SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-
CAPUT MORTUUM, L.L.C., a New Jersey
Limited Liability Company,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
S&S CROWN SERVICES, LTD.;
CROWN DN & T PARTNERSHIP;
NORMAN BERMAN; ALAN SIMONS,
Defendants-Appellants,
and
STEPHEN GORDON and DALE GORDON his wife;
ROCHELLE GORDON n/k/a ROCHELLE RUBIN;
STATE OF NEW JERSEY; THE MEWS AT
CHANTICLEER CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION,
Defendants.
_________________________________________
Argued: October 29, 2003 - Decided: February 2, 2004
Before Judges Axelrad, Winkelstein, and Lario.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Camden County,
F-22984-01.
Mary J. Pederson argued the cause for appellants (Powell, Trachtman, Logan, Carrle, Bowman
& Lombardo, attorneys; Ethan N. Halberstadt and Ms. Pederson, on the brief).
Adam Greenberg argued the cause for respondents (Honig & Greenberg, attorneys; Mr. Greenberg,
on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
AXELRAD, J.T.C. (temporarily assigned).
This appeal presents the novel issue of whether an executing judgment creditor
has the right to redeem a certificate of sale for unpaid municipal liens
under N.J.S.A. 54:5-54, issued against its debtor's real estate and purchased by another
entity. In a cogent written opinion, Judge Theodore Z. Davis found no such
right to exist, based upon the legislative imperative expressed in the statutory amendment;
the public policy of prioritizing municipal liens and encouraging tax sale foreclosure to
assist municipalities in collecting delinquent taxes; and the judgment creditor's failure to either
purchase the certificate from the municipality or by assignment from the certificate holder.
The judge also rejected the judgment creditor's entitlement to redemption under the doctrine
of equitable subrogation. He granted summary judgment in favor of the tax sale
certificate holder, the effect of which was to preclude redemption by the creditor
and to allow the foreclosure action to proceed. We affirm.
I.
There are no facts in dispute. In l990, defendant, Stephen Gordon, purchased
a residence located at 116 St. Vincent Court in Cherry Hill ("the property").
In l997, defendants, S&S Crown Services, Ltd., Crown DN & T Partnership, Norman
Berman, and Alan Simons (collectively referred to as "Crown"), obtained a judgment in
Pennsylvania in excess of one million dollars against Gordon and domesticated it in
New Jersey. Crown attempted to execute on its judgment but was unsuccessful because
of several fraudulent transfers of Gordon's Cherry Hill property. On July 24, 1999,
Crown filed suit in the United States District Court for the District of
New Jersey, seeking to set aside the series of transfers of the property
as fraudulent. In August 2000, Crown prevailed and title was revested in Gordon's
name. A sheriff's sale was scheduled for May 4, 2001, but was postponed
on several occasions by virtue of the filing of litigation by Gordon's wife
asserting a spousal interest in the property, and a bankruptcy by Gordon. As
a condition of the stay of execution, the court required Gordon's wife to
post a $25,000 bond, which, at Crown's request, was increased by an additional
$9l,400.10.
In the interim, on June 29, 1999, the Garden State Investment Group purchased
tax sale certificate #99-538 for unpaid municipal taxes on the property from Cherry
Hill Township ("the Township") at a public sale, N.J.S.A. 54:5-19, and recorded it
on July 21, 1999. The tax sale certificate was assigned on November 14,
200l to Robert Stein, and on December 11, 200l, it was further assigned
to plaintiff, Caput Mortuum, L.L.C. (CM). CM continued to pay taxes on the
property. Crown neither bid on the certificate at the public sale nor attempted
to obtain an assignment of the certificate in the intervening two and one-half
years before its purchase by CM.
In December 200l, following the two-year waiting period required by N.J.S.A. 54:5-86,
CM filed an in personam tax foreclosure complaint seeking to bar and foreclose
all equity of redemption in the property. CM joined as defendants Gordon and
his wife, a mortgagee, and, although not required to do so under N.J.S.A.
