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REPORTED IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS OF MARYLAND No. 1829 September Term, 1996 _______________________________

COREY DAVIS, A MINOR, ETC.

V.

EUGENE GOODMAN, ET AL. _______________________________ Harrell, Salmon, Thieme, JJ. _______________________________ Opinion by Salmon, J. _______________________________ Filed: September 25, 1997

In this lead paint poisoning case, appellants present us with a host of questions, only one of which is of interest to most members of the bar. will address. 415(g). That question is the second that we

It involves an interpretation of Maryland Rule 2-

We must decide whether an objection at deposition to the

form of a question or to any other error or irregularity that might be obviated if the objection were made during deposition must be specific or whether the objection is preserved by merely uttering the word "objection." We hold that the ground for the

objection must be stated with specificity.

BACKGROUND Corey Davis ("Corey"), born December 31, 1987, claims to have suffered brain injury due to his residency in two houses located in Baltimore City. Starting when he was six months old,

Corey lived at 2627 Francis Street with his mother, Angela Norwood. The Francis Street address was owned by Eugene Goodman,

Ann Goodman, Marc Attman, and Debra Attman, t/a Attsgood Realty (hereinafter referred to collectively as "the Attsgoods"). Corey, at fifteen months of age, moved from Francis Street to 4716 Park Heights Avenue where he lived with his mother. The

house on Park Heights Avenue was owned by Stanley Rochkind, t/a S&S Partnership (hereinafter "S&S"). On June 7, 1989, about four

months after Corey moved to the premises, the Baltimore City Health Department notified S&S that the Park Heights address had

thirty-eight areas of lead-based paint.

Corey continued to

reside at the premises owned by S&S until August 1989, when he was hospitalized and underwent therapy for lead poisoning. Thereafter, Corey went to live with his paternal grandmother, but his mother remained at the Park Heights address until February 1990. In March 1990, Ms. Norwood, individually and on behalf of Corey, sued S&S and the Attsgoods in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City. The Attsgoods filed a motion for summary

judgment, which was granted by Judge Thomas Ward on August 18, 1995. In September 1996, the case, as against S&S, was tried The jury found

before a jury (Heller, Ellen, J., presiding).

that S&S was not negligent; it also found that while S&S had violated the Consumer Protection Act, Corey had not been injured by that violation. Counsel for Corey filed a motion for new Corey and his mother then noted this

trial, which was denied.

timely appeal and raise ten issues, which we have reordered and reworded: 1. Did the motions judge err in granting summary judgment in favor of the Attsgoods? Did the trial court commit reversible error by overruling appellants' counsel's objections to questions of S&S's expert at his de bene esse deposition, when the objection at trial was to the form of the question but at deposition no ground for the objection was stated? Did the trial court err by allowing evidence to be presented to the jury 2

2.

3.

that raised an inference that the appellant was exposed to lead-based paint at Francis Street? 4. Did the trial court abuse its discretion by allowing S&S's expert neurologist to testify by videotape as to the source(s) of the appellant's exposure to leadbased paint? Did the trial court abuse its discretion by preventing appellants from presenting evidence of the full extent of Stanley Rochkind's experience and knowledge about the hazards associated with lead paint? Did the trial court err by allowing the introduction of certain business records without the proper foundation? Did the court abuse its discretion by allowing S&S's fact witness to testify to matters that were not within the witness's personal knowledge? Did the trial court commit reversible error by refusing to give two of appellants' proposed jury instructions? Did the trial court abuse its discretion by failing to grant a new trial when the jury rendered inconsistent verdicts? Did the trial court's general conduct throughout the trial substantially deprive the appellant of the right to a fair trial?

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

ISSUE I A. Summary Judgment Ruling - Facts in Light Most Favorable to Appellants

In June 1988, Corey moved into the Francis Street address, an old unrehabilitated townhouse with flaking and chipping paint on the interior walls, baseboards, and windowsills, and on the 3

front exterior walls, door, and window frames.

Corey's mother

complained to the Attsgoods about the paint problems when she first rented the premises. Promises were made by the Attsgoods

to remedy the chipping and flaking paint problem, but these promises were never fulfilled. On March 2, 1989, which coincidentally was the same date that Corey moved from the Francis Street premises, Corey's blood was tested. mcg/dc. The test showed the lead level in his blood to be 31

An acceptable lead blood level in 1989 was considered to

be 25 mcg/dc or less. David H. James, M.D., a professor of pediatrics at the University of Tennessee with experience in treating children exposed to lead paint, was named as an expert by appellants. James was deposed by counsel for the Attsgoods and questioned extensively as to the basis for his opinion that the Francis Street home contained lead-based paint during Corey's residency. Dr. James testified at deposition that: the house was "very Dr.

old"; most very old houses in Baltimore City were painted with lead-based paint; the condition of the house was described by Corey's mother as "poor," with chipping and flaking paint; and therefore, it certainly "sound[ed] like that house would be a good source for lead." He admitted that there was no direct

evidence that the house had, in fact, been painted with leadbased paint, and he acknowledged that "he was making an assumption that there was lead-based paint at 2627 Francis Street." 4

The Attsgoods moved for summary judgment and argued: [T]here is no direct evidence that there was lead paint on the property. Instead the expert [Dr. James] bases his opinion that lead-base paint existed because the house was [] old and the paint was peeling, as described by the mother. Thus, the conclusion that the exposure came from 2627 Francis Street is drawn from hearsay.[1] In fact, Dr. James admits to having done no research on the history of lead paint in the Baltimore Metropolitan area. In order for the [p]laintiff to demonstrate there exists facts sufficient to support an inference that the poisoning was the result of the 2627 Francis [Street] property[,] there must be reliable data to show the existence of lead paint. (Footnotes omitted.) advanced. Unbeknownst to Dr. James, the exterior of 2627 Francis Street had been tested for lead-based paint on May 5, 1995 -- five days before Dr. James's deposition. Troy Baker was the inspector The interior was not No other ground for summary judgment was

who tested the exterior of the premises. tested.

Mr. Baker's test revealed that lead-based paint existed

on the exterior front wall of the house and on the exterior basement windows, left and right front windows, and on the front door. Appellants, in opposition to the Attsgoods' summary judgment motion, filed an affidavit by Troy Baker relating that he had found lead-based paint on the exterior of the house and that, in

The "hearsay" objection by the Attsgoods was frivolous. Dr. James was not required to inspect the house personally. As an expert, he was permitted to base his opinion on the observations of other witnesses (such as Ms. Norwood).

