimony that she had actual physical possession of the property in her position as town clerk, we need not consider whether the elements of constructive possession are supported in the record.