54:5-54, various judgment creditors of Gordon, including Crown. Crown did not dispute CM's
entitlement to pursue its right to foreclose; rather, it claimed an entitlement to
redeem the certificate as an equitable owner or under the doctrine of equitable
subrogation. Judge Davis disagreed, and on July 9, 2002, entered summary judgment in
CM's favor. The order was interlocutory, and the matter is before us by
leave granted. R. 2:2-3(b).
Subsequent to the filing of this appeal, the Bankruptcy Court granted relief
from the automatic stay and Crown obtained summary judgment in its favor in
the action brought by Gordon's wife. We were advised at oral argument that
during the pendency of this appeal, and before CM completed its tax foreclosure
action, Crown successfully executed on its judgment and obtained title to the property.
Crown, now in the status of owner of the property, acquired the undisputed
right to redeem the tax sale certificate. N.J.S.A. 54:5-54.
A
case is moot if the disputed issue has been resolved, at least
with respect to the parties who instituted the litigation. De Vesa v. Dorsey,
134 N.J. 420, 428 (1993) (Pollock, J., concurring); Oxfeld v. New Jersey State
Bd. of Educ.,
68 N.J. 301, 303-04 (1975). Whether Crown, in its former
status as a judgment creditor, had the right to redeem, is no longer
an issue in this litigation. Therefore, the issue resolved by the order under
appeal is moot.
Ordinarily, our interest in preserving judicial resources dictates that we not attempt to
resolve legal issues in the abstract. Oxfeld, supra, 68 N.J. at 303-04. Moot
or academic appeals are generally dismissed. Cinque v. New Jersey Dep't of Corr.,
261 N.J. Super. 242, 243 (App. Div. 1993). Our courts generally will not
decide a case if the issues are hypothetical, a judgment cannot grant effective
relief, or there is no concrete adversity of interest between the parties. Advance
Elec. Co. v. Montgomery Township Bd. of Educ.,
351 N.J. Super. 160, 166
(App. Div.), certif. denied,
174 N.J. 364 (2002); Anderson v. Sills,
143 N.J.
Super. 432, 437 (Ch. Div. 1976).
On occasion, however, we will decide such appeals where the underlying issue
is one of substantial importance and is capable of repetition while evading review.
See, e.g., Joye v. Hunterdon Cent. Reg'l High School Bd. of Educ.,
176 N.J. 568, 583 (2003);
Zirger v. Gen. Accident Ins. Co.,
144 N.J. 327,
330 (1996);
In re Conroy,
98 N.J. 321, 342 (1985); Guttenberg Sav. &
Loan Ass'n v. Rivera,
85 N.J. 617, 622-23 (1981). Both parties have urged
us to address the issue raised in this appeal because it is of
such compelling public importance to the lending and title abstract communities, municipalities, and
others. They argue the issue presented here is a recurring one and justifies
review at this time. We agree . There is little doubt that this case
involves an important issue of statutory construction. Moreover, we are satisfied that controversies
similar to this one will present themselves in the future and may well
evade appellate disposition. Accordingly, we elect to decide the case on its merits.
II.
Prior to l994, in addition to an owner, holder of an outstanding
tax lien certificate, mortgagee, or occupant of land sold for municipal liens, any
"other person having an interest in land sold for municipal liens" was entitled
to redeem a tax sale certificate. N.J.S.A. 54:5-54. Crown's judgment lien interest would
have clearly qualified under the catchall designation, and CM's ability to foreclose its
tax sale certificate could have been disturbed by Crown's right of redemption. However,
in l994, the Legislature deleted the phrase "other person having an interest in
[land]" from N.J.S.A. 54:5-54, and amended the statute to its present form:
Except as hereinafter provided, the owner, his heirs, holder of any prior outstanding
tax lien certificate, mortgagee, or occupant of land sold for municipal taxes, assessment
for benefits . . . or other municipal charges, may redeem it at
any time until the right to redeem has been cut off in the
manner in this chapter set forth, by paying to the collector . .
. the amount required for redemption as hereinafter set forth.
[L. 1994, c. 32, § 8, eff. May 12, 1994.]
