SYLLABUS
(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has
been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the convenience of the
reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please
note that, in the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not
have been summarized).
Argued October 20, 2003 -- Decided March 16, 2004
WALLACE, J., writing for a unanimous Court.
In this appeal, the Court addresses whether the creation of a trust fund is an appropriate remedy for an employee when there has been a wrongful breach of a disability contract by her employer.
In 1996, Andrea E. Cipala began working as an Admission Representative for the
Cittone Institute, which is owned by Lincoln Technical Institute (LTI). As part of
her benefits package, Cipala was told that she would receive long-term disability insurance
and was given a disability plan booklet.
On July 20, 1999, Cipala injured her left knee on the job. She
left work on disability and underwent knee surgery in August 1999. Thereafter, Cipala
sought long-term disability benefits from LTI under its long-term disability plan. LTI claimed
that she was not covered by the policy.
Cipala filed an action against LTI, alleging breach of her employment contract and
violation of the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (LAD). A jury trial followed,
limited to the question of liability. After presentation of the evidence, the trial
court dismissed the LAD claim. The jury then found LTI had breached its
contract with Cipala by failing to provide long-term disability benefits pursuant to LTI’s
insurance plan.
Cipala filed a summary judgment motion, seeking compensation in the amount of her
accumulated benefits from the onset of her disability, and an order requiring LTI
to purchase an annuity for her to ensure payment of the full entitlement
period under the plan. In the alternative, Cipala requested a lump sum payment
equal to the present value of the monetary benefits she could receive until
age sixty-five. Cipala also sought counsel fees.
LTI conceded that the disability-benefits plan entitled Cipala to $1869.08 per month until
she reached sixty-five, as long as she survived and remained disabled. LTI also
stipulated to the amount of past due benefits. LTI objected to any lump
sum payment for future benefits or the purchase of an annuity because Cipala
might overcome her disability or die prematurely. LTI argued that Cipala was only
entitled to a judgment for specific performance of the obligation to pay future
benefits. LTI also objected to an award of counsel fees because Cipala failed
to establish any statutory basis, court rule, or legal precedent permitting such an
award in a breach of contract action.
The trial court denied Cipala’s request for an annuity or lump sum damages
of future benefits and counsel fees, but ordered LTI to fund a trust
for payment of future benefits. A later order outlined the details for funding
the trust, including, among other things; that any funds remaining in the trust
on termination would revert to LTI.
Cipala appealed the denial of lump sum damages, the dismissal of her LAD
claim, and the denial of counsel fees. LTI cross-appealed on this issue of
its requirement to fund a trust for contingent future benefits. The Appellate Division
affirmed the judgment for specific performance and rejected Cipala’s present value damage claims.
The panel denied Cipala’s demand for counsel fees because the action was not
based on a liability or indemnity policy. The appellate panel noted its inability
to review the LAD claim because the dismissal of that claim was not
confirmed by an order and Cipala did not provide a transcript of the
ruling. On the cross-appeal, the Appellate Division reversed, concluding that the trust device
went beyond the remedies provided for in case law.
The Supreme Court granted certification.
HELD: Cipala is entitled to a judgment for specific performance but she may
not recover lump sum damages for the present value of future disability payments
because her disability was not shown to be permanent. Under the circumstances of
this case, the imposition of a trust device is an appropriate remedy.
1. On the record before the Court, Cipala failed to prove permanent disability.
Because LTI is only obligated to pay during Cipala’s disability, she is entitled
only to a judgment for specific performance and may not recover the present
value of future payments. Cipala’s benefits will end if she recovers from her
disabilities or dies before reaching age sixty-five. Because Cipala has not demonstrated that
her disability is permanent, she has not fulfilled the condition precedent entitling her
to a lump sum payment. (Pp. 5-9)
2. In the typical case in which a third-party insurer is involved, the
remedy of specific performance is adequate. When an insurance carrier is not involved,
the remedy of acquiring a comparable insurance or annuity is also appropriate. When
those remedies are not feasible because a substitute insurance policy or an annuity
is impractical, as here, the trial court may employ other non-traditional remedies to
achieve the goal of placing Cipala in the position she would have been
in if the contract had been performed. The trial court struck a fair
balance by imposing a trust to be funded over the course of four
years. Even if the imposition of the trust places Cipala in a better
position than if a third-party insurer were involved, that does not alter the
analysis. The trust device gives Cipala no more than she would have received
if the contract had not been breached. (Pp. 9-12)
3. The trust imposes an additional burden on LTI. However, in light of
LTI’s breach of contract, and the fact that LTI will receive any remaining
corpus of the trust, the Court does not find the trust unfair or
unduly burdensome. Thus, under the special circumstances found here, the imposition of a
trust device on the breaching employer to take the place of a third-party
insurer is an appropriate remedy. (Pp. 12-13)
4. Cipala’s deficiency in failing to submit either a final order dismissing her
LAD claim or a transcript of the trial proceedings prohibits review of her
LAD claim. Therefore, the Court affirms the Appellate Division’s decision on this issue.