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his opinion, lead-based paint was present on the exterior of the house when Corey resided there. Appellants also filed affidavits from Ms. Norwood, Corey's mother, and Dr. James. Ms. Norwood's affidavit read, in

pertinent part, as follows: When we first moved into 2627 Francis [Street] the front exterior of the home also had flaking and chipping paint on the door, walls and window frames. Corey Davis and I would sit out on the front step everyday when it was too hot to be inside. I did not know that the chipping paint that was right next to us on the front step contained lead-based paint. Dr. James's affidavit included the following: 7. Based on my training, knowledge and experience, the medical records of Corey Davis, the May 9, 1995 report of Troy Baker noting presence o[f] lead-based paint on the exterior surfaces of 2627 Francis Street, and the Affidavit of Angela Norwood, I am of the opinion, within a reasonable degree of medical probability that Corey Davis was exposed to lead-based paint while residing at 2627 Frances Street. 8. I am of an opinion within a reasonable degree of medical probability that Corey Davis was exposed to lead-based paint while sitting in front of 2627 Frances Street on an everyday basis. 9. I am of an opinion within a reasonable degree of medical probability that Corey Davis' exposure to lead-based paint at 2627 Frances Street was a substantial factor [sic] to the injuries that he sustained to his central nervous system as a result of having elevated blood lead levels. The Attsgoods, on August 15, 1995, responded to plaintiff/appellant's opposition. In the response, the Attsgoods

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changed the entire thrust of their motion.

As previously noted,

the Attsgoods initially maintained that appellants had failed to present competent evidence that the residence leased to appellants contained lead-based paint. But faced with the fact

that testing had shown lead-based paint on the exterior of the house and, as a consequence, Dr. James was no longer basing his opinion upon mere circumstantial evidence, the Attsgoods pointed out a new (purported) deficiency. The Attsgoods filed no

affidavit or other sworn material to support their new contention. Instead, they based the revised motion on the

following ipse dixit: Since Dr. James now claims that the poisoning occurred from the minor's exposure to the exterior paint of the building, there must be some evidence that in fact the child ingested or came into contact with the paint. Merely sitting outside on the steps is hardly sufficient to establish poisoning caused by lead-based paint, unless, of course, there is medical evidence to suggest otherwise. The [a]ffidavit of Angela Norwood does not indicate that in fact there was ever any exposure. . . . From that premise, the Attsgoods proceeded to argue: It is a familiar rule of evidence that a witness, in order to qualify as an expert, should have such special knowledge of the subject on which he is to testify that he can give the jury assistance in solving a problem for which their equipment of average knowledge is inadequate. It is sufficient the expert has in some way gained such experience in the matter as would entitle his evidence to credit. Wilson v. State, 181 Md. 1 [1942]. Consequently, Dr. James must establish by medical evidence a connection between being outside of a building with lead paint and actual exposure. 7

Three days after the filing of the Attsgoods' memorandum raising this new issue, a hearing was held on the summary judgment motion. In granting summary judgment, the motions judge

pointed out what he perceived to be two deficiencies in plaintiffs' case. Neither of these alleged deficiencies was

relied upon by the Attsgoods when they originally filed their motion for summary judgment. First, the court observed that the

plaintiffs had presented no proof that the Attsgoods knew of lead-based paint in the interior of the Francis Street address. Second, although plaintiffs had proved that the exterior of the house contained deteriorated lead-based paint, they had failed

to prove that Corey had been injured by exposure to that paint -- the argument first raised by the Attsgoods only three days earlier. The court stated: So the question is whether the house on the outside, where there is evidence of chipping and flaking paint and evidence of lead paint, is the evidence sufficient to carry this case on to the next step which is a jury trial to determine whether or not this child received his or her ingestion at Francis Street. In order to do that, there are several ways, of course, that can be done. In this particular case, the plaintiff's [sic] lawyers tried to do it these two ways. One, by producing testimony of the medical authority, of which has been referred to in argument. The other is showing this child, through the affidavit of Angela Norwood, the exact words are "Corey Davis and I would sit out on the front steps every day when it was too hot to be inside. I did not know that the chipping paint that was right next to us on the front steps contained lead-base paint."

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Mr. Buckley [counsel for the Attsgoods] argues that this is not sufficient to bridge the gap. Mr. Mensh [counsel for appellants] argues that the experts he has produced can testify that exposure to lead paint was sufficient to at least contribute to the condition that the child was found with. I've held consistently, and I'm going to hold again in this case, that the doctor's testimony, simply saying that because the house has lead paint in it, is sufficient to cause exposure. It's not true. I've listened to the testimony to at least one of these two experts and he's never said that. There has to be a condition present sufficient to, not only expose the child, but there must be activity on the part of the child to actually cause this. Now, on the inside,[lead poisoning] can come from the air. It can come from a lot of different facts. But on the outside it's more difficult to show. And to simply show that a person was sitting on the outside steps next to peeling and flaking paint without any other activity, including the ability of the child to have, for example, played in the ground next to the wall where the flaking and chipping paint was and, therefore, perhaps ingested it, as a young child will often put everything in their mouth and so forth. In this particular case, there evidence of that. I do not believe gap has been jumped with respect to lead paint and therefore the motion granted. . . . (Emphasis added.) B. Standard of Review is no that the exterior is

Any party may file at any time a motion for summary judgment on all or part of an action on the ground that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and that the party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. . . . The response to a motion . . . shall identify 9

with particularity the material facts that are disputed. . . . The court shall enter judgment in favor of or against the moving party if the motion and response show that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and that the party in whose favor judgment is entered is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Md. Rule 2-501(a), (b), and (e) (1993). Thus, a moving party must set forth sufficient grounds for summary judgment. Although the movant is not required to support his motion with an affidavit unless he files it "before the day on which the adverse party's initial pleading or motion is filed," see Md. Rule 2-501(a), he must support his various contentions by placing before the court facts that would be admissible in evidence or otherwise detailing the absence of evidence in the record to support a cause of action. See Washington Homes, Inc. v. Interstate Land Dev. Co., Inc., 281 Md. 712, 716 (1978). Bond v. NIBCO, Inc., 96 Md. App. 127, 134 (1993) (emphasis added). [A] party seeking summary judgment always bears the initial responsibility of informing the [circuit] court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of "the pleadings, depositions, answers to inter-rogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any," which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 136 (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)). C. The Initial Motion for Summary Judgment

The Attsgoods appropriately noted a deficiency in the plaintiffs' case when they first filed their summary judgment motion. At that point it appeared that the plaintiffs could not