The plain language of the statutory amendment demonstrates a clear legislative intent
to eliminate the rights of those persons who did not have a sufficient
interest in the property to warrant extension of the right of redemption to
them in favor of more protection for the owner of the property, as
well as the holder of the certificate. This is reflected in the legislative
history:
[N.J.S.A.] 54:5-54 is amended to limit persons who may redeem land sold for
municipal taxes to the owner, heirs of the owner, mortgagees, holders of outstanding
tax sale certificates, or occupant of the land. Under current law any person
having an interest in the land, which could include such persons as bail
bondsmen, can redeem a property implying that such persons must also be given
notice of the proceedings.
[Assemb. Local Gov't Comm. Statement to Assemb., No. 936 (January 24, 1994).]
Whether the Legislature was motivated by a desire to reduce the number of
persons who may claim an interest in the land or merely to reduce
the notice requirements of the foreclosing certificate holder, both of which Judge Davis
deemed were inferable from the limited legislative history of the amendment, the clear
legislative intent was to narrow the category of persons entitled to redeem a
tax sale certificate.
A judgment lien is a creature of statute. Gibau v. Klein,
329 N.J.
Super. 227, 231 (App. Div.), certif. denied,
165 N.J. 486 (2000). Thus, Crown's
interest as a judgment creditor can only be as effective as that which
the Legislature has afforded it by statutory grant. Brescher v. Gern, Dunetz, Davison
& Weinstein, P.C.,
245 N.J. Super. 365, 368 (App. Div. 1991). The right
to redeem land from a tax sale is also statutory in origin, and
the rights arising from it are fixed and determined by the statute. Brewer
v. Porch,
53 N.J. 167, 173 (1969); Lonsk v. Pennefather,
168 N.J. Super. 178, 182 (App. Div. 1979), certif. denied,
82 N.J. 285 (1980).
When called upon to interpret a statute, the "overriding goal has consistently been
to determine the Legislature's intent." Young v. Schering Corp.,
141 N.J. 16, 25
(1995); E. Dickerson & Son, Inc. v. Ernst & Young, L.L.P.,
361 N.J.
Super. 362, 366-67 (App. Div.), certif. granted, ___ N.J. ___ (2003). The first
step in determining the Legislature's intent is to look at the plain language
of the statute. Hubbard v. Reed,
168 N.J. 387, 392 (2001) (citations omitted).
It is a well known rule of statutory construction that where a statute
is clear and free from ambiguity on its face and admits of only
one interpretation, a court must infer the Legislature's intent from the statute's plain
meaning. V.C. v. M.J.B.,
163 N.J. 200, 217, cert. denied,
531 U.S. 926,
121 S. Ct. 302,
148 L. Ed.2d 243 (2000); Franklin Tower One,
L.L.C. v. N.M.,
157 N.J. 602, 613 (1999). A court may neither rewrite
a plainly-written enactment of the Legislature nor presume that the Legislature intended something
other than that expressed by the plain language, given its ordinary and well
understood meaning. O'Connell v. State,
171 N.J. 484, 488 (2002); Cornblatt v. Barow,
153 N.J. 218, 231 (1998).
The l994 amendment to N.J.S.A. 54:5-54 deleted the phrase "other person having an
interest in [land]" and clearly delineated on its face who is entitled to
redeem a tax sale certificate. The amendment provides an exclusive statutory right to
redeem a tax sale certificate to an enumerated group, which does not include
judgment creditors. Presumably, the Legislature determined that a judgment creditor has adequate other
remedies, such as purchasing the land at its judgment execution sale and acquiring
the status of an owner, as occurred during the pendency of this appeal.
