(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the
convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in
the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized).
Manuel Lopez, Jr., et al., and the Estate of Hildegard Lash, deceased (A-125/126-99)
Argued November 28, 2000 -- Decided July 2, 2001
ZAZZALI, J., writing for a majority of the Court.
The issue before the Court is whether an estate can recover counsel fees expended to recover from the
surety on the bond the funds misappropriated by the administrator of the estate, or whether the estate is responsible
for those fees. The Court must also determine the appropriate interest rate on the surcharged amount and the date
from which the interest calculation should start.
Herbert P. Lash died without a will in April of 1987. His sole heir was his mother, Hildegard Lash, a
resident of Florida. Mrs. Lash executed a power of attorney to Manuel Lopez, Jr., a stockbroker that she and
Herbert both knew. In May 1987, Mrs Lash renounced her right to administrate her son's estate and asked that
Lopez be appointed as administrator. The following month, the Passaic County Surrogate's Court appointed Lopez
as administrator of the estate, conditioned on the posting of a surety bond in the amount of $800,000. Fireman's
Fund Insurance Company (Fireman's Fund) provided that bond.
During the course of his service as administrator, Lopez misappropriated funds from Herbert Lash's estate.
Because of these thefts, Mrs. Lash revoked the power of attorney and filed suit in Florida against Lopez, his wife,
and Fireman's Fund alleging that Lopez breached his fiduciary duty to properly administer and distribute the assets
of Herbert's estate. In December 1992, the estate obtained a default judgment against Lopez and his wife in the
amount of $800,000. The estate was unable to collect this money because the Lopez's had disappeared.
In January 1993, Fireman's Fund filed a complaint in the Passaic County Surrogate's Court against Lopez,
Lopez's wife, Lopez's attorney, and Mrs. Lash, among others. The complaint alleged that Lopez breached his
fiduciary duty to properly administrate Lash's estate. By amended answer and counterclaim, the estate asserted that
Fireman's Fund, as surety under the bond, was liable to the estate for the full amount of the bond, together with
interest, counsel fees, and costs of suit. By stipulation, the parties resolved all issues except counsel fees and
interest. The bond is silent on the issue of counsel fees.
The Chancery court rejected the estate's contention that the counsel fees incurred should be charged to the
bond. Instead, the court charged the fees to the corpus of the estate. In addition, rather than awarding “investment
market rate” interest from the date of Lopez's thefts as requested by the estate, the court awarded simple interest
from the date the complaint was filed.
On appeal, the Appellate Division affirmed the order requiring the payment of counsel fees by the estate
and directing that simple interest be awarded, but modified the portion of the order addressing the interest
calculation. The court remanded to the Chancery court for further proceedings to determine the start date for the
calculation of simple interest on each of the thefts that formed the basis of the surcharge against the bond.
The Supreme Court granted the estate's petition for certification concerning attorneys' fees and granted
Fireman's Fund's petition for certification in respect of the award of interest.
HELD: The attorney's fees incurred by the estate in the action on the surety bond should be assessed against the
bond. The American Rule does not preclude an award of counsel fees because they were incurred in the
bond litigation, rather than the litigation to establish the administrator's liability. Moreover, the estate is
entitled to simple interest running from the date of the misappropriations.
1. If an aggrieved party has been forced because of the wrongful conduct of a another to institute suit against a third
party, the aggrieved party can recover the fees incurred in that litigation from the wrongdoer. Breach of fiduciary
duty is a tort theory; therefore, attorneys' fees incurred as a result of that breach may be recoverable as a portion of
damages. Here, Lopez's tortious breach of fiduciary duty caused the estate to sue the surety on the bond, Fireman's
Fund. Thus, Lopez is responsible for the estate's counsel fees incurred in the litigation against Fireman's Fund.
(Pp. 6-9)
2. Liability of a surety is coextensive with the liability of the administrator. The estate should be made whole for
any harm or “injurious consequences” caused by a misappropriating administrator. Because Lopez caused the estate
to expend attorneys' fees in the proceeding on the bond, Fireman's Fund, under principles of suretyship, is liable for
the full extent of the damages caused by Lopez, including attorneys' fees incurred in the proceeding on the bond.