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prove that Corey was injured while he resided at the Francis Street residence because there was no competent evidence that the premises contained any lead-based paint. Obviously, the mere

fact that most old houses in Baltimore have lead-based paint does not mean that a particular old Baltimore house has a similar deficiency. But by filing the affidavits of Ms. Norwood and Troy

Baker, appellants showed that there was at least a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the exterior of the house contained deteriorated lead-based paint at the time Corey lived there. Thus, the Attsgoods were unquestionably not entitled to

summary judgment on the basis set forth in their initial memorandum. D. Notice

The Attsgoods say in their brief that: The trial court properly granted appellees' motion for summary judgment as to appellants' negligence claim [because] there was insufficient evidence that appellees had notice of lead paint at 2627 Francis Street during the period of appellants' residence. . . .[2] They proceed to argue: A landlord is not liable in tort for the lead paint poisoning of a tenant unless "the landlord either knows or has reason to know of the condition and has a reasonable opportunity to correct it." Richwind Joint Venture 4 v. Brunson, 335 Md. 661, 673 (1994); Brown v. Wheeler, 109 Md. App. 710 (1996).

This statement is not technically true. In regard to the deteriorated exterior lead-based paint, the court did not grant judgment on the ground that the landlord was not shown to have notice.

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As shown previously, the trial judge did grant summary judgment, based, in part, on the fact that the Attsgoods did not have notice of the existence of lead paint on the interior of the premises. This fact, however, was never a ground for summary

judgment advanced by the Attsgoods in their summary judgment motion. A non-moving party is not required to respond to issues Hartford Accident and Indem.

not raised by the moving parties.

Co. v. Scarlett Harbor Assocs., Ltd., 109 Md. App. 217, 262 (1996), aff'd, 346 Md. 122 (1997). Put another way, a trial

judge cannot, sua sponte, and without prior warning, appropriately grant summary judgment based on the plaintiff's failure to prove an element of his or her case if the defendant has not previously contended that the plaintiff's proof was deficient as to that element. Bond, 96 Md. App. at 136. The

trial judge, therefore, should not have granted summary judgment based on plaintiff's failure to prove notice. E. The Second Ground Advanced by the Trial Court for Grant of Summary Judgment

Although the motions judge granted summary judgment, in part, on the ground that deteriorated lead-based paint on the exterior of the house did not cause Corey harm, the Attsgoods do not even argue in their brief that the motions judge was correct in this regard. This fact is of importance because, with an

exception not here relevant, we will not affirm the grant of

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summary judgment on a ground not relied upon by the trial judge.3 Blades v. Woods, 338 Md. 475, 478 (1995); Scarlett Harbor, 109 Md. at 241. In the motion judge's opinion, a child's lead blood levels cannot become elevated simply because the child is in the immediate vicinity of exterior chipping or flaking exterior leadbased paint. Lead-paint poisoning, in the trial judge's view,

can "come from the air (i.e., air-bourne particles) if the child is exposed to interior lead-based paint; but when a house has deteriorated lead-based paint on the exterior, a child cannot become injuriously exposed to that lead-based paint merely by being in the immediate vicinity of it. there must be more direct exposure. view. Judge Ward believed that

Dr. James had a contrary

As previously shown, Dr. James, an experienced

pediatrician, filed an affidavit in which he stated that in his opinion, to a reasonable degree of medical probability, Corey's exposure to deteriorated lead-based paint on the exterior of the premises leased from the Attsgoods was a "substantial factor" in leading to the "injuries [Corey] sustained to his central nervous system . . . ." The motions judge plainly did not believe that He characterized what Dr. James said as

Dr. James was credible.

"not true" and thus rejected the opinions set forth in Dr.

The exception is: If the alternative ground is one upon which the circuit court would have had no discretion to deny summary judgment, summary judgment may be granted for a reason not relied upon by the trial court. Blades v. Wood, 338 Md. 475, 478 (1995). It is only when the motion is based upon a pure issue of law that could not properly be submitted to a trier of fact, that we will affirm on an alternative ground. Presbyterian Univ. Hosp. v. Wilson, 99 Md. App. 305, 313-14 (1994), aff'd, 337 Md. 541 (1995).

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James's affidavit.

If Judge Ward were the factfinder, his But no principle is

finding would be accorded great deference.

more firmly ingrained in summary judgment jurisprudence than that a motions judge should not decide issues of credibility. Additionally, a judge, in deciding a summary judgment motion, is not empowered to take judicial notice of the answers to complicated medical issues such as the issue of causation discussed in Dr. James's affidavit. For the foregoing reasons,

we shall reverse the judgment entered in favor of the Attsgoods.

ISSUE II Trial Court's Rulings on Objections Made by Appellants' Counsel at Deposition S&S took the videotaped deposition of Dr. Lawrence Charnas, a specialist in neurology, who was of the opinion, to a reasonable degree of medical probability, that Corey experienced "no significant exposure [to lead-based paint] at 4716 Park Heights Avenue." In his deposition, Dr. Charnas went on to give the reasons for his opinion: The reason I can state that is he had two types of chemicals measured in his blood during treatment for his lead poisoning. One was the measurement of lead itself. The other is a measurement of something called FEP. As we talked about, lead levels can drop very rapidly on the basis of treatment with certain kinds of medicines. FEP, on the other hand, is a chemical that is contained within red blood cells and is a longer-term measure, on the order of three to four

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months, of what is happening with lead exposure. His FEP level remained more or less unchanged from the date where it was first noted to be elevated, prior to moving to the Park Heights address, through his initial treatment with DMSA, and then began to drop in the latter part of the fall of -- or, rather, the summer of 1989 into the winter of 1989. The -- when one sees an elevated FEP that stays the same and then drops, that indicates that there had been lead exposure ongoing for several months prior to moving to the Park Heights address, and that's, that's, within a reasonable degree of medical certainty, is the source of his body burden of lead which caused his rebound. DMSA are the initials for the medication administered to Corey at the Kennedy Center in August 1989. According to Dr.