Nor are judgment creditors implicitly included under the aegis of mortgagee. It
is clear from the plain language and meaning of the amendment that the
Legislature restricted the statutory right to redeem land in a foreclosure proceeding to
specific persons or entities who have a direct interest in the property being
sold for municipal liens and excluded all others. It is intuitive that this
would include an owner, his heirs, and an occupant of the property. It
is also logical to include the holder of a prior tax sale certificate,
as real estate taxes are only a lien on the land assessed and
are not the personal obligation of the owner, S&R Assocs. v. Lynn Realty
Corp.,
338 N.J. Super. 350, 360 (App. Div. 2001); City of Newark v.
Cent. and Lafayette Realty Co.,
150 N.J. Super. 18, 21 (App. Div.), certif.
denied,
75 N.J. 528 (1977), and a mortgagee, who has a contractual security
interest in the property but no claim against the person absent a note
or other personal obligation, Chemical Bank New Jersey, N.A. v. City of Absecon,
13 N.J. Tax 1, 8 (1992); 29 New Jersey Practice, Law of Mortgages
§§ 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, at 60, 196-210 (Myron C. Weinstein) (2d ed. 2001). On
the other hand, a judgment creditor obtains a personal judgment, which it may
satisfy in a number of ways, including the payment of the debt out
of any of the debtor's realty by forcing its sale. New Brunswick Sav.
Bank v. Markouski,
123 N.J. 402, 411-12 (1991); 3 Richard R. Powell, Powell
on Real Property ¶ 477[2] at 38-6 (1990). Thus, it is clear that a
judgment creditor does not have the same type of interest in property as
does a mortgagee; therefore, there is no basis to interpret the statute broadly
to include judgment creditors within the class of persons, like mortgagees, entitled to
exercise a right of redemption of a tax sale certificate.
Nor is there a public policy basis to extend the right of redemption
of tax sale certificates to judgment creditors. The New Jersey Tax Sale Law,
N.J.S.A. 54:5-1 to -104, was enacted to encourage the sale and foreclosure of
tax lien certificates to assist municipalities in collecting revenue for delinquent real estate
taxes and other municipal liens. Bron v. Weintraub,
42 N.J. 87, 91 (1964);
Lonsk, supra, 168 N.J. Super. at 182. These statutory provisions are expressly intended
to be "liberally construed as remedial legislation to encourage the barring of the
right of redemption by actions in the Superior Court to the end that
marketable titles [to land] may thereby be secured." N.J.S.A. 54:5-85; see also N.J.S.A.
54:5-3; Lonsk, supra, 168 N.J. Super. at 182.
In order to effectuate the remedial objectives of the statute, the Legislature made
municipal liens paramount to prior claims and set forth a detailed procedure for
the sale, redemption, and foreclosure of such liens. A brief review of the
statutes may be instructive to better understand the procedure established by our Legislature
to facilitate the collection of taxes. When a property owner fails to pay
property taxes or other municipal assessments on a property, a first priority lien
is created for the amount due, plus interest, penalties, and costs. N.J.S.A. 54:5-6
to -9. The lien attaches to the property and does not become a
personal liability of the taxpayer. N.J.S.A. 54:5-6. When a lien remains in arrears,
the tax collector is required to "enforce the lien by selling the property
in the manner set forth" by the Tax Sale Law. N.J.S.A. 54:5-19.
Municipalities sell tax certificates to generate funds owed by delinquent taxpayers because "[m]unicipalities
depend on the collection of property taxes and other assessments to fund the
many services provided to residents." Michael G. Pellegrino, Ralph Allocca & Ronnie Spring,
Why the Courts Should Sweep Away an Old Decision and Allow Receivers in
Tax Sale Certificate Foreclosures,
142 N.J.L.J. 8 (Oct. 2, 1995), see also Note,
Tax Sale Law in New Jersey: A Re-Examination,
26 Rutgers L. Rev. 266
(1973); Kerr v. Trescher,
34 N.J. Super. 437, 444 (Ch. Div. 1955). As
our Supreme Court has noted on several occasions, quoting Oliver Wendell Holmes:
[T]axes are the lifeblood of government, the vital force needed to sustain the
public interest. Stated otherwise, "Taxes are what we pay for civilized society."
[City of Philadelphia v. Bauer,
97 N.J. 372, 384 (1984) (quoting City of
Philadelphia v. Austin,
86 N.J. 55, 65-66 (1981), quoting, in turn, Compania General
de Tabacos de Filipinas v. Collector of Internal Revenue,
275 U.S. 87, 100,
48 S. Ct. 100, 105,
72 L. Ed. 177, 183 (1927) (Holmes, J.,
dissenting)).]