(Pp. 13-14)
5. Under the “American Rule,” the prevailing litigant is ordinarily not entitled to
collect reasonable attorney’s fees from the loser. There is no justification to reach
a different result in this case. Thus, Cipala may not recover counsel fees
from LTI. (Pp. 14-15)
Judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED IN PART and REVERSED IN PART
and the judgment of the Law Division is REINSTATED.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES LONG, VERNIERO, LaVECCHIA, ZAZZALI and ALBIN join in
JUSTICE WALLACE’S opinion.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
A-
65 September Term 2002
ANDREA E. CIPALA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
LINCOLN TECHNICAL INSTITUTE,
Defendant-Respondent,
and
THE CITTONE INSTITUTE and STONINGTON PARTNERS,
Defendants.
Argued October 20, 2003 – Decided March 16, 2004
On certification to the Superior Court, Appellate Division, whose opinion is reported at
354 N.J. Super. 247 (2002).
Mandy R. Steele argued the cause for appellant.
Steven Backfisch argued the cause for respondent (Lindabury, McCormick & Estabrook, attorneys).
JUSTICE WALLACE delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this appeal, we consider whether the creation of a trust fund is
an appropriate remedy for an employee when there has been a wrongful breach
of a disability contract by her employer. In a bifurcated trial, after the
trial court dismissed plaintiff’s claim under the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination (LAD),
N.J.S.A. 10:5-1 to –49, the jury found that defendant had breached the contract.
The trial court denied plaintiff’s request for a lump sum payment, awarded her
the amount of the past due monthly payments up to the time of
judgment, and ordered defendant to pay plaintiff $1,869.08 each month until plaintiff was
no longer disabled, reached the age of sixty-five, or died. Subsequently, the court
ordered defendant to fund a trust in the amount of $250,000 to ensure
the monthly payments would be made over the required period and denied plaintiff’s
request for attorney’s fees. On appeal, the Appellate Division affirmed in part and
reversed the imposition of the trust fund. Cipala v. Lincoln Technical Inst.,
354 N.J. Super. 247 (2002). We granted certification,
175 N.J. 548 (2003), and now
affirm in part, reverse in part, and reinstate the judgment of the Law
Division. We hold that the trial court properly denied a lump sum recovery,
and that under the circumstances here, the imposition of a trust device was
an appropriate remedy.
The facts are not disputed. In 1996, plaintiff Andrea E. Cipala began working as an Admission Representative for the Cittone Institute, which is owned by defendant Lincoln Technical Institute. As part of her benefits package, plaintiff was informed that she would receive long-term disability insurance and was given a disability plan booklet.
On July 20, 1999, plaintiff injured her left knee on the job. She was forced to leave work on disability and in August 1999 underwent knee surgery. Thereafter, plaintiff sought long-term disability benefits from defendant under its long-term disability plan. Defendant informed her that she was not covered by the policy.
Plaintiff filed an action against defendant alleging breach of her employment contract and violation of the LAD. A jury trial followed, limited to the question of liability. After presentation of the evidence, the trial court dismissed the LAD count. The jury then found defendant breached its contract with plaintiff by failing to provide long-term disability benefits pursuant to defendant’s insurance plan.
Plaintiff filed a summary judgment motion seeking compensation in the amount of her accumulated benefits from the onset of her disability, and an order requiring defendant to purchase an annuity for her to ensure payment for the full entitlement period under the plan. Alternatively, plaintiff requested a lump sum payment equal to the present value of the monetary benefits she could receive until the age of sixty-five. Plaintiff also requested counsel fees.