Charnas, DMSA "is particularly good in dropping or getting rid of lead that is in the blood." Later in his deposition, Dr. Charnas testified, again to a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that "there was no reason to believe [that Corey] . . . had any injury whatsoever" due to the fact that he lived at property owned by S&S. Plaintiffs' counsel objected during Dr. Charnas's deposition to numerous questions asked by counsel for S&S. On one occasion

counsel said, "Objection, leading" but on all other occasions, he merely said, "Objection" or "Objection, move to strike." Many --

perhaps most -- of plaintiffs' objections were to questions that were perfectly proper. At trial, plaintiffs' counsel brought to the judge's attention several questions that were "not in proper form"

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because the questions called for Dr. Charnas to express an opinion even though the questioner did not ask him whether the opinion was held to a "reasonable degree of medical probability."4 The trial judge overruled these objections and

opined that in order to preserve an objection as to the form of a question the objection at deposition must be specific so that opposing counsel would have an opportunity to correct his mistake(s). Maryland Rule 2-415(g) reads: Objections. -- All objections made during a deposition shall be recorded with the testimony. An objection to the manner of taking a deposition, to the form of questions or answers, to the oath or affirmation, to the conduct of the parties, or to any other kind of error or irregularity that might be obviated or removed if objected to at the time of its occurrence is waived unless a timely objection is made during the deposition. An objection to the competency of a witness or to the competency, relevancy, or materiality of testimony is not waived by failure to make it before or during a deposition unless the ground of the objection is one that might have been obviated or removed if presented at that time. Rule 2-415(f) applies to videotaped depositions, but a party seeking to preserve an objection at the videotaped deposition must also comply with Rule 2-416(g), which provides: Objections. -- The officer shall keep a log of all objections made during the deposition and shall reference them to the time shown on the clock on camera or to the videotape or audiotape indicator. Evidence
4

An objection that questions put to an expert at deposition were not framed in terms of "reasonable medical certainty" has been held to be an objection to form. See Turnbo by Capra v. City of St. Charles, 932 S.W.2d 851, 856 (Mo. App. 1996).

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objected to shall be taken subject to the objection. A party intending to offer a videotape or audiotape deposition in evidence shall notify the court and all parties in writing of that intent and of the parts of the deposition to be offered within sufficient time to allow for objections to be made and acted upon before the trial or hearing. Objections to all or part of the deposition shall be made in writing within sufficient time to allow for rulings on them and for editing of the tape before the trial or hearing. The court may permit further designations and objections as justice may require. In excluding objectionable testimony or objections of counsel, the court may order that an edited copy of the videotape or audiotape be made or that the person playing the tape at trial suppress the objectionable portions of the tape. In no event, however, shall the original videotape or audiotape be affected by any editing process. After referring us to Rules 2-415 and 2-416, appellants argue: Nowhere in these Rules is it mentioned that reasons for the objections, as to form, must be given on the record. More specifically on point is Rule 2-517 that states that grounds for the objections during a trial need not be stated unless specifically directed by the court. Since the appellee chose to videotape the testimony of his medical expert, and not have the benefit of the trial court's immediate directions, the trial court could not make such a ruling after the fact. Md. Rule 2-517(a) reads: Objections to Evidence. -- An objection to the admission of evidence shall be made at the time the evidence is offered or as soon thereafter as the grounds for objection become apparent. Otherwise, the objection is waived. The grounds for the objection need not be stated unless the court, at the request of a party or on its own initiative, so directs. The court shall rule upon the objection promptly. When the relevancy of 17

evidence depends upon the fulfillment of a condition of fact, the court may admit the evidence subject to the introduction of additional evidence sufficient to support a finding of the fulfillment of the condition. The objection is waived unless, at some time before final argument in a jury trial or before the entry of judgment in a court trial, the objecting party moves to strike the evidence on the ground that the condition was not fulfilled. As can be seen, Rule 2-415(g) and Rule 2-517(a) have a major difference that is here important. Rule 2-517(a) explicitly

provides that (with certain exceptions) counsel need not state the ground for an objection. Rule 2-415(g), on the other hand,

says that, to preserve an objection, one must object to the error or irregularity; the rule does not say that one may merely object to the question or answer. Can it be said that a lawyer who merely says the word "objection" immediately after a question or answer has objected "to the manner of taking a deposition" or "to the form of the question or answer" or "to any other error or irregularity that might be obviated or removed if objected to at the time of its occurrence"? We think not -- counsel has merely objected to the

question or answer, not to any error or irregularity contained therein. For that reason, the language used in Rule 2-415(g)

strongly suggests at least that an objection to any error or irregularity that can be immediately corrected must be specific. Besides the difference in terminology between Rules 2-517(a) and 2-415(g), there are practical reasons to distinguish what must be said at trial to preserve an objection from what should 18

be said at deposition.

At trial, a judge, at the request of a

party, or acting sua sponte, can direct counsel to give the basis for an objection. But at deposition, because no impartial

arbiter is present, attorneys cannot be forced to say anything. Accordingly, the opportunity of a questioner to recognize and correct an error at deposition is reduced. Thus, the need for

specificity in the two forums is markedly different. In interpreting the Maryland Rules of Procedure, we apply the same rules of construction as we use when interpreting statutes, Kerpelman v. Smith, Somerville & Case, L.L.P., 115 Md.

App. 353, 357, cert. denied, 346 Md. 241 (1997), and the most basic rule of statutory construction is that courts should endeavor to "ascertain and effectuate legislative intent." v. State, 336 Md. 255, 260 (1994). Here, we are therefore Jones

required to "ascertain and effectuate" the intent of the Court of Appeals in adopting Rule 4-215(g). See also Johnson v. State,

274 Md. 29, 41 (1975) (quoting Brown v. State, 237 Md. 492, 504 (1965) (stating the meaning of a Maryland Rule "does not depend upon the niceties of definition but upon the reasonable intentment of the language used in the light of the purpose to be effectuated")). In determining intent, we are mindful that the

Maryland Rules are to be construed "to secure simplicity in procedures, fairness in administration and elimination of unfair expense and delay." Rule 1-201(a).

A plain reading of Rule 2-415(g) shows that the reason an objection to a defect [in any question or answer that can be 19

immediately cured] must be made, in a timely fashion, during the deposition is so that the questioner will have an opportunity, during the deposition, to clear up the problem. The drafters of

the rules did not wish a litigant to be prejudiced by a slip of the tongue or any other error that could be easily cured. If it

were sufficient merely to utter the word "objection" when some flaw exists in a question or answer, that purpose oft-times would not be fulfilled. For instance, a questioner, even if he or she

is a well-trained lawyer, may not know what "error or irregularity" needs correcting if a specific objection is not made. At deposition, attorneys can, and often do, object to Moreover,

questions for invalid reasons or for no reason at all.