It is in the public interest to encourage parties to purchase tax liens
to enable municipalities to receive their lost tax revenues. Simon v. Chicago Title
Ins. Co.,
363 N.J. Super. 582, 587 (App. Div. 2003). The public policy
is advanced by our decision in this case.
The sale of the certificate is made in fee simple, subject to redemption
at the lowest rate of interest bid at the sale. N.J.S.A. 54:5-32, -54.
It is generally the expectation that the certificate will be redeemed at a
profit to the lien holder. The certificate may be sold to the public,
the municipality, or even to the State. N.J.S.A. 54:5-30.1, -34, -34.1. These certificates
are assignable, N.J.S.A. 54:5-54, and may be recorded as a mortgage with the
county recording office, N.J.S.A. 54:5-50.
Although the property is "sold" as evidenced by a tax sale certificate, N.J.S.A.
54:5-46, a tax sale certificate is not an outright conveyance, and the certificate
holder does not have title to the land. Savage v. Weissman,
355 N.J.
Super. 429, 436 (App. Div. 2002); Township of Jefferson v. Block 447A, Lot
l0,
228 N.J. Super. 1, 4 (App. Div. 1988); Gasorek v. Gruber,
126 N.J. Super. 511, 515 (App. Div. l974). The certificate holder succeeds to the
lien interest of the taxing district. Weissman, supra, 355 N.J. Super. at 436;
Township of Jefferson, supra, 288 N.J. Super. at 4; Manning v. Kasdin,
97 N.J. Super. 406, 417 (App. Div. 1967), certif. denied,
51 N.J. 182 (1968).
The certificate holder's interest consists of three significant rights: (1) the right to
receive the sum paid for the certificate with interest at the redemption rate
for which the property was sold, up to a maximum of 18%, N.J.S.A.
54:5-32, -58; (2) the right to redeem from any other holder a subsequently
issued tax sale certificate, Realty Sales Corp. v. Payne,
76 N.J. Super. 59,
61-62 (Ch. Div. l962), aff'd o.b.,
78 N.J. Super. 504 (App. Div.), certif.
denied,
41 N.J. 162 (1963); and, most importantly, (3) the right to acquire
title by foreclosing the equity of redemption of all outstanding interests, including the
owner's, N.J.S.A. 54:5-86. Township of Jefferson, supra, 228 N.J. Super. at 4-5.
The legislative scheme is intended to transfer the burden of foreclosure from a
municipality, whose primary occupation is governance, to private individuals. Simon v. Deptford Township.,
272 N.J. Super. 21, 26 (App. Div.), certif. denied,
137 N.J. 310 (1994).
The "legislative objective [of the Tax Sale Law] . . . is to
enable local governments to realize taxes by returning property to the paying tax
rolls without first expending money to foreclose or bar the equity of redemption."
Ibid. In order to encourage purchasers of tax sale certificates, and thereby aid
municipalities in raising revenue, the Legislature also encourages the foreclosure of these certificates.
Bron, supra, 42 N.J. at 91; Lonsk, supra, 168 N.J. Super. at 182.
A non-municipal purchaser may, after two years from the date of sale, institute
an action to bar the right of redemption by way of a strict
foreclosure action filed in the Chancery Division of the Superior Court. N.J.S.A. 54:5-86.
In such an action, the foreclosing tax certificate holder submits proofs and asks
the court to fix the amount, time, and place for redemption. If no
redemption is made by that deadline, final judgment is entered, barring the right
of redemption and foreclosing all prior or subsequent alienations and descents of the
lands and encumbrances thereon, except subsequent municipal liens, and the certificate holder is
vested with an estate of inheritance in fee simple, free and clear of
all liens. N.J.S.A. 54:5-87.