Defendant conceded that the disability benefits plan entitled plaintiff to a monthly income of $1,869.08 until age sixty-five, so long as she survived and remained disabled. Defendant also stipulated to the amount of past due benefits. However, defendant objected to the lump sum payment for future benefits and the purchase of an annuity because plaintiff might overcome her disability or die prematurely. Defendant argued that plaintiff was entitled only to a judgment for specific performance of the obligation to pay future benefits. Defendant further objected to the award of counsel fees because plaintiff failed to establish any statutory basis, court rule, or legal precedent permitting such an award in a breach of contract action.
The trial court denied plaintiff’s requests for an annuity or lump sum damages of future benefits and counsel fees, but ordered defendant to fund a trust for payment of future benefits. A later order memorialized the judgment and outlined the details for funding the trust. Defendant was required to make four equal annual payments to the trust and the parties were required to agree on the terms of the trust document. Any funds remaining in the trust upon termination would revert to defendant. Also, the order expressly provided that defendant was to “stand in the shoes of the insurance company that would have insured plaintiff and maintain its respective rights and obligations.”
Plaintiff appealed the denial of lump sum damages, the dismissal of her LAD claim, and the denial of counsel fees. Defendant cross-appealed, challenging the requirement to fund a trust for contingent future benefits.
The Appellate Division affirmed the judgment for specific performance of the contract and relying on Stopford v. Boonton Molding Co., 56 N.J. 169 (1970), rejected plaintiff’s present value damage claims. Cipala, supra, 354 N.J. Super. at 251. The panel also denied plaintiff’s demand for counsel fees under Rule 4:42-9(a)(6), because the action was not based upon a liability or indemnity policy. Id. at 253-54. Further, the panel noted its inability to review the LAD claim because the dismissal of the claim was not confirmed by an order and plaintiff failed to provide a transcript of the ruling. Id. at 255. In the cross-appeal, the panel concluded that the trust device went beyond the remedies provided for in Stopford and reversed the order directing the creation of a trust. Id. at 255-56.
We first address whether plaintiff is entitled to receive a lump sum payment equal to the amount she would acquire if she were to continue to collect disability payments until the age of sixty-five. See footnote 1 Plaintiff urges that Stopford supports her contention that she is entitled to a lump sum payment because damages are assessed as a breach of the total contract. Defendant counters that Stopford is distinguishable and not germane to this case. Additionally, defendant argues that out-of-state cases have held consistently that an employee cannot receive a present lump sum recovery for future disability payments.
As noted, the trial court denied plaintiff’s request for a lump sum benefit and the Appellate Division affirmed. The Appellate panel carefully analyzed Stopford and concluded that “the authorities cited by Stopford clearly support the judge’s rejection of plaintiff’s present value damage claim.” Cipala supra, 354 N.J. Super. at 252. In Stopford, an employee sued his employer for damages resulting from the anticipatory breach of a contract providing for a lifetime pension. 56 N.J. at 181. The contract provided that the company would pay the employee $296.17 monthly during his lifetime. Id. at 179. The company terminated the pension plan and advised the employee that he would not receive further retirement benefits. Id. at 180. The Court found that this amounted to a renunciation or a total anticipatory breach of the agreement. Id. at 188. Concluding that the plaintiff was entitled to a lump sum payment, the Court explained:
When [the breach] occurred, plaintiff had a choice of remedies. He could elect to sue for the accumulated unpaid benefits from October 1, 1966 to the date of trial and for a judgment of specific performance of the obligation to pay the benefits until his death. Or he could treat the breach as total and seek recovery of one lump sum representing the present value of the monetary benefits he could have received over his expectancy.
[Ibid.]
One of the primary authorities relied on in Stopford was Pierce v. Tennessee
Coal, Iron & R.R. Co.,
173 U.S. 1,
19 S. Ct. 335,
43 L. Ed. 591 (1899). In Pierce, the plaintiff sought recovery because of the
defendant’s breach of its promise to pay wages to the plaintiff during his
disability. 173 U.S. at 9, 19 S. Ct. at 338, 43 L. Ed.
at 595. The plaintiff’s proof of permanent disability was central to the Court’s
holding:
If these facts were proved . . . the case would stand thus:
The defendant committed an absolute breach of the contract, at a time when
the plaintiff was entitled to require performance. The plaintiff was not bound to
wait to see if the defendant would change its decision, and take him
back into its service; or to resort to successive actions for damages from
time to time or to leave the whole of his damages to be
recovered by his personal representative after his death. But he had the right
to elect to treat the contract as absolutely and finally broken by the
defendant; to maintain this action, once for all, as for a total breach
of the entire contract; and to recover all that he would have received
in the future, as well as in the past, if the contract had
been kept. In so doing, he would simply recover the value of the
contract to him at the time of the breach, including all the damages,
past or future, resulting from the total breach of the contract.