(Pp. 9-11)
3. The surety bond in this case is silent on whether damages consisting of attorneys' fees incurred as a result of the
Lopez's wrongful conduct are recoverable against the surety. Thus, there is no bond language precluding an award
of such damages, and the surety's and fiduciary's liabilities are coextensive. Furthermore, there is no contractual
basis to prohibit attorneys' fees, and the overriding principle of the surety bond is to make the estate whole for a
fiduciary's misconduct. Thus, the surety is liable for fees proximately caused by the administrator's misconduct.
(Pp.11-12)
4. New Jersey generally follows the American Rule, which prohibits a litigant from recovering counsel fees from a
defendant when the fees are incurred in an action to establish the defendant's liability. However, the rule does not
preclude an allowance of reasonable counsel fees where they are incurred as an element of damages in a particular
cause of action. The Lash estate's damages include counsel fees incurred in proceeding on the bond as they are a
foreseeable consequence of the misappropriation. That conclusion does not conflict with the American Rule, which
does not prohibit awards of attorneys' fees incurred in litigation with a third party--these fees were incurred in the
litigation on the bond, rather than the litigation against Lopez. (Pp. 12-16)
5. The Court's decision is not an application of Saffer and Packard-Bamberger, which authorized the award of
attorneys' fees against an attorney-defendant when those fees were incurred as a result of the litigation to establish
the attorney-defendant's liability. The holding here involves an award to the estate of attorneys' fees incurred in
litigation on the bond that were consequential damages of Lopez's misconduct. That award is distinct from Saffer
because the fees are damages incurred in litigation other than to establish Lopez's liability. This case neither applies
nor expands Saffer or Packard-Bamberger. (Pp. 16-19)
6. On this record, there is no abuse of discretion in the court's award of simple interest. Moreover, the date of
misappropriation should serve as the start date from which the interest should be assessed. (Pp. 19-21)
Judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED IN PART and REVERSED IN PART and the matter
is REMANDED for entry of an order requiring the surety to pay the attorneys' fees incurred in the bond litigation.
JUSTICES VERNIERO and LAVECCHIA, dissenting, are of the view that a surety is not liable beyond
its obligation under statute and the express terms of the bond. There is no provision in the bond or in any statute in
New Jersey that provides that the surety may be surcharged for attorneys' fees. Neither tort principles nor general
invocations of equitable principles should be relied on here to recast the obligation that the surety has undertaken.
Its contractual obligation is to restore the funds to the estate that were taken by the administrator.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES STEIN, COLEMAN and LONG join in JUSTICE
ZAZZALI'S opinion. JUSTICES VERNIERO and LaVECCHIA filed a separate dissenting opinion.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
A-125/
126 September Term 1999
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE
OF HERBERT P. LASH, deceased.
FIREMAN'S FUND INSURANCE
COMPANY,
Plaintiff-Respondent
and Cross-Appellant,
v.
MANUEL LOPEZ, JR.; CHERYL S.
LOPEZ, his wife; DONALD J.
MELIADO; PRUDENTIAL-BACHE
SECURITIES, INCORPORATED; L&L
ASSOCIATES; LOPEZ, LOPEZ &
CRINGOLI; LOUIS H. MILLER;
and WILLIAM R. DENI,
Defendants,
and
THE ESTATE OF HILDEGARD LASH,
Defendant-Appellant
and Cross-Respondent.
Argued November 28, 2000 -- Decided July 2, 2001
On certification to the Superior Court,
Appellate Division, whose opinion is
reported at
329 N.J. Super. 249 (2000).
B. Paul Katz, a member of the Florida bar,
argued the cause for appellant and cross-
respondent (Kraemer, Burns, Mytelka, Lovell
& Kulka, attorneys; Mr. Katz and Wayne D.
Greenfeder, of counsel and on the brief).
Timothy J. Korzun argued the cause for
respondent and cross-appellant (Sheak &
Korzun, attorneys; Mr. Korzun, J. Charles
Sheak and Deborah I. Hollander, on the
briefs).
The opinion of the Court was delivered by
ZAZZALI, J.
In this case, the administrator of an estate misappropriated
the estate's funds. We must decide whether the estate can
recover counsel fees incurred in the proceeding to recover the
misappropriated amounts from the surety on the bond, or whether
the estate is responsible for those fees. We also must determine
the appropriate interest rate on the surcharged amount and the
date on which the interest should commence.