counsel, although they are not required to do so, often object to questions or answers (e.g., answers containing hearsay) where the error or irregularity could not possibly be corrected even if the problem were brought to the attention of those in attendance at the deposition. Given these well known realities, the

interpretation of Maryland Rule 2-415(g) advanced by appellants would allow counsel at deposition to interpose scores of nonspecific and frivolous objections and then interpose a valid objection to a defect in a question that could be immediately cured. The barrage of frivolous objections might well cause an

opponent to overlook the defect in a question or answer that was immediately curable. Such an interpretation would not fulfill

the purpose of the rule and would run afoul of the requirement

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that the Maryland Rules be interpreted to secure fairness in administration. In Collom v. Pierson, 411 N.W.2d 93 (N.D. 1987), the North Dakota Supreme Court was called upon to interpret Subdivision d(3) of Rule 32 of the North Dakota Rules of Civil Procedure, which read: Errors and irregularities occurring at the oral examination in the manner of taking the deposition, in the form of the questions or answers, in the oath or affirmation, or in the conduct of parties, and errors of any kind which might be obviated, removed, or cured if promptly presented, are waived unless seasonable objection thereto is made at the taking of the deposition. Id. at 95. As can be seen, the Rule interpreted in Collom is substantively the same as Maryland Rule 2-415(g).5 In Collom,

the liability issue was whether a hole in plaintiff's colon was caused by the negligence of plaintiff's two treating doctors or whether the opening developed after surgery through no fault of the physicians. The only expert to testify for the defense was He testified, by

Dr. M. Michael Eisenberg, a general surgeon.

way of deposition, that the opening in plaintiff's colon was not caused by any negligence on the part of the defendants. During

deposition, counsel for plaintiff, Dr. Eisenberg, and one of the defense counsel had the following exchange: Q [By MR. ZUGER -- defense counsel] The bottom line is, do you find any evidence of
5

North Dakota Rule 32(d)(3), in turn, is almost identical to Federal Rule 32(d)(3).

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malpractice or negligence, if you will, whatsoever, on the part of either Dr. Lutz or Dr. Pierson in this case? A [Dr. Eisenberg]: No.

. . . . MR. SAEFKE [plaintiff's counsel]: going to object on the basis of no foundation. We're

MR. ZUGER: In what specific regard? He's been through the entire chart. He's read all the depositions. Where's the foundation lacking? MR. SAEFKE: The question referred to Dr. Lutz and Dr. Pierson. You asked him whether there was any negligence on their part. My objection is there's no foundation for him to answer that question. MR. ZUGER: And can you be more specific so I can have an opportunity to cure your objection? MR. SAEFKE: No, I'm not going to try your lawsuit, counsel. You've been in this for some time. You know the qualifications of those gentlemen and their practices and you know the qualification of your witness and his practice. And my objection is that he is not qualified to testify as to whether there was any negligence on the part of the defendants in this lawsuit. MR. ZUGER: And so that I have an opportunity to cure this before I conclude this deposition, where is he lacking in foundational qualifications? MR. SAEFKE: counsel. Id. at 94. Counsel for plaintiff sought to exclude at trial all of Dr. Eisenberg's testimony based on the fact there was That's not my obligation,

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no showing in his deposition testimony of his familiarity with the practice of obstetrics and gynecology . . . in similar localities nor similar circumstances [and therefore the doctor was not qualified] to testify . . . [regarding] the practice of Dr. Lutz in North Dakota. Id. at 95. The trial judge overruled the objection and admitted Dr. Eisenberg's deposition testimony. Supreme Court said: Objections to foundation can frequently be obviated by further testimony. Therefore, an objection to foundation at a deposition is futile unless it is sufficiently specific to afford the opposing party opportunity to cure it. See United States v. Michaels, 726 F.2d 1307, 1314 (8th Cir. 1984): "Foundation objections require specificity." Collom's counsel failed to specify what was lacking. On appeal, the North Dakota

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Therefore, we cannot consider Collom's deposition objection to foundation for any of Dr. Eisenberg's testimony.[6] Id. We interpret Rule 2-415(g) in harmony with the Collom court's interpretation of N.D.R. Civ. P. Rule 32(d)(3). that, to preserve a deposition objection to any error or irregularity that might be cured if a timely objection had been made at deposition, the objecting party must state the ground for the objection before the conclusion of the deposition, so that the opposing party will have a chance to cure or obviate the error or irregularity. Here, as Judge Heller pointed out, if We hold

appellant had specified the ground for his objections at deposition, counsel for S&S could easily have corrected the form of each of the questions to which appellants' counsel objected. Having failed to be specific, the objections to the form of the questions were waived.

The portion of the Collom opinion quoted is dicta because the court went on to say that, even if the objection had been preserved, Dr. Eisenberg had established an adequate foundation for his opinion. Aside from Collom, supra, the parties have not referred us to, nor have we found, any other appellate decision that discusses the issue of whether a deposition objection needs to be specific when the conduct of the deposition is governed by a rule similar to Rule 2-415(g).

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ISSUE III Testimony Relating to Whether Corey Davis Was Exposed to Lead-Based Paint When He Lived at 2627 Francis Street On the morning the trial was to commence, appellants' counsel made a motion in limine seeking to prohibit S&S's counsel from presenting any evidence that the source of Corey's exposure to lead paint was at 2627 Francis Street. Counsel argued:

Certainly, if the [p]laintiffs' are not entitled to the reasonable inference that Francis Street was a contributing source of lead exposure, . . . [S&S] cannot now be entitled to that -- any kind of inference to their advantage. We therefore ask that any mention of Francis Street not be allowed. In support of this argument, appellants' counsel told the trial judge that Corey "was never tested for lead while residing at the [Francis Street] property," although he had undergone an FEP screening test. He then noted that an FEP test can be

elevated by factors other than lead. Counsel's statement that Corey had never been tested for lead when he lived on Francis Street was, at best, misleading. Corey moved from the Francis Street address on March 2, 1989, and on the same day he moved into the premises owned by S&S. blood was tested for lead on March 2, 1989. screening test was administered on that date. Also, an FEP The blood test His

report, later introduced into evidence, shows Corey's address as 2627 Francis Street on March 2, 1989. The trial judge next asked appellants' counsel whether Judge Ward's rationale for granting summary judgment was that "the 25

record was void [sic] of any evidence of [lead-based] paint at the [Francis Street] address." "Yes, it is [sic], Your Honor." was inaccurate. The trial judge granted plaintiffs' counsel's in limine motion, saying: I will not permit testimony of any expert that the child was exposed to lead at Francis Street address because, one, this [c]ourt -- Judge Ward has previously granted judgment indicating that, even looking at the facts in the light most favorable to [p]laintiffs, that there was absolutely no testing of any flaking, chipping paint. And also, there was no lead levels taken of the child at the time either. . . . I'm just telling you if you . . . do bring out the condition of the home, you have to also bring out that there was no evidence of lead. The [c]ourt has already granted judgment for the [d]efendants at that address, so I think it should not come out. I think it would be an unfair conjecture. Appellants argue on appeal that the trial court deviated from her in limine ruling during trial and thus committed reversible error. Appellants also argue, more generally, that Appellants' counsel's reply was, As already shown, this answer

the court erred in allowing the introduction of any evidence from which the jury might have inferred that the source of Corey's lead poisoning was from the house on Francis Street. Appellees

counter that the motion in limine should not have been granted in the first place, and in any event, the trial judge committed no reversible error in her evidentiary rulings. A. Motion In Limine