[Id. at 15-16, 19 S. Ct. at 341, 43 L. Ed. at 597
(emphasis added).]
Here, the Appellate Division panel emphasized that the critical factor in Pierce was
“that plaintiff proved his permanent inability to work,” thus fulfilling the condition precedent
that was consideration for his receipt of pension benefits. Cipala, supra, 354 N.J.
Super. at 253. The panel concluded that unlike the plaintiff in Pierce, Cipala
failed to prove permanent disability. Ibid. Because defendant is obligated to pay only
during plaintiff’s disability, the panel reasoned that plaintiff is entitled merely to a
judgment for specific performance and may not recover the present value of future
payments. Id. at 253-54.
We are in complete accord with the view expressed by the Appellate Division
regarding that issue. The crucial factor present here and not present in Stopford,
is that plaintiff’s benefits will end if she recovers from her disabilities or
dies before reaching age sixty-five. Plaintiff failed to show that her disability is
permanent. Thus, she has not fulfilled the condition precedent that would entitle her
to a lump sum payment. Because future damages cannot be determined with reasonable
certainty, plaintiff’s efforts to obtain a judgment in the amount of future damages
must fail. See, e.g., Finley v. St. Johns’s Mercy Med. Ctr.,
958 S.W.2d 593, 595-96 (Mo. Ct. App. 1998) (concluding future damages incalculable when duration of
plaintiff’s disability unknown).
Plaintiff seeks to overcome that hurdle by arguing that she is permanently disabled.
She asserts that on January 24, 2000, the Social Security Administration found her
disabled effective July 26, 1999. However, there is no evidence of permanent disability
in this record. Consequently, because the issue of plaintiff’s total and permanent disability
was not litigated and is not in the record, we will not consider
her assertions on appeal. See State v. Harvey,
151 N.J. 117, 201-02 (1997).
We hold that plaintiff is entitled to a judgment for specific performance, but
she may not recover lump sum damages for the present value of future
disability payments because her disability was not shown to be permanent.
Our next inquiry is whether the imposition of a trust device to fund future disability payments is an appropriate remedy. Plaintiff urges that because a third-party insurer is not a party to the dispute, a trust arrangement is appropriate to ensure defendant will not default on its obligation to make future payments. Defendant contends that it has no duty to create a fund because it is not required to pay the benefits until each future due date. Further, defendant argues that the establishment of a trust lessens plaintiff’s incentive to overcome her disability and return to work.
The trial court reasoned that a trust device was necessary to protect plaintiff from being placed in a less secure position than if she had the benefit of receiving payment from a third-party disability insurer. The trial court concluded that the imposition of a trust would place plaintiff in essentially the same position she would have been in if the contract had been performed with the disability insurer.
The Appellate Division recognized the merits of the trust device, but found no case law or legislative act authorizing a trust in these circumstances. Cipala, supra, 354 N.J. Super. at 255. The panel concluded that implementing a trust placed plaintiff in a better position than she would have been in if the contract had not been breached and declined to sanction the trust remedy. Id. at 256.
The general rule is that “[c]ompensatory damages are designed ‘to put the injured party in as good a position as he [or she] would have had if performance had been rendered as promised.’” Donovan v. Backstadt, 91 N.J. 434, 444 (1982) (quoting 5 Corbin, Contracts § 992 at 5 (1951)). Similarly, in the commercial context the Uniform Commercial Code provides that remedies for the breach of a contract for the sale of goods “shall be liberally administered to the end that the aggrieved party may be put in as good a position as if the other party had fully performed . . . .” N.J.S.A. 12A:1-106(1).
In the typical case in which a third-party insurer is involved, the remedy of specific performance is adequate. In that event, the insurer is merely required to pay pursuant to the terms of the insurance policy. When an insurance carrier is not involved, the alternate remedy of acquiring comparable insurance or an annuity is also appropriate. However, when those remedies are not feasible because a substitute insurance policy or annuity is not practical, such as here, the trial court may employ other non-traditional remedies to achieve the goal of placing plaintiff in the position she would have been in if the contract had been performed.