The Appellate Division found that the surety was not liable
for attorneys' fees on the bond. In re Estate of Lash,
329 N.J.
Super. 249, 252 (App. Div. 2000). Because we conclude that the
estate is entitled to recover those fees as damages caused by the
administrator's wrongful conduct, we reverse that determination
and remand for entry of an order requiring the surety to pay the
attorneys' fees incurred in the bond litigation. The panel also
determined that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
awarding simple interest from the date that the complaint was
filed. Ibid. We affirm that conclusion.
Herbert P. Lash died intestate in April of 1987. His sole heir at law was his mother, Hildegard Lash, a citizen of Florida. Later that month, Mrs. Lash executed a power of attorney to defendant Manuel Lopez, Jr., a stockbroker known to both Mrs. Lash and her son. In May 1987, Mrs. Lash renounced her right to administration of her son's estate and requested the appointment of Lopez as administrator. The following month the Passaic County Surrogate's Court appointed Lopez as administrator of the estate, conditioned upon a surety bond in the amount of $800,000. Defendant Fireman's Fund Insurance Company (Fireman's Fund) provided the bond. At the time of Herbert Lash's death, his assets amounted to $751,786.39.
During the course of his service as administrator, Lopez misappropriated funds from Herbert Lash's estate. Because of those defalcations, in June 1992 Mrs. Lash revoked the power of attorney granted to Lopez and filed suit in Florida against Lopez, his wife, Cheryl, and Fireman's Fund alleging that Lopez breached his fiduciary duty “by failing to faithfully administer, account for and distribute to [Fireman's Fund] or other intended beneficiaries the assets or the proceeds of the assets of [Herbert's] estate.”
In December 1992, the Florida circuit court granted Fireman's Fund's motion to dismiss based on lack of personal jurisdiction. The estate obtained a default judgment against defendants Lopez and his wife, Cheryl, in the amount of $800,000. However, the estate was unable to recover that amount from Lopez and his wife, who had both disappeared.
In January 1993, Fireman's Fund filed a complaint in Passaic County Surrogate's Court against Lopez, Cheryl, Lopez's attorney, Donald J. Meliado, and Mrs. Lash, among others. Fireman's Fund's complaint named Mrs. Lash in order to compel her to present all of her claims against Lopez, Cheryl, and Fireman's Fund. The complaint alleged that Lopez breached his fiduciary duty by failing “to account for, administer, liquidate, and distribute the assets and the proceeds” from the estate of Herbert Lash. By amended answer and counterclaim, the estate asserted that Fireman's Fund, as surety under the bond, was liable to the estate for the full amount of the bond, $800,000, together with interest, counsel fees, and cost of suit. The parties resolved, by stipulation, all issues except counsel fees and interest. The bond is silent on the issue of counsel fees. The estate contended that the counsel fees incurred in the proceeding should be charged to the bond. The Chancery Division rejected that contention, instead charging the fees against the corpus of the estate. The estate also requested “investment market rate” interest from the date of Lopez's defalcations. The Chancery Division awarded interest, but, contrary to the estate's request, awarded simple interest at the rates provided in Rule 4:42-11 from the date the complaint was filed.
On appeal, the Appellate Division affirmed the order of the Chancery Division requiring the payment of counsel fees by the estate and directing that simple interest be awarded, but modified the portion of the “order allowing the calculation of interest from January 1993 to provide that simple interest be calculated on the applicable amount from the date each improper use of the funds was made by the administrator.” Lash, supra, 329 N.J. Super. at 264. The Appellate Division remanded “for further proceedings to determine the commencement date for calculation of simple interest on each defalcation that forms the basis for the amounts surcharged against the bond.” Ibid.
The estate petitioned this Court for certification on the issue of attorneys' fees, and Fireman's Fund petitioned on the award of interest. We granted both petitions. 165 N.J. 136 (2000). We now reverse the determination that the estate, rather than the surety, is liable for the attorneys' fees, affirm the award of interest, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
In this case, we first address whether an administrator is liable to the estate for attorneys' fees incurred by the estate in the proceeding on the surety bond. If the administrator is liable for those fees, we must then determine whether the administrator's surety also should be held liable for those fees. Finally, we consider whether the American Rule that disallows recovery of attorneys' fees incurred in litigation from an adversary in that litigation prohibits the award of fees against the surety in this case. We address each question in turn.