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The two factual grounds upon which the trial judge granted appellants' motion in limine were: (1) that Corey was never

tested for lead when he lived at Francis Street and (2) that Francis Street was "excluded at summary judgment" as a source of Corey's poisoning because, at the summary judgment stage, plaintiffs could produce no evidence that the house had been painted with lead-based paint. Impliedly at least, appellants

contend that the summary judgment ruling constituted the law of the case and Judge Heller was therefore obliged to follow that "law" in making evidentiary rulings during trial. premise is fatally flawed. Appellants'

No prior ruling of the court

established that Corey had not been tested for lead when he lived at Francis Street or that there was no "lead paint" at the Francis Street premises. Obviously, the law of the case doctrine

can have no application concerning an issue that was never decided. (1984). We need not, however, decide whether the in limine order should have been granted because appellants fail to point to any instance when the trial judge deviated from her ruling. The in NCAA v. Johns Hopkins University, 301 Md. 574, 582

limine ruling was narrow and concerned only testimony of experts. Not once did the trial judge allow any expert to testify that Corey was exposed to lead-based paint at the Francis Street premises. B. 1. Other Trial Testimony Regarding Francis Street

Exhibit 21 -- Failure to Redact 27

Plaintiffs' expert, Dr. James, testified that Corey suffered permanent brain injury due to his exposure to lead-based paint at premises owned by S&S. On direct examination, Dr. James did not

attribute any injury to Corey due to his residence at Francis Street. On cross-examination, Dr. James was shown defendant's

Exhibit 21, which was a medical report indicating that on March 2, 1989, Corey had an elevated lead level of 31 mcg/dl; an elevated FEP level; and an address, at the time the test was administered, at 2627 Francis Street. Defendant's Exhibit 21 was

later introduced into evidence over appellants' objection. Appellants now contend that the trial judge erred in failing to redact the Francis Street address from Exhibit 21 because, according to appellant, the jury could draw the inference that Corey was exposed to lead-based paint at the Francis Street address merely because he lived there when the test was administered. Appellants also maintain that the court erred in

allowing Dr. Charnas to testify that Corey was living at the Francis Street address when he had elevated FEP levels. According to appellants, the jury could "infer" from the Charnas testimony and Exhibit 21 that the source of the lead in Corey's blood was from Francis Street. Even assuming, arguendo, that one could draw such an inference,7 no reversible error was committed. Failure to redact Corey's address caused plaintiffs no harm. Nor

did the court's ruling in regard to Dr. Charnas's testimony cause

For a good discussion of the proper test for the legitimacy of an inference, see Chesapeake & Potomac Tel. Co. of Md. v. Hicks, 25 Md. App. 503, 524-25 (1975).

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harm, inasmuch as

the same evidence had already been admitted,

without objection, prior to admission of the disputed evidence. Ms. Norwood testified, without objection, that she lived on Francis Street on March 2, 1989. Myers v. State, 58 Md. App.

211, 227, cert. denied, 300 Md. 484 (1984) (holding that if testimony comes in without objection, but some subsequent evidence to the same effect is later admitted over objection, the later objection is waived). 2. Cross-Examination of Dr. James Appellants also contend that the trial court erred in allowing Dr. James to be asked on cross-examination whether he had previously testified at deposition that Corey had been exposed to lead-based paint from some "source" other than the premises owned by S&S. yeah." Dr. James responded, "That's correct,

The question was a perfectly valid one that at least

potentially weakened the testimony given on direct by Dr. James that Corey had been injuriously exposed to lead paint when he lived at the premises owned by S&S. Thus, the trial judge did

not err in overruling trial counsel's objection. 3. Failure to Strike an Answer by Charles Runkler Appellant next asserts that the trial judge erred when she failed to grant a motion to strike an answer that Charles Runkler gave. Mr. Runkler was an employee of S&S. During cross-

examinations by appellants' counsel, he said that S&S had a letter in its file stating that "the child [Corey] came here [to S&S's premises] with lead paint," meaning that Corey had suffered 29

from lead poisoning prior to moving into S&S's premises. Plaintiffs' counsel said, "Objection, move to strike." The trial

judge sustained the objection to the answer but did not rule on the motion to strike.8 Appellants were not prejudiced by the

failure to strike the answer because defendant's Exhibit 21, which was already in evidence, also showed that Corey suffered from lead poisoning before moving to the Park Heights address. Bradley v. Hazard Tech., 340 Md. 202, 207 (1995) (holding that to warrant a reversal appellant must show not only error but prejudice caused by that error). ISSUE IV A. The Use of Dr. Charnas's Deposition

Trial in this case was set by the assignment office in January 1996. The scheduled trial date was September 18, 1996.

Defense counsel immediately notified Dr. Charnas that he would be needed as a witness, and Dr. Charnas agreed to be present on September 19, 1996. His availability was confirmed by defense On September 8, 1996, Dr.

counsel in June and August 1996.

Charnas notified defense counsel that he would be unavailable to testify on September 19, 1996, because he would "be traveling to a conference in Utrecht, Holland." Dr. Charnas said that if

trial lasted until September 23, 1996, he would be available to testify on that date. Defense counsel did not anticipate that

trial would last until September 23, and as a consequence, he
8

As discussed in connection with Issue VII, infra, the trial judge told the jury in her instruction that whenever she sustained an objection to an answer the jury should disregard that answer.