In our view, the trial court struck a fair balance by imposing a trust to be funded over the course of four years. The court was concerned with plaintiff’s reasonable expectation that a third-party would pay her regular disability payments so long as she remained disabled. Because plaintiff could no longer be included under defendant’s disability insurance policy, and because defendant could not obtain other similar third-party coverage to satisfy plaintiff’s disability claim, the trust fund placed plaintiff in essentially the same position as if she were to receive her future disability payments from a third-party insurer. Absent a trust device, plaintiff would be left to rely on defendant’s good faith to make the payments. In light of defendant’s prior breach, plaintiff justifiably had little faith that defendant would comply with the obligation to pay the regularly scheduled payments during her disability.
Even if the imposition of the trust places plaintiff in a slightly better position than if a third-party insurer were involved, i.e., the trust device is insulated from insolvency or other financial difficulty, that does not alter our analysis. Viewed from plaintiff’s perspective, she will receive no more than the security of knowing that she will be paid the disability benefits she is entitled to receive unless she ceases being disabled, reaches age sixty-five, or dies. Thus, the trust device gives plaintiff no more than she would have received if the contract had not been breached.
To be sure, the trust device imposes an additional burden upon defendant. But, in light of defendant’s breach, and the fact that defendant will receive the remaining corpus of the trust in the event plaintiff’s disability is removed, we do not find the trust unfair or unduly burdensome. We conclude that under the special circumstances here the imposition of a trust device upon the breaching employer to take the place of the third-party insurer is an appropriate remedy.
We turn now to plaintiff’s LAD claim. Following plaintiff’s presentation of evidence at trial, the trial court dismissed plaintiff’s LAD claim. The Appellate Division declined to review this issue because plaintiff failed to submit either a trial transcript or a final order dismissing the claim.
Rule 2:6-1(a)(1)(C) requires an appellant to include in the appendix “the judgment, order or determination appealed from or sought to be reviewed or enforced, including the jury verdict sheet, if any.” Further, our Court Rules require that “if a verbatim record was made of the proceedings before the court . . . from which the appeal is taken, the appellant shall, no later than the time of the filing and service of the notice of appeal, serve a request for preparation of an original and copy of the transcript . . . .” R. 2:5-3(a). If no verbatim record of the proceedings exists, “the appellant shall . . . serve on the respondent a statement of the evidence and proceedings prepared from the best available sources, including the appellant’s recollection.” R. 2:5-3(f).
Unfortunately, plaintiff failed to submit either a final order dismissing her LAD claim, see Do-Wop Corp. v. City of Rahway, 168 N.J. 191, 199 (2001), or a transcript of the trial proceedings. That deficiency prohibits review of her LAD claim. Consequently, we affirm the Appellate Division’s refusal to address this issue.
The final issue is whether plaintiff is entitled to counsel fees based on Rule 4:42-9(a)(6). That rule authorizes counsel fees in “an action upon a liability or indemnity policy of insurance, in favor of a successful claimant.” Ibid. In affirming the trial court’s denial of counsel fees, the Appellate Division noted that the underlying insurance policy is neither for liability nor indemnity, and therefore there would be no liability for counsel fees even if defendant were the insurance company. Cipala, supra, 354 N.J. Super. at 254. We agree.
“We have generally adhered to the so-called ‘American Rule’ meaning that ‘the prevailing litigant is ordinarily not entitled to collect a reasonable attorneys’ fee from the loser.’” North Bergen Rex Transp., Inc. v. Trailer Leasing Co., 158 N.J. 561, 569 (1999) (quoting Rendine v. Pantzer, 141 N.J. 292, 322 (1995)). We find no justification to reach a different result here, therefore we conclude that plaintiff may not recover counsel fees from defendant.
The judgment of the Law Division is reinstated. We reverse that portion of the Appellate Division’s judgment denying the imposition of a trust.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES LONG, VERNIERO, LaVECCHIA, ZAZZALI, and ALBIN join in JUSTICE WALLACE’s opinion.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
NO. A-65 SEPTEMBER TERM 2002
ON CERTIFICATION TO Appellate Division, Superior Court
ANDREA E. CIPALA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
LINCOLN TECHNICAL INSTITUTE,
Defendant-Respondent,
and
THE CITTONE INSTITUTE and
STONINGTON PARTNERS,
Defendants.
DECIDED March 16, 2004
Chief Justice Poritz PRESIDING
OPINION BY Justice Wallace
CONCURRING/DISSENTING OPINIONS BY
DISSENTING OPINION BY
CHECKLIST
REVERSE IN PART
Footnote: 1
Plaintiff does not appeal or challenge the Law Division’s rejection of her
request for an annuity.