The foreclosure does not wipe out a judgment against a property owner, but
only eliminates the lien of the judgment on the parcel in question. New
Brunswick Sav. Bank, supra, 123 N.J. at 413-14. By reducing the ranks of
those entitled to redeem, the l994 amendment to N.J.S.A. 54:5-54 comports with the
legislative policy of consciously and intentionally increasing the viability and efficiency of the
Tax Sale Law and foreclosure process. If an executing judgment creditor, not enumerated
within the specified interests entitled to redeem a tax sale certificate being foreclosed,
were included within the statutory ambit, it would thwart the statutory scheme and
foster uncertainty in titles. More particularly, if the statute were given an expansive
reading as urged by Crown, then a subsequent purchaser of fee simple title
of tax foreclosed real estate would experience the same difficulties in clearing title
that the amended statute is intended to eliminate.
III.
Pursuant to
N.J.S.A. 54:5-9, as a municipal lienholder, CM had the statutory priority
and authority to foreclose on its tax sale certificate. As a judgment creditor,
Crown was in a subordinate position with an inferior lien and no statutory
ability to redeem the tax sale certificate. Id; N.J.S.A. 54:5-54. In defending against
CM's foreclosure action, Crown attempted to rely upon the doctrine of equitable subrogation
and asserted it was an equitable owner of the property. More particularly, Crown
argued, it should be permitted to stand in the owner's shoes and redeem
the tax sale certificate based on the exhaustive actions it had taken, and
money it had expended, to get the property titled back into Gordon's name
and execute on its judgment by sheriff's sale, stayed only by Gordon's unjustified
interference.
Judge Davis was not persuaded by Crown's argument, which he categorized as "turn[ing]
the doctrine of equitable subrogation somewhat on its head." In concluding that Crown
was not entitled to redeem under the theory of equitable subrogation, he stated:
Equitable subrogation is used to put a party who has already expended the
time and money necessary to protect its interest to secure its place. Crown
wishes to use the doctrine of equitable subrogation in order to secure its
place prior to expending the time and money necessary to protect its interest.
This distinction is a meaningful one, if only because the equitable maxim on
which the doctrine is at least in part based - equity does that
which ought to be done - is highly dependent upon the thing already
being done. . . .
Crown is not a surety of the debt, and so Crown must find
some other means of invoking equitable subrogation. Kaplan [v. Walker,
164 N.J. Super. 130, 138 (App. Div. 1978)] stands for the proposition that equitable subrogation may
be invoked to protect one with an existing ownership interest in the property.
. . . The court must pause before permitting Crown to invoke equitable
subrogation under Kaplan because Crown has only a lien interest in the Gordon
property. The ability to invoke the doctrine of equitable subrogation depends upon the
existence of an ownership interest. . . .
Research fails to reveal cases in which the doctrine of equitable subrogation was
invoked based upon the fraudulent acts of a third party or upon the
weight of a subrogee's efforts. The one case cited by Crown in support
of its theory - Gutermuth v. Ropiecki,
159 N.J. Super. 139 (Ch. Div.
l977) [holding, under the doctrine of equitable subrogation, purchasers who paid off and
discharged mortgages and judgments that were open of record before the closing, were
entitled to discharge of a judgment lien which had been docketed against one
of the grantors shortly after conveyance of property to purchasers but before the
deed and purchase money mortgage were recorded] does not address the issue at
bar and is of little value to the court.
. . . .
That Crown is not a surety means that to permit it to invoke
the doctrine of equitable subrogation would result in an outcome contrary to the
expressed intent of the legislature.
Judge Davis properly exercised his discretion in rejecting Crown's equitable subrogation argument. See
Metrobank For Sav., FSB v. Nat'l Cmty. Bank of New Jersey,
262 N.J.
Super. 133, 144 (App. Div. 1993) (citing Goldome Realty Credit Corp. v. Harwick,
236 N.J. Super. 118, 126 (Ch. Div. l989) (holding subrogation, as an equitable
doctrine, is applied only in the exercise of the court's equitable discretion)). We
agree with his analysis. Crown was not a surety of Gordon, merely a
judgment creditor. Crown was not liable for any of Gordon's debt nor was
there any contractual relationship between the parties. Moreover, Crown did not pay any
money on behalf of Gordon. The funds it expended to set aside the
transfer of the property were for the sole purpose of preserving an asset
available for partial satisfaction of its own judgment. Thus, there is no basis
to invoke the doctrine of equitable subrogation to permit the judgment creditor to
redeem the tax sale certificate and defeat the certificate holder's ability to foreclose.