A
In this case, Lopez's tortious breach of fiduciary duty caused the estate to file suit against the surety on the bond. As a direct and proximate result of Lopez's breach of duty, the estate incurred attorneys' fees to litigate its claim against Fireman's Fund, a third party, in order to demonstrate that Fireman's Fund was financially responsible for Lopez's defalcation. Those fees were a foreseeable consequence of Lopez's actions because all parties were aware of the bond, the express purpose of which was to provide the estate redress from Fireman's Fund for Lopez's improper conduct. Just as a defendant who fraudulently conveys property to avoid a judgment causes the plaintiff to have to file suit against the transferees, Jugan v. Friedman, 275 N.J. Super. 556 (App. Div.), cert. denied, 138 N.J. 271 (1994), Lopez's defalcation caused the estate to file suit against Fireman's Fund. Lopez is responsible for the estate's counsel fees incurred in the litigation against Fireman's Fund.
As discussed, Lopez caused the estate to expend attorneys' fees in the proceeding on the bond. Fireman's Fund, under principles of suretyship, is liable for the full extent of the damages caused by Lopez. Therefore, Fireman's Fund should be liable for those damages caused by Lopez, including the attorneys' fees incurred in the proceeding on the bond.
The thoughtful dissent concludes that although Lopez proximately caused the estate to incur fees in the bond litigation and is responsible for those fees as damages, Fireman's Fund should not have to pay those damages because the surety bond does not explicitly state that Fireman's Fund must do so. We recognize that the surety's liability is limited by the terms of the surety bond. Supra at ___ (slip op. at 10) (“[T]he principal and sureties are equally and primarily liable in case of a breach of [the bond's] conditions and the liability of the sureties is, within the terms of the contract and controlling statues, coextensive with that of the principal.”) (quoting 34 C.J.S. Executors and Administrators § 900 (1998) (footnotes omitted) (emphasis added)). However, unless there is a bond provision to the contrary, the surety's liability is coextensive with the principal's liability. 31 Am. Jur. 2d Executors and Administrators § 349 (1989) (“Absent a statute or bond provision to the contrary, the liability of a surety on a personal representative's bond is coextensive with that of the representative for losses occasioned by official acts and defaults.”) (emphasis added) (footnotes omitted). In this case, the surety bond is silent on whether damages consisting of attorneys' fees incurred as a result of the principal's wrongful conduct are recoverable against the surety. Thus, there is no bond language precluding an award of such damages, and the surety's and principal's liabilities are coextensive. Moreover, the surety bond here merely states that the surety and principal bind themselves in the amount of $800,000 and that the principal will perform several enumerated conditions. The language of the bond makes no mention of the scope of the surety's liability. If we were to accept the dissent's premise and take it to its logical conclusion, the estate would not be able to recover any damages for Lopez's defalcation because the surety bond does not explicitly say that the surety is liable for those damages.
As there is no contractual basis to prohibit damages that consist of attorneys' fees, we are left with the fundamental precept of suretyship law that the surety's liability is coextensive with the liability of the principal. Further, the overriding purpose of the surety bond is to make the estate whole for a fiduciary's misconduct. Based on those guiding principles, we conclude that the surety is liable for fees proximately caused by the principal's misconduct. The dissent's reliance on cases involving performance, payment, and labor and materials bonds does not persuade us otherwise in the context of this case, which involves fraudulent conduct of a fiduciary and a bond silent on the scope of the surety's liability.
The American Rule generally precludes a party from recovering counsel fees from his or her adversary in that litigation. North Bergen Rex Transp., Inc. v. Trailer Leasing Co., 158 N.J. 561, 569 (1999); Rendine v. Pantzer, 141 N.J. 292, 322 (1995); Right to Choose v. Byrne, 91 N.J. 287, 316 (1982); Gerhardt v. Cont'l Ins. Cos., supra, 48 N.J. at 301; Janovsky v. American Motorists Ins. Co., 11 N.J. 1, 7 (1952); see R. 4:42- 9(a) (prohibiting, with exceptions, counsel fee awards); Oliviero v. Porter Hayden Co., 241 N.J. Super. 381, 386 (App. Div. 1990); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 914(1). “[W]e accept, as do most other courts, the premise of the American Rule that ordinarily society is best served when the parties to litigation each bear their own legal expenses.” Coleman v. Fiore Bros., Inc., 113 N.J. 594, 596 (1989) (citations omitted); accord Community Realty Management, Inc. v. Harris, 155 N.J. 212, 235 (1998). However, the American Rule “does not preclude an allowance of reasonable counsel fees where the incurring thereof is a traditional element of damages in a particular cause of action.” Pressler, supra, comment 2.10 on R. 4:42-9. “A plaintiff has the right to recover attorney's fees incurred in other litigation with a third person, if he became involved in that litigation as a result of a breach of contract or tortious act by the present defendant.” 22 Am. Jur. 2d Damages § 618 (1988); accord Restatement (Second) of Torts § 914 (2).
