SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
A-3402-99T2
IMO PETITION FOR EXPUNGEMENT
OF RECORDS OF D.A.C.,
D.A.C.,
Petitioner-Appellant,
v.
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Respondent-Respondent.
_______________________________
Argued February 6, 2001 - Decided February 28, 2001
Before Judges Pressler, Ciancia and Alley.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Law Division, Bergen County, S-229-81.
Richard S. Lehrich argued the cause for
petitioner.
Jessica Gomperts, Assistant Bergen County
Prosecutor, argued the cause for respondent
(William H. Schmidt, Bergen County
Prosecutor, attorney; Joseph Glebocki, Jr.,
Assistant Bergen County Prosecutor, of
counsel, and, with Timothy H. Madden, Legal
Intern, on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
ALLEY, J.A.D.
D.A.C. appeals from an order entered January 13, 2000, to
the extent it denied his petition for expungement of the
following information, records, and judgment of conviction: his
arrest on April 22, 1980, by the Bergen County Narcotics Task
Force and his indictment pursuant to Bergen County Indictment S-
229-81 for distribution of LSD, possession of LSD, and conspiracy
to distribute a controlled dangerous substance, and his judgment
of conviction on November 20, 1981, pursuant to his plea of
guilty, of the charge of distribution of LSD, N.J.S.A. 24:21-
19(a)(1).See footnote 11
The expungement statute, N.J.S.A. 2C:52-2a, provides in
pertinent part:
In all cases, except as herein provided,
wherein a person has been convicted of a
crime under the laws of this State and who
has not been convicted of any prior or
subsequent crime ... may, after the
expiration of a period of 10 years from the
date of his conviction, payment of fine,
satisfactory completion of probation or
parole, or release from incarceration,
whichever is later, present a duly verified
petition praying that such conviction and all
records and information pertaining thereto
be expunged.
[Emphasis added.]
One of the statutory exceptions to eligibility for
expungement is set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:52-2c:
In the case of conviction for the sale or
distribution of a controlled dangerous
substance or possession thereof with intent
to sell, expungement shall be denied ....See footnote 22
In this appeal, we must decide whether a person convicted as
an accomplice of an offense specified in N.J.S.A. 2C:52-2c is
eligible to obtain expungement even though the principal in the
commission of the same crime would not be eligible.
The arrest respecting the LSD charges occurred when
petitioner was 23 years old. Following his plea of guilty to the
charge of distribution of LSD, the court sentenced petitioner to
a two-year term of probation, and the indictment's remaining
charges against him were dismissed on the State's motion.
Petitioner claims that since his last involvement with the courts
he has attained a degree of Bachelor of Arts in Public
Administration, consistently held responsible employment, and led
an exemplary life.
Petitioner also contends that his role in the LSD
distribution was that of an accomplice rather than of a
principal. Many of the case records appear to be no longer
available, and although petitioner buttresses his assertion of
accomplice status with several arguments, the plain fact is that
the gap in the record made available to us is too large and there
is no entirely convincing proof either way. For purposes of this
opinion, however, we will extend to petitioner the benefit of the
doubt and assume in the course of our analysis that he was indeed
an accomplice, and this takes us to the core issue in the appeal.
The Law Division judge who decided the petition was
persuaded that the statutory bar in CDS distribution cases
against eligibility for expungement, N.J.S.A. 2C:52-2c, applies
equally to principals and accomplices. Accordingly, he
considered petitioner ineligible for expungement respecting the
LSD distribution conviction and denied the petition. We agree
that this conclusion was correct. We thus hold that that
statutory bar applies to alleged accomplices such as petitioner,
as well as to principals, and we overrule the contrary decision
in Application of R.C.,
292 N.J. Super. 151 (Law Div. 1996).
It is well-established in New Jersey law that distinctions
between the culpability and punishment of a principal and
accomplice have been abolished, and that an accomplice has equal
culpability and is subject to the same punishment as a principal
in the crime's commission. State v. Gerald,
113 N.J. 40, 93
(1988); State v. Bram,
246 N.J. Super. 200, 208 (Law Div. 1990).
See also State v. Mancine,
124 N.J. 232, 259-60 (1991); State v.
Weeks,
107 N.J. 396, 400 (1987); State v. Cooper,
10 N.J. 532
(1952).See footnote 33 Indeed, for an accomplice to be convicted of the same
crime as the principal, each must be determined to have had the
same mental state. State v. Bielkiewicz,
267 N.J. Super. 520,
527 (App. Div. 1993). There is no separate crime of complicity
in New Jersey. State v. Bram, supra,
246 N.J. Super. 200, at
208.
