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Appellant, Robert Cook, was convicted by a jury sitting in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County (Beard, J., presiding) of second degree murder, involuntary manslaughter, and use of a handgun in commission of a crime of violence. He was sentenced to

thirty years imprisonment for the second degree murder conviction, into which the manslaughter conviction was merged, and a

consecutive fifteen-year term for the use of a handgun conviction. Appellant noted a timely appeal and presents two questions for our review: I. Did the trial court fail to adequately distinguish second degree depraved heart murder and involuntary manslaughter in its instructions to the jury? Did the trial court err in allowing the State to introduce allegedly irrelevant and prejudicial testimony from one of the victim's co-workers?

II.

FACTS Appellant relationship. and Kathryn Burns, the victim, had a stormy

They were living together when on May 12, 1996,

appellant shot the victim once in the upper back, which caused severe internal bleeding. single wound. The victim died as a result of that

The record discloses that on the morning of May 12,

the victim drank several beers before leaving the apartment she shared with appellant to go to her job at Country Nursery in Burtonsville. Dawn Hale, appellant's daughter, was visiting and

during the day, she and appellant decided to cook dinner for the

victim as it was Mother's Day.

At approximately 4:45 p.m., the

victim called the apartment, spoke to Ms. Hale, and informed her that she was running late and would be home in about one-half hour. The victim had agreed to give a co-worker, Michael Palomo, a ride home that evening. At trial, Mr. Palomo testified that

shortly after the victim began working at the nursery, she started giving him rides to and from work. That practice was stopped when

it became apparent that appellant strongly disapproved of the arrangement. After Mr. Palomo and the victim left the nursery on

the date in question, they stopped at a liquor store where they each purchased a six-pack of beer. They then drove to a park where A

they sat in the victim's car drinking the beer and talking.

short while later, appellant pulled up in his tow truck, got out of the truck, and retrieved a metal pipe from the back of the truck. He told Mr. Palomo to get out of the victim's car and when Palomo refused, appellant attempted to open the car door, which was locked. While appellant reached for a second set of keys to the

victim's car, the victim started the car and began to drive away. Appellant ran in front of the car and, as the victim drove around him, he swung and hit the driver's side window with the pipe, shattering the window. the park. tow truck. The victim and Mr. Palomo drove away from

Mr. Palomo testified that appellant pursued them in his At a stop light, appellant bumped into the victim's Eventually, appellant

car, forcing it into the intersection. caught them and cut them off. 2

Mr. Palomo jumped out of the

victim's car and ran away from the scene. home.

A stranger drove him

On his way home, Mr. Palomo saw the victim talking to two young men whom he had earlier seen in the park and who had witnessed appellant's actions. The victim, with the two young men Mr.

in the car, then followed Mr. Palomo to his town house.

Palomo, the victim, and the two young men went into the backyard for approximately thirty minutes. The victim departed and, about

fifteen minutes later, appellant drove by in his tow truck and yelled to Mr. Palomo, who was still in his backyard with the two young men, "Mickey boy, you better look out. First I'm going to On

... kill your girlfriend and then I'm going to come get you."

cross-examination, Palomo admitted that he had informed the police that appellant said to him, "Mikey boy you better watch your back. I'm going to be looking out for you[.]" The two young men Mr.

testified at trial and corroborated Mr. Palomo's testimony.

Palomo also testified that he and the victim were merely friends. At trial, Ms. Hale testified that about one hour after the victim telephoned, she had not yet returned to the apartment. Appellant was upset and left the apartment. According to Ms. Hale,

appellant returned to the apartment twenty minutes later and handed a pipe, approximately three-feet in length, to her, telling her to rub her hands up and down it. Ms. Hale did so and rubbed the pipe Appellant was

on her shirt, noticing that it had glass on it. angry and was yelling.

A short while later, appellant and Ms. Hale 3

left the apartment to look for the victim.

As they drove in

appellant's tow truck, they saw the victim travelling in her car. Appellant pulled in front of the victim's car, Ms. Hale got out of the tow truck and into the victim's car. The victim wanted to go At appellant's

to the liquor store to purchase additional beer.

direction, Ms. Hale reported to two police officers that the victim was driving drunk. Eventually, Ms. Hale returned to appellant's

tow truck and when they drove past a house, appellant yelled something out the window. said. Ms. Hale was unable to discern what he

Appellant and Ms. Hale then returned to the apartment.

When appellant and Ms. Hale entered the apartment, they found the victim sitting on the bed in the bedroom. According to Ms. Ms. Hale

Hale, the victim was "very quiet" and "looked upset." added that the victim had been drinking. appellant as "[v]ery, very angry."

Ms. Hale described

She stated that appellant

yelled at the victim over being late and accused her of sleeping with Mr. Palomo. Appellant and the victim had been drinking beer

throughout the day and in Ms. Hale's estimation, both were drunk. Ms. Hale had appellant leave the bedroom and was attempting to speak with the victim when appellant returned and, again, yelled at the victim. bedroom. Ms. Hale was able to get appellant to leave the

She then spoke with the victim, telling her that she did

not want to be in the middle of their dispute, when appellant retrieved a gun from the linen closet. Appellant entered the

bedroom, threw the gun on the bed, and said to Ms. Hale, "Well, 4

then shoot us."

Appellant again left the bedroom.

The victim picked up the gun, looked at it, and pulled back the hammer. Ms. Hale asked the victim to put the gun away and the When appellant returned to the

victim placed it under the bed.

bedroom, Ms. Hale picked up the gun and gave it to him, telling him to put it away. the hammer Appellant took the gun and asked who had pulled The victim stated that she had done so.

back.