An Appellate Division decision, Jugan v. Friedman, supra, 275 N.J. Super. 556, illustrates the distinct treatment afforded counsel fee awards as damages and other fee awards. In Jugan, the plaintiff successfully sued the defendant for egregious malpractice. Id. at 559. He recovered a judgment, including both compensatory and punitive damages, and sought to satisfy the judgment out of the defendant's assets. Id. at 559-60. However, the defendant had divested himself of all assets other than those that could not be used to satisfy the judgment. Id. at 560-61. The plaintiff filed suit against the defendant, his wife, and his three adult sons, alleging that the defendant had fraudulently conveyed the assets to those family members to avoid satisfying the plaintiff's judgment. Ibid. The plaintiff requested attorneys' fees. Id. at 563.
The Appellate Division first noted the general rule that parties bear the burden of their own counsel fees. Id. at 573. The court then noted, however, “that if the commission of a tort proximately causes litigation with parties other than the tortfeasor, the plaintiff is entitled to recover damages measured by the expense of that litigation with third parties.” Ibid. Applying that rule, the court concluded that
although Mr. Jugan may not recover his litigation expenses for litigating with Dr. Friedman to establish that his transfers were fraudulent, he is entitled to reimbursement for reasonable attorneys' fees expended in litigating with third parties, including the other defendants, to void or set aside the transfers.
[Ibid.]
Accordingly, the plaintiff was not entitled to attorneys' fees for the costs incurred in litigating directly against the defendant, but he was entitled to attorneys' fees for the costs incurred in litigating the validity of the transfers against the defendant's wife and sons. See also Gerhardt, supra, 48 N.J. at 300-01 (allowing recovery of fees incurred in defending prior worker's compensation action, but disallowing fees incurred in subsequent action on insurance policy seeking coverage for worker's compensation claim).
As discussed, the estate in this case is entitled to recover, from Lopez, the damages caused by his breach of fiduciary duty. Those damages include the fees incurred in the proceeding on the bond. In view of the fact that all parties knew about and expressly intended the estate to proceed on the bond to recover any damages caused by Lopez, the attorneys' fees were a foreseeable consequence of the defalcation. That conclusion does not run afoul of the American Rule, which does not prohibit awards of attorneys' fees incurred in litigation with a third party. Because Fireman's Fund assumed coextensive liability with Lopez, Fireman's Fund is also liable for those fees. Those fees do not implicate the American Rule because they were incurred in the litigation on the bond, rather than the litigation against Lopez.
One New Jersey court has addressed whether the estate or the surety should bear the burden of the attorney's fees incurred in the proceeding to recover on the bond. In Ordinary v. Connolly, supra, 75 N.J. Eq. at 527, the estate, after successfully recovering the damages caused by an administrator, requested that the surety bear liability for the attorneys' fees incurred in the proceeding on the bond. The court concluded:
There is no reason that counsel securing the removal of the administrator and prosecuting the administration bonds should not be paid reasonable and proper fees for their services, and, on the contrary, there is every reason why they should be compensated. The estate should not be made to bear the burden of these charges, but they should be imposed upon the administrator and his surety who became bound that the estate should be well and truly administered according to law for the benefit both of creditors and the next of kin of the deceased.
[Ibid.]
We agree with Connolly's rationale. The holding in Connolly further supports our conclusion that this appeal falls within the principle that the American Rule “does not preclude an allowance of reasonable counsel fees where the incurring thereof is a traditional element of damages in a particular cause of action.” Pressler, supra, comment 2.10 on R. 4:42-9.