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promptly notified plaintiffs' counsel of the problem and scheduled Dr. Charnas's de bene esse deposition for 11:00 a.m. on September 17, 1996. The deposition was held on that date, and

counsel for the plaintiffs was in attendance. On the morning of trial, plaintiffs' counsel moved "to strike" Dr. Charnas's deposition because the deposition had been taken only one day earlier and, as a consequence, he had not had time to file a brief with the court regarding the "numerous objections" he had made during the deposition. He also said that

he feared that the court would have insufficient time to review his objections carefully prior to ruling on them and that defense counsel would have insufficient time to edit the videotape after the court made its rulings. the motion and concluded: There is truly no way one could excuse Dr. Charnas's refusal to be here today, especially after defense counsel had timely and apparently repeatedly notified him of the date. So, if that were the reasoning and if he were not here, the [c]ourt wouldn't have granted a postponement because this case has been postponed before for part of that very reason. On the other hand, there was the opportunity, and indeed, both parties took advantage of it, to do the video deposition so that his testimony could be presented, and I'm going to permit that video deposition transcript to go forward. I don't see any prejudice to [p]laintiffs because there's no problem with the [c]ourt reviewing the transcript and the deposition and making rulings, so that those rulings will go forward before it's played to the jury in this courtroom. All courtrooms are different. But now that I have video 31 The trial judge heard argument on

equipment, which I never used to have, we put the deposition in the machine. It's very easy to manually -- even an attorney can do it. Hold it quietly while one doesn't hear what one has excluded. So, as long as I get timely objections, we will make sure that the video deposition is not shown to the jury until I have an opportunity to rule on it. Okay? MR. KETTERMAN [COUNSEL FOR S&S]: Your Honor, we will have a written transcript [of the Charnas deposition] today if Your Honor would like to see that in advance. THE COURT: Well, to the extent you have one and can give it to me, that means I can read it . . . either this evening or late this afternoon. And that saves you all time and I'd greatly appreciate it. On September 23, 1996, appellants' counsel filed written objections to portions of Dr. Charnas's video deposition. The

video deposition was shown to the jury on September 24th and 25th. Appellants argue that Judge Heller "abused her discretion" in failing to strike the deposition because "the procedures outlined in Rule 2-416(g) had not been followed" and, as a consequence, appellants' counsel "was forced to spend time on preparation of written objections to the deposition rather than spending time on trial preparation." While appellants do not

deign to specify which of the procedures set forth in section 2416(g) were not followed, we presume they refer to the requirement that objections "to all or part of the deposition shall be made in writing within sufficient time to allow for rulings on them and for editing of the tape before the trial." (Emphasis added.) Here no ruling or editing could be done before

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trial since the transcript was not yet available.

This problem,

however, was through no neglect of the parties or their counsel. At the point the videotaped deposition was shown to the jury, appellants' counsel had the deposition transcript for several days and had enough time to prepare and file a five-page document adumbrating plaintiffs' grounds for some twenty-five objections to various (alleged) errors and irregularities in Dr. Charnas's deposition.9 Under these circumstances, appellants have failed

to show how they suffered any prejudice by receiving the transcript late and therefore have failed to show grounds for reversal. Bradley, supra, 340 Md. at 207.

The suggestion that appellants were prejudiced by their counsel's being diverted from trial preparation by the necessity of drafting written objections after the trial commenced is purely make-weight. The trial started on September 18, 1996; the The

deposition was introduced into evidence six days later.

transcript of the deposition was delivered on September 18, 1996. Thus counsel had adequate time both to prepare for trial and file written objections in compliance with Rule 2-416(g). The trial

judge did not abuse her discretion in allowing the deposition to be used. B. Qualification of Dr. Charnas

Appellants contend that Dr. Charnas was not qualified to "determine what sources of lead the children were exposed to

Plaintiff's counsel "submitted without argument" with regard to numerous other objections.

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result[ed] in lead poisoning," and therefore the trial judge erred in allowing the expert to express any causation opinion. Appellants note that Dr. Charnas was neither "a toxicologist or a pediatrician" and, as a consequence, never had "the responsibility of treating children for their lead poisoning. only handled their neurological symptoms." A witness is qualified to testify as an expert when he exhibits such a degree of knowledge as to make it appear that his opinion is of some value to the factfinder, regardless of where or how the knowledge was gained. Yost v. Early, 87 Md. App. 364, In Baltimore Gas & Elec. He

373, cert. denied, 324 Md. 123 (1991).

Co. v. Flippo, 112 Md. App. 75, 98 (1996), cert. granted, 344 Md. 719 (1997), we pointed out: Broad discretion is vested in the trial court with regard to expert testimony, and that discretion will not be disturbed on appeal absent an error of law or fact, a serious mistake, or a clear abuse of discretion . . . [O]bjections attacking an expert's training, expertise or basis of knowledge go to the weight of the evidence and not its admissibility. See also Tapscot v. State, 106 Md. App. 109 (1995), aff'd, 343 Md. 650 (1996); Smith v. Pearre, 96 Md. App. 376, 395-96, cert. denied, 332 Md. 454 (1993). Dr. Charnas is a Board Certified neurologist, a discipline that involves the study of diseases of the nerves and the brain. He received training as a resident at Johns Hopkins Hospital and subsequently served with the National Institutes of Health. has He

taught as an instructor and assistant professor of neurology 34

at Johns Hopkins Hospital and has had some experience in treating children who suffer from lead poisoning. The trial judge, in ruling on Dr. Charnas's qualifications, noted that she had read his entire deposition, and based on the fact that Dr. Charnas had treated children with lead poisoning, she believed he was qualified to express an opinion as to causation. The court also observed that Dr. Charnas's career had focused on study of the nervous system and things that produce intelligence . . . . I would say that this is directly relevant to the reported effects of lead exposure. So, those are just a few examples. But after reviewing the entire thing, I thought he could give testimony on causation, and the objections go to the weight. Appellants assert: The sole issue was whether Dr. Charnas had any training, knowledge or experience with determining what sources of lead that children were exposed to resulting in the lead poisoning. The record was clear that Dr. Charnas only saw the children after they had been treated and diagnosed with lead poisoning. He never was involved with the investigation or determining the sources of the exposure. Dr. Charnas was an expert in brain damage, not lead paint detection. His lack of expertise was reflected in his testimony that 4716 Park Heights Avenue was a "relatively lead free source." The violation notice issued for Park Heights listed 38 areas that were positive for lead. We begin by observing that the contents of the violation notice did not demonstrate Dr. Charnas's lack of expertise, nor did it necessarily contradict his opinion that the Park Heights address was "relatively lead free." Only deteriorated lead-based

paint can cause harm to children, and according to the violation 35

notice, of the thirty-eight areas that were positive for lead paint, thirty-two were intact and only six had flaking paint. It is true that, as a neurologist, Dr. Charnas would not ordinarily be called upon to investigate, or to give an opinion, as to the exact source of the lead poisoning that afflicted his young patients. But he was not called upon in this case to opine Instead, he was

as to the exact source of the lead poisoning.

only asked his opinion as to whether the lead poisoning had its source at the premises owned by S&S. Because the witness was a

Board Certified neurologist, it was certainly reasonable for Judge Heller to infer that he had special knowledge as to the effect of the DMSA medication on blood lead levels and as to the significance of the lead levels and FEP levels found in Corey's blood on March 2, 1989, and thereafter. As more fully explained

in the excerpt from Dr. Charnas deposition set forth under Issue II, his causation opinion was based on the facts that (1) Corey's lead-level was elevated when he moved to premises owned by S&S; (2) it takes three or four months for lead levels (FEP) to go down; and (3) Corey's FEP level remained "more or less unchanged" from the date he moved to the Park Heights premises until he commenced treatment with DMSA in the summer of 1989. According

to Dr. Charnas, these constant FEP levels indicated that the Park Heights address was not the source of the lead in Corey's blood.

