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NOTICE: This opinion is subject to motions for rehearing under Rule 22 as well as formal revision before publication in the New Hampshire Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter, Supreme Court of New Hampshire, One Charles Doe Drive, Concord, New Hampshire 03301, of any editorial errors in order that corrections may be made before the opinion goes to press. Errors may be reported by E-mail at the following address: reporter@courts.state.nh.us. Opinions are available on the Internet by 9:00 a.m. on the morning of their release. The direct address of the court's home page is: http://www.courts.state.nh.us/supreme. THE SUPREME COURT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE ___________________________ Merrimack No. 2008-650 HELEN MARTIN & a. v. PAT'S PEAK, INC. Argued: February 18, 2009 Opinion Issued: May 21, 2009 Gibson & Behman, P.C., of Manchester (Christopher W. Driscoll and Daniel J. Shanahan on the brief, and Mr. Shanahan orally), for the plaintiffs. Devine, Millimet & Branch, P.A., of Manchester (Thomas Quarles, Jr. and Leigh S. Willey on the brief, and Ms. Willey orally), for the defendant. HICKS, J. This case comes before us on an interlocutory transfer without ruling from the Superior Court (Mangones, J.). See Sup. Ct. R. 9. The question is whether the plaintiffs, Helen Martin and her husband Michael Martin, may maintain negligence and loss of consortium claims against the defendant, Pat's Peak, Inc. (Pat's Peak), for injuries Helen Martin sustained while snow tubing at the Pat's Peak's ski area prior to legislative amendments to RSA chapter 225-A (2000 & Supp. 2008) that classify snow tubers as skiers under the statute. See RSA 225-A:2, II (Supp. 2008). We hold that the Martins' claims are not barred.

The following relevant facts are recited in the parties' joint interlocutory transfer statement or appear in the record. Pat's Peak owns and operates a ski area in Henniker known as "Pat's Peak." On February 18, 2004, Helen Martin was injured while snow tubing at the Pat's Peak ski area. By writ dated February 15, 2007, the plaintiffs instituted this action against the defendant, alleging that Helen Martin's injuries: were the result of the Defendant's negligence in that it permitted a defective and unreasonably dangerous condition to exist on its tubing park, failed to maintain its tubing park in a safe condition and/or failed to repair the tubing park when it knew or should have known, in the exercise of reasonable care, the tubing park was defective, and/or failed to warn of the defective condition. Michael Martin brought a claim for loss of consortium. Pat's Peak moved to dismiss, arguing that the action is barred by RSA 225-A:24 (2000) (amended 2005) and by the statute of limitations contained in RSA 225-A:25, IV (2000) (amended 2005). At the time Helen Martin was injured, RSA 225-A:24, I, provided: Each person who participates in the sport of skiing accepts as a matter of law, the dangers inherent in the sport, and to that extent may not maintain an action against the operator for any injuries which result from such inherent risks, dangers, or hazards. The categories of such risks, hazards or dangers which the skier or passenger assumes as a matter of law include but are not limited to the following: variations in terrain, surface or subsurface snow or ice conditions; bare spots; rocks, trees, stumps and other forms of forest growth or debris; lift towers and components thereof (all of the foregoing whether above or below snow surface); pole lines and plainly marked or visible snow making equipment; collisions with other skiers or other persons or with any of the categories included in this paragraph. RSA 225-A:24, I (2000). Until its amendment in 2005, this paragraph had remained unchanged since 1978 and is therefore sometimes referred to as the 1978 version of the statute. At all relevant times, the statute of limitations in RSA 225-A:25, IV has provided, in pertinent part, that "[n]o action shall be maintained against any operator for injuries to any skier or passenger unless the same is commenced within 2 years from the time of injury provided, however, that as a condition precedent thereof the operator shall be notified by certified return receipt mail within 90 days of said injury." RSA 225-A:25, IV (Supp. 2008).

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The Martins opposed the motion to dismiss, arguing that Helen Martin was not a "skier" within the meaning of the applicable statutes. They relied upon Sweeney v. Ragged Mt. Ski Area, 151 N.H. 239 (2004), in which we held that a person "utilizing a snow tube run designated exclusively for snow tubing" did not participate in the sport of skiing for purposes of RSA 225-A:24, I. Sweeney, 151 N.H. at 242-43. Shortly after the Sweeney decision, in 2005, "the legislature amended certain provisions of RSA chapter 225-A to make clear that they pertain to snowboarding, snow tubing and snowshoeing." Cecere v. Loon Mt. Recreation Corp., 155 N.H. 289, 293 (2007); see Laws 2005, ch. 145. As the incident from which Cecere arose occurred prior to these amendments, the 1978 version of the statute, rather than the amended version, applied. Nevertheless, we noted that the 2005 amendments, "[c]oming so soon after we decided Sweeney," are "strong evidence of the legislature's intent with respect to the 1978 version of the act." Cecere, 155 N.H. at 293 (quotation omitted). We therefore concluded that the 2005 amendments supported our holding that a snowboarder utilizing an alpine slope or trail is a "skier" under the 1978 version of the statute. Id. at 292. In its order on the motion to dismiss, the trial court noted: Sweeney constitutes direct case law precedent that snow tubing would not be subject to the immunity provisions of RSA 225-A. However, . . . the analysis . . . in Cecere also may be applicable to the present claims. . . . An argument can therefore be made that the New Hampshire legislature had originally intended to grant immunity to activities beyond simply the "sport of skiing" and to encompass snow tubing. The trial court therefore granted an interlocutory transfer without ruling of the following questions: Whether RSA 225-A applies to and bars Plaintiffs' claims because Helen Martin's injuries were the result of risks inherent in the sport of "skiing," as that term is defined in RSA 225-A (1978) [sic] and applicable case law? Whether the two (2) year statute of limitations under the Ski Statute RSA 225-A (1978) [sic] and (2005) [sic] or New Hampshire's general three (3) year statute of limitations, RSA 508:4 applies to the Plaintiffs' claims? We will address the questions in turn. The Martins contend that the 1978 version of RSA 225-A:24, I, does not bar their claims because Helen Martin was not a "skier" within the meaning of