In considering the equities of the case, the Chancery Division judge was
also persuaded by the fact, as are we, that Crown had the same
ability to purchase the tax lien certificate as did CM. Although the judgment
creditor made a large expenditure of time and money to set aside the
fraudulent conveyance of Gordon's property, it failed to preserve its interest in the
property
with respect to a municipal lienholder. As Judge Davis noted,
In protecting its interest to the extraordinary lengths it did, Crown should have
availed itself of the existence of the tax sale certificates [which are recorded,
and are disclosed upon any search of title for a particular property] and
taken the appropriate action - purchasing the tax sale certificates and redeeming them
itself - as it seeks to do now. Though Crown has surely done
much to protect its interest, Crown slept on its rights in this important
regard. The statute disfavors Crown in the first instance; to have slept on
such an important right must, in the court's view, prove fatal to Crown's
prayer for relief.
IV.
On appeal, Crown also asserts a constitutional challenge, claiming the motion judge's
narrow interpretation of N.J.S.A. 54:5-54, precluding judgment creditors from the right of redemption,
renders notice by publication of tax sales pursuant to N.J.S.A. 54:5-26 unconstitutional. According
to Crown, this results in a deprivation of judgment creditors' property interests, particularly
those located outside New Jersey. Crown concedes it is not appropriate here to
challenge the constitutionality of either statute, because the issue was not raised below
and because it did not notify the Attorney General of such challenge as
required by Rule 4:28-4. Crown asks us, however, if we affirm Judge Davis's
interpretation of N.J.S.A. 54:5-54, to impose a judicial requirement on N.J.S.A. 54:5-26, consistent
with due process, that judgment creditors receive actual notice of the initial tax
sale. According to Crown, "[i]t would become constitutionally necessary to provide actual notice
to judgment creditors of the initial tax sale so that they may act
to protect their interests at that time which would apparently be their last
opportunity to do so." We decline to do so. We perceive no infirmity
in the statutory scheme to warrant judicial intervention. Crown has not demonstrated an
entitlement to enhanced notice. New Brunswick Sav. Bank, supra,
123 N.J. 402 (1991).
It had ample opportunity to purchase and redeem the tax sale certificate. Crown's
recourse is with the Legislature, not with the court.
In order to divest title under a tax sale, there must be strict
compliance with the notice provisions of the statute. State v. Landis Township,
50 N.J.L. 374, 379 (1888); Mitsch v. Riverside Township,
86 N.J.L. 603, 608 (1914).
Notice of the sale, identifying the property, owner, and total amount due, must
be sent to the owner, N.J.S.A. 54:5-27, and posted in public places in
the municipality and published in a newspaper of general circulation. N.J.S.A. 54:5-25 and
-26. These requirements, with which the Township complied, satisfy due process and attract
third parties to the opportunity to acquire the property. Additionally, prior tax sale
certificates on the property are recorded, as are assignments, N.J.S.A. 54:5-50, and are
disclosed upon any search of title for a particular property.
Because Crown domesticated the judgment in New Jersey after the l994 amendment to
N.J.S.A. 54:5-54, it should have been aware it could not rely on any
legal entitlement to redeem the tax sale certificate. Crown was on notice of
delinquent taxes and the issuance of prior tax certificates on the property. Crown
could have contacted the tax collector at any time after obtaining its judgment
against Gordon to inquire about a tax sale of the property. Crown could
have purchased the subject certificate at the July 1999 public municipal sale or
received an assignment during the two and one-half year period prior to the
assignment to CM. Crown had the same ability as CM to secure the
tax sale certificate, but failed to protect its interest under N.J.S.A. 54:5-54. Neither
equitable nor legal principles justify placing a judgment creditor, particularly one who sleeps
on its rights, in a better position than a tax sale certificate holder
with regard to the right to redeem from foreclosure of the certificate.
Affirmed.