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ISSUE V Questioning of Stanley Rochkind In order to prove that S&S was negligent, plaintiffs were required to prove that S&S's principal, Mr. Rochkind, had "reason to know" that the Park Heights address contained deteriorated lead-based paint that was dangerous to young children. Joint Venture 4 v. Brunson, 335 Md. at 673-74 (1995). in Brown v. Wheeler, 109 Md. App. at 721 (1996), The "reason to know" standard requires some knowledge -- not necessarily actual knowledge of all relevant facts -- but enough to cause a person of ordinary intelligence or one of ". . . . `superior intelligence . . . [to] either infer the existence of the fact in question or . . . regard its existence as so highly probable that his conduct would be predicated upon the assumption that the fact did exist.'" Richwind, 335 Md. at 677. If a landlord or property manager has notice of the existence of a specific defect or hazard on particular premises, created by the defect, even if incomplete, may be met by evidence of knowledge generally possessed by persons of ordinary intelligence. . . . Additionally, landlords and property managers frequently may have actual knowledge that is superior to other persons and they, thereby, will be held to have "reason to know" of a hazard which, when combined with knowledge of a defect on particular premises, will create a jury question. Mr. Rochkind was called by appellants as an adverse witness. He readily admitted that he knew, as of the date that he took Ms. Norwood's rental application: (1) that lead-based paint could cause injury to children; (2) that older houses in Baltimore City often contained lead-based paint; and (3) that children had been made ill as a result of being exposed to chipping and flaking 37 Richwind As stated

lead-based paint.

He also knew "whatever came out in the

[news]paper or whatever information that was disseminated to the public" in regard to safe and unsafe lead levels. Thus, it was

not part of S&S's defense that plaintiffs had failed to show that S&S had knowledge of the dangers of deteriorated lead-based paint. By Mr. Rochkind's direct testimony, appellants proved

more than "reason to know" on the landlord's part; appellants proved actual knowledge. The only "knowledge" issue in dispute

was whether Mr. Rochkind had knowledge of deteriorated lead-based paint on the premises owned by S&S when Corey moved there in early March 1989. Nevertheless, appellants contend that the

trial judge abused her discretion in preventing plaintiffs "from presenting the full extent of" Mr. Rochkind's knowledge about the dangers of lead-based paint. In this regard, appellants contend

the trial judge erred in sustaining S&S's objections to the following questions asked of Mr. Rochkind: 1. When you brought S&S Partnership in 1986, how many properties did you acquire? By 1989, isn't it true, you owned and managed approximately 1,000 properties in Baltimore City? Was the lead paint violation you received in June 1989 for the Park Heights premises the first lead paint notice you had ever received for any property?

2.

3.

Although appellants made no formal proffer as to what answers they expected, it seems obvious that the answers would have been that Mr. Rochkind owned and managed approximately 1,000 38

properties in 1989 and that sometime prior to June 1989 he had received a lead-paint violation notice for at least one of his other properties. In the face of the admissions by Mr. Rochkind, questions regarding the number of properties that Mr. Rochkind owned or managed or the number of times he or his company had received lead paint violation notices prior to March 1989 could add nothing material to the case because the witness had admitted "actual knowledge" of the dangers of deteriorated lead-based paint. In other words, when an issue is not in dispute, facts Judge Heller did not err

probative of that issue are irrelevant. in sustaining S&S's objections.

ISSUE VI In the presentation of its defense, S&S introduced numerous documents that were found in S&S's records for the years 1988 and 1989. Appellants contend that these records did not come within

the business records exception to the hearsay rule and therefore should have been excluded. pertinent part: The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule, even though the declarant is available as a witness: * * * (b) Other Exceptions. -- * * * Maryland Rule 5-803 reads, in

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(6) Records of Regularly Conducted Activity. -- A memorandum, report, record, or data compilation of acts, events, conditions, opinions, or diagnoses if (A) it was made at or near the time of the act, event, or condition, or the rendition of the diagnosis, (B) it was made by a person with knowledge or from information transmitted by a person with knowledge, (C) it was made and kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity, and (D) the regular practice of that business was to make and keep the memorandum, report, record, or data compilation. A record of this kind may be excluded if the source of information or the method or circumstances of the preparation of the record indicate that the information in the record lacks trustworthiness. In this paragraph, "business" includes business, institution, association, profession, occupation, and calling of every kind, whether or not conducted for profit. The purpose of Rule 5-803(b)(6) and its statutory counterpart found in Maryland Code Annotated, Courts and Judicial Proceedings article, section 10-101 (1995 Repl. Vol.), is to avoid the common law rule that witnesses should speak from personal knowledge and to bring "the rules of evidence nearer to the standards in responsible action outside the court." Beach v.

State, 75 Md. App. 431, 437 (1988) (quoting Brown v. State, 1 Md. App. 664, 666 (1967)). Prior to introducing its business records, S&S called Charles Runkle, its Vice-President. Mr. Runkle testified that

since 1991 he had acted as manager for properties owned by S&S. He further testified that his predecessor as property manager was one Jeffrey Squire. For about six weeks prior to his leaving his

job with S&S in 1991, Mr. Squire taught Runkle the S&S system for

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keeping records.

Through Runkle's testimony, S&S indisputably

met all the requirements of Rule 5-803(b)(6) with one possible exception. According to appellants, S&S failed to prove that the

records were "made at or near the time of the act . . . mentioned in the records." Appellants contend that the records should not

have been admitted because Runkle was not employed by S&S when the records were made, and thus he had no first-hand knowledge as to when the records were made. The same basic contention was

made and rejected by the Court of Appeals in Killen v. House, 251 Md. 70, 76 (1968): Houser received the corporate records when he purchased the companies and has been their custodian since. The records were those that normally and customarily are kept by corporations in ordinary course. There was nothing to show these were not the records received by Houser or that they were not bona fide and unaltered. The statute does not specify that the custodian of the record be he who was such at the time the record was made. If it did, it would lose much of its utility and effectiveness. As stated by 6 McLain, Maryland Evidence

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