Petitioner urges that expungement should be granted on the
authority of our unreported opinion in State v. Eccleston, ___
N.J. Super. ___ (App. Div.) (Dec. 1, 1999) (A-2653-98T2), where
we affirmed an order granting expungement. Eccleston, however,
presents no basis for expunging petitioner's offense. As noted,
N.J.S.A. 2C:52-2c prohibits expungement of a "conviction for the
sale or distribution of a controlled dangerous substance or
possession thereof with intent to sell ...." The offense whose
expungement we affirmed in Eccleston, however, was possession
with intent to distribute, not possession with intent to sell,
and thus it was not identical to the crimes defined in N.J.S.A.
2C:52-2c. By contrast, petitioner's crime, distribution of CDS,
is specifically listed in that provision as one of the crimes
whose expungement the Legislature has forbidden.
Finally, we note the following in connection with
Application of R.C.,
292 N.J. Super. 151, supra, which we
overrule in this opinion because it is inconsistent with the
rationale in this case. There, the court referred to the
portions of N.J.S.A. 2C:52-2b that bar expungement not only for
committing certain specified offenses but also for aiding and
assisting the commission of those offenses, and it observed that
there is no corresponding language in N.J.S.A. 2C:52-2c that bars
expungement for complicity in the offenses specified therein.
The court inferred therefrom a legislative intent not to bar
expungement for crimes of complicity under N.J.S.A. 2C:52-2c
because in that paragraph the statute has not expressly named
crimes of complicity.
We conclude that such a view of the legislative purpose is
erroneous and runs counter to the governing principles of
statutory construction. First of all, the Legislature is
presumed to be cognizant of the law, including judicial
interpretation of its enactments. See Quaremba v. Allan,
67 N.J. 1, 14 (1975). In this instance we conclude that our Legislature
had the knowledge that an accomplice's crime is treated the same
in New Jersey law as the crime of the principal. Yet it has made
no change in N.J.S.A. 2C:52-2c to authorize the relief petitioner
seeks. We observe, moreover, that expungement provisions are
narrowly construed. State v. A.N.J.,
98 N.J. 421, 427 (1985);
State v. N.W.,
329 N.J. Super. 326 (App. Div. 2000). We
therefore are not able to accept the reasoning underlying
Application of R.C.. In our view, an accomplice convicted of a
crime enumerated in N.J.S.A. 2C:52-2c is barred from expungement
to the same extent as the principal who is convicted of one of
those crimes.
The order appealed from is accordingly affirmed.
Footnote: 1 1The Law Division ordered the expungement of petitioner's
March 22, 1979 arrest by the Kean College Police Department and
his subsequent conditional discharge under Summons No. WE41314.
The Law Division, in addition to denying expungement as to the
LSD charges that are subject of this appeal, also denied
expungement as to petitioner's arrest on January 24, 1987 by the
Lyndhurst Township Police Department and his subsequent
conviction under Summons S372671 on all charges, namely
possession of marijuana, N.J.S.A. 24:21-20(a)(4); possession of
dangerous drugs, N.J.S.A. 24:21-20(b); and possession of
narcotics paraphernalia, N.J.S.A. 24:21-47. The record shows
that the State does not contest the expungement respecting the
1979 Kean College matter and that petitioner does not contest the
denial of expungement respecting the 1987 Lyndhurst matter.
Footnote: 2 2N.J.S.A. 2C:52-2c does not bar expungement for all sales or
distributions of controlled dangerous substances nor for all
possession of those substances with intent to sell, but the
crimes in that category for which expungement may be obtained
("(1) [m]arijuana, where the total quantity sold, distributed or
possessed with intent to sell was 25 grams or less, or (2)
[h]ashish, where the total quantity sold, distributed or
possessed with intent to sell was five grams or less") do not
apply to defendant's conviction pertaining to the distribution of
LSD.
Footnote: 3 3The pertinent statutory provisions on accomplice liability
are the following:
N.J.S.A. 2C:2-6. Liability for conduct of another;
complicity
a. person is guilty of an offense if it is
committed by his own conduct or by the
conduct of another person for which he is
legally accountable, or both.
b. A person is legally accountable for the
conduct of another person when ...
(3) He is an accomplice of such other person
in the commission of an offense;...
c. A person is an accomplice of another
person in the commission of an offense if:
(1) With the purpose of promoting or
facilitating the commission of the offense;
he ...
(b) Aids or agrees or attempts to aid
such other person in planning or committing
it....