In Saffer v. Willoughby, 143 N.J. 256 (1996), we held that an attorney may be liable for attorneys' fees incurred by the aggrieved client in the action to establish the attorney's liability as consequential damages arising from the attorney's professional malpractice. We have since reaffirmed that rule and clarified that it also applies when an attorney intentionally breaches a fiduciary duty to a client arising out of the attorney-client relationship. Packard-Bamberger & Co., Inc. v. Collier, __ N.J. __, __ (2001) (slip op. at __). Those decisions recognize that such fees are consequential damages of the attorney's wrongful conduct, just as the fees incurred in the bond litigation are consequential damages of Lopez's embezzlement and waste of the estate's assets. Our decision in this appeal is not, however, an application of Saffer and Packard-Bamberger. Those cases authorize an award of attorneys' fees against an attorney-defendant when those fees were incurred as a result of the litigation to establish the attorney-defendant's liability. Such an award is directly contrary to the American Rule's prohibition, but was authorized in those cases due to the significance of the attorney-client relationship. Our decision here, however, is distinct from Saffer. An award, against Lopez, of the fees the estate incurred to establish Lopez's liability in the Florida litigation would be analogous to the situation in Saffer and Packard-Bamberger. In those circumstances, the estate may not have been entitled to an award of fees based simply on the fact that Lopez owed the estate a fiduciary duty. Packard- Bamberger makes clear that the fact that a person owes another a fiduciary duty, in and of itself, does not justify an award of fees unless the wrongful conduct arose out of an attorney-client relationship. Our holding in this appeal, however, involves an award, to the estate, of attorneys' fees incurred in litigation on the bond that were consequential damages of Lopez's misconduct. That award is distinct from Saffer because the fees are damages incurred in litigation other than to establish Lopez's liability. Thus, our decision here is not an application, much less an expansion, of Saffer and Packard- Bamberger.
We agree with the Appellate Division that the award of interest in this case should be calculated on a simple basis and assessed from the date of the actual defalcations. “[T]he allowance of interest on surcharges, and the rate thereof, are discretionary matters.” Ditmars v. Camden Trust Co., 10 N.J. 471, 491-92 (1952); see Meshinsky v. Nichols Yacht Sales, Inc., 110 N.J. 464, 478 (1988) (“Ordinarily, the trial court has the discretion to grant or deny prejudgment interest.”). “An appellate court will not interfere unless the interest charged is palpably unfair.” State ex. rel. Matthews v. National Sur. Corp., 17 N.J. Super. 137, 142 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 9 N.J. 287 (1952).
The Chancery Division rejected the estate's request for “investment market rate” interest in favor of an award of simple interest. The court referred by analogy to Rule 4:42-11, which authorizes an award of prejudgment simple interest in tort actions, but did not apply the rule strictly. On this record, we see no abuse of discretion in the court's award of simple interest.
We also agree with the Appellate Division's conclusion that the date of defalcation should serve as the commencement date from which the interest should be assessed.
In this case, we conclude simple interest should be calculated from the date the improper use of the funds was made. Under these circumstances, we view lost interest as an element of the estate's damages claim and therefore calculated on the amounts surcharged under the bond. See Melosh v. Melosh, 125 N.J. Eq. 486, 496 (Ch. 1939); In re Jula, 3 N.J. Misc. 976, 979 (Orph. 1925); Mount v. VanNess, 35 N.J. Eq. 113, 114 (Prerog. 1882); 7 New Jersey Practice, Wills and Administration § 1015 n. 2 at 114 (Alfred C. Clapp & Dorothy G. Black) (rev. 3d ed. 1984). We are persuaded this approach is more equitable in that lost interest is an integral part of the estate's damage claim as a result of the defalcation, and comports with the fiduciary responsibility of an administrator to act prudently with respect to the assets of an estate. N.J.S.A. 3B:10- 26; In re Beales' Estate, 13 N.J. Super. 222, 228-29 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 7 N.J. 581 (1951).
[Lash, supra, 329 N.J. Super. at 263-64.]
For those reasons, we affirm the Appellate Division's
conclusions with regard to the award of interest.