Appellant put the hammer back down and began to leave the bedroom. He returned and questioned the victim as to why she had pulled the hammer back, asking if she wanted to kill herself. The victim

simply shrugged, continued to smoke a cigarette and drink her beer. Appellant pulled the hammer back and began waving the gun around. Ms. Hale testified that appellant waved the gun in front

of the victim's face and yelled at her that she should go ahead and kill herself. down. Appellant refused Ms. Hale's requests to lay the gun

According to Ms. Hale, appellant pointed the gun behind the He removed the cylinder

victim, toward a pillow, and it went off.

rod from the gun and handed the gun to Ms. Hale, telling her to get rid of it. that Ms. The victim laid back on the bed and it was only then Hale realized that the victim had been shot. At

appellant's direction, Ms. Hale called for an ambulance, informing the operator that the gun had gone off while appellant was cleaning it. While they waited for help, appellant told Ms. Hale to tell the police that he had taken the gun from the victim, who was 5

trying to commit suicide, so that no one would get hurt, but that it had gone off while he was disassembling it. When the police

arrived, Ms. Hale told the story as instructed by appellant. Detective Peter Picariello subsequently met with Ms. Hale on May 20, 1996, at which time she gave a version of the events, which placed greater culpability upon appellant. Detective Picariello interviewed appellant on the date of the shooting and following his arrest. At both interviews, appellant

informed the detective that the shooting was an accident. Corporal Evan Thompson testified that in February and March 1996 he had responded three times to the apartment shared by the victim and appellant. domestic disputes. The calls were for attempted suicide and

On two occasions, when Corporal Thompson had

told appellant that he would not be removing the victim from the apartment, appellant had responded: here, I'm going to kill her." "If you don't get her out of

DISCUSSION I. The trial court instructed the jury on the crime of second degree depraved heart murder, explaining that [i]t is the killing of another person while acting with an extreme disregard for human life. And in order to convict the defendant of second degree murder, the State must prove 6

that the conduct of the defendant caused the death of the victim; that the defendant's conduct created a very high degree of risk to the life of the victim; and that the defendant, conscious of such risk, acted with extreme disregard of the life endangering consequences. The court also instructed the jury on involuntary

manslaughter, stating: In order to convict the defendant of involuntary manslaughter, the State must prove: one, that the conduct of the defendant caused the death of the victim; and that the defendant conscious of the risk, acted in a grossly negligent manner, that is, in a manner that created a high degree of risk to human life. Appellant claims that the court's instructions failed to adequately distinguish between second degree depraved heart murder and involuntary manslaughter. He stresses that, in defining second

degree murder, the trial court did not use the word "malice," but relied upon words that were almost identical to those it used to define involuntary manslaughter. Appellant argues that under these

circumstances, explaining the malice element of depraved heart murder was critical. Appellant concedes that he failed to object

to the instructions given by the trial court on the grounds he raises on appeal, but asks this Court to address his contentions as plain error. "Under Maryland Rule 4-325(e), we possess plenary discretion to notice plain error material to the rights of a defendant, even if the matter was not raised in the trial court." 7 Danna v. State,

91 Md. App. 443, 450, cert. denied, 327 Md. 627 (1992).

Plain

error is "error which vitally affects a defendant's right to a fair and impartial trial." State v. Daughton, 321 Md. 206, 211 (1990).

An appellate court should address an unpreserved error in only those instances which are "compelling, extraordinary, exceptional, or fundamental to assure the defendant a fair trial." Hutchinson, 287 Md. 198, 203 (1980). State v.

In deciding whether to

exercise our discretion, this Court may consider the egregiousness of the error, the impact on the defendant, the degree of lawyerly diligence or dereliction, and whether the case could serve as a vehicle to illuminate the law. 268-72 (1992). Austin v. State, 90 Md. App. 254,

Nevertheless, "[t]he touchstone remains, as it Id. at 268.

always has been, ultimate and unfettered discretion."

This Court has commented that the distinction between second degree depraved heart murder and involuntary manslaughter of the gross criminal negligence variety is "a very blurred line."

Williams v. State, 100 Md. App. 468, 482 (1994). "[t]here is little distinction between ...

We explained that [the mens rea of

involuntary manslaughter] and the mens rea of depraved heart murder." Id. at 484. We turn to the cases from the Court of

Appeals to divine the distinction between these crimes. In Robinson v. State, 307 Md. 738, 744-45 (1986), the Court of Appeals quoted from Debettencourt v. State, 48 Md. App. 522, 530 (1981), when it defined depraved heart murder: 8

"It [`depraved heart' murder] is the form [of murder] that establishes that the wilful doing of a dangerous and reckless act with wanton indifference to the consequences and perils involved, is just as blameworthy, and just as worthy of punishment, when the harmful result ensues, as is the express intent to kill itself. This highly blameworthy state of mind is not one of mere negligence.... It is not merely even one of gross criminal negligence.... It involves rather the deliberate perpetration of a knowingly dangerous act with reckless and wanton unconcern and indifference as to whether anyone is harmed or not." The Court further stated: "A depraved heart murder is often described as a wanton and wilful killing. The term `depraved heart' means something more than conduct amounting to a high or unreasonable risk to human life. The perpetrator must [or reasonably should] realize the risk his behavior has created to the extent that his conduct may be termed wilful. Moreover, the conduct must contain an element of viciousness or contemptuous disregard for the value of human life which conduct characterizes the behavior as wanton." Robinson, 307 Md. at 745 (quoting Richard Gilbert and Charles Moylan Jr., Maryland Criminal Law: (1983)). Practice and Procedure

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