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the statute and her injuries were not caused by risks inherent in the sport of skiing. Thus, as the trial court recognized, the first question before us is precisely the one presented in Sweeney: "whether RSA 225-A:24, I, grants immunity to ski area operators against claims for injuries brought by snow tubers." Sweeney, 151 N.H. at 241. We are the final arbiter of the intent of the legislature as expressed in the words of the statute considered as a whole. We first examine the language of the statute, and, where possible, we ascribe the plain and ordinary meanings to the words used. Our goal is to apply statutes in light of the legislature's intent in enacting them, and in light of the policy sought to be advanced by the entire statutory scheme. Cecere, 155 N.H. at 291 (citations omitted). We noted in Sweeney that RSA 225-A:24, is "an immunity provision for ski area operators[,] . . . intended to supersede and replace a skier's common law remedies for risks inherent in the sport of skiing." Sweeney, 151 N.H. at 242 (quotation and italics omitted). Thus, we interpret the statute in accordance with the principle that "immunity provisions barring the common law right to recover are to be strictly construed." Id. at 241. "If such a right is to be taken away, it must be noted clearly by the legislature." Id. (quotation omitted). As previously noted, the 1978 version of RSA 225-A:24, I, bars persons "participat[ing] in the sport of skiing" from "maintain[ing] an action against the [ski area] operator for any injuries which result from . . . risks, dangers, or hazards" that are "inherent in the sport." RSA 225-A:24, I (2000). Because RSA chapter 225-A does not define the phrase "sport of skiing," we looked in Sweeney "to other provisions of the statutory scheme for guidance"; in particular, the definition of "skier" in RSA 225-A:2, II (2000) (amended 2005). Sweeney, 151 N.H. at 242. We also looked to the statute's declaration of policy which, in pertinent part, declared it to be "`the policy of the state of New Hampshire to define the primary areas of responsibility of skiers and other users of alpine (downhill) and nordic (cross country and ski jumps) areas, recognizing that the sport of skiing and other ski area activities involve risks and hazards'" which participants must assume as a matter of law. Sweeney, 151 N.H. at 242 (quoting RSA 225-A:1 (2000) (amended 2005)). We determined that "[t]his provision indicates that the focus of the statutory scheme is upon those who utilize alpine and nordic areas." Id. We therefore concluded that because the plaintiff "was not utilizing an alpine or nordic slope," but rather "was utilizing a snow tube run designated exclusively for snow tubing," she did not "`participat[e] in the sport of skiing' as intended by the legislature in RSA 225-A:24, I." Id. at 242-43.

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The Martins contend that because Helen Martin "was using a run designated exclusively for snow tubing, which was designed and constructed by Pat's Peak, rather than an alpine or nordic trail, and snow tubing is not remotely similar to the sport of skiing, [she] is not a `skier' under the . . . 1978 Ski Statute." Since Sweeney is directly on point on this issue, we must agree with the Martins unless Sweeney is no longer good law. The suggestion that Sweeney may not be controlling arises from comments we made in Cecere regarding the 2005 amendments to RSA chapter 225-A. After noting that the amendments to certain provisions "make clear that they pertain to snowboarding, snow tubing and snowshoeing," Cecere, 155 N.H. at 293, we stated: Coming so soon after we decided Sweeney, these amendments are "strong evidence" of the legislature's intent with respect to the 1978 version of the act. Where an amendment is enacted soon after controversies arise as to the interpretation of the original act, it is logical to regard the amendment as a legislative interpretation of the original act. In this way, the 2005 amendments clarified, rather than changed, the meaning of the 1978 version of RSA chapter 225-A. Cecere, 155 N.H. at 293 (quotation, citations and brackets omitted). We did not use this analysis, however, in reaching our holding in Cecere. Rather, it served to reject the plaintiff's contention that "the 2005 amendments to RSA chapter 225-A demonstrate that the legislature did not intend the [1978] version of the chapter . . . to apply to snowboarding." Id. Thus, we determined that rather than intending a substantive change in the statute, the legislature sought to clarify its intent to include the activities of snowboarding, snow tubing and snowshoeing within the statute's ambit. Nevertheless, nothing in this passage from Cecere is inconsistent with our holding in Sweeney that the "intent to extinguish the common law claims of snow tubers injured on a track designated solely for snow tubing" was not "clearly expresse[d]" in the 1978 version of the statute. Sweeney, 151 N.H. at 243. In other words, clarification of the legislature's intent

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