In summary, we conclude that the attorneys' fees incurred by the estate in the action on the surety bond should be assessed against the bond. The surety assumed liability for all damages caused by Lopez, and those fees were a direct and proximate result of his tortious conduct. The American Rule does not preclude an award of the fees because they were incurred in the bond litigation, rather than the litigation to establish Lopez's liability. On the issue of interest, we affirm the determination that the estate is entitled to simple interest running from the date of the defalcations. Therefore, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for entry of an order requiring the surety to pay the attorneys' fees incurred in the bond litigation.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES STEIN, COLEMAN, and LONG join in JUSTICE ZAZZALI's opinion. JUSTICE LaVECCHIA filed a separate dissenting opinion in which JUSTICE VERNIERO joins.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
A-125-
126 September Term 1999
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE
OF HERBERT P. LASH, deceased.
____________________________
FIREMAN's FUND INSURANCE
COMPANY,
Plaintiff-Respondent
and Cross-Appellant,
v.
MANUEL LOPEZ, JR.; CHERYL S.
LOPEZ, his wife; DONALD J.
MELIADO; PRUDENTIAL-BACHE
SECURITIES, INCORPORATED;
L&L ASSOCIATES; LOPEZ, LOPEZ
& CRINGOLI; LOUIS H. MILLER;
and WILLIAM R. DENI,
Defendants,
and
THE ESTATE OF HILDEGARD LASH,
deceased.
Defendant-Appellant
and Cross-Respondent.
_____________________________
VERNIERO, LaVECCHIA, JJ., dissenting.
This matter involves the misappropriation or misapplication
of assets by an estate's administrator. The narrow issue is
whether the counsel fees incurred by the estate in seeking
recovery of those assets are surchargeable against the
administration bond. We would affirm the judgment of the
Appellate Division substantially for the reasons expressed in
Judge Fall's persuasive opinion. In re Estate of Lash,
329 N.J.
Super. 249 (App. Div. 2000). The panel correctly concluded that
there is “no authority in this State to surcharge counsel fees
against the administration bond.” Id. at 252. We write to
emphasize the following.
Our Court Rule governing the allowance of attorneys' fees, Rule 4:42-9, adopts the philosophy that “sound judicial administration will best be advanced by having each litigant bear his own counsel fee except in those few situations specially designated in” the Rule. Gerhardt v. Cont'l Ins. Cos., 48 N.J. 291, 301 (1966). One of the specific exceptions recognized in the Rule is that fees are permitted “[i]n an action upon a liability or indemnity policy of insurance, in favor of a successful claimant.” R. 4:42-9(a)(6). A surety policy is materially different from an indemnity policy and does not fall within that exception. See Eagle Fire Prot. Corp. v. First Indem. of Am. Ins. Co., 145 N.J. 345, 364-65 (1996) (explaining difference between surety and indemnity policy and concluding that Court Rule has been strictly construed to limit application only to true liability and indemnity insurance policies); Fengya v. Fengya, 156 N.J. Super. 340, 347 (App. Div. 1978) (finding that Rule is not applicable to action brought against surety company to enforce its obligation on guardian's bond); see also Leatherby Ins. Co. v. City of Tustin, 143 Cal. Rptr. 153, 158 (Ct. App. 1977) (quoting Somers v. United States Fid. & Guar. Co., 217 P. 746, 749 (Cal. 1923) (stating that “'[t]he essential distinction between an indemnity contract and a contract of guaranty or suretyship is that the promisor in any indemnity contract undertakes to protect his promisee against loss or damage through a liability on the part of the latter to a third person,'” whereas “'the undertaking of a guarantor or surety is to protect the promisee against loss or damage through the failure of a third person to carry out his obligations to the promisee'”) (internal citations omitted).
Nowhere does the Rule provide that fees may be enforced against a surety. A comment to the Rule, however, provides that the Rule “does not preclude an allowance of reasonable counsel fees where the incurring thereof is a traditional element of damages in a particular cause of action.” Pressler, Current N.J. Court Rules, comment 2 on R. 4:42-9 (2001). The sole reported case in New Jersey on that subject in the context of a defalcating administrator of an estate is Ordinary v. Connolly, 75 N.J. Eq. 521 (Prerog. Ct. 1909). In that case, the court held that counsel fees are an element of damages: “It seems to me clear, . . . that a reasonable counsel fee, necessarily incurred in the removal of an administrator, is recoverable as part of the damages resulting from his dereliction and sustained by occasion of the breach of the condition that he would well and truly administer the estate . . . .” Id. at 526. The court held that the estate should not be made to bear the burden of those charges. Id. at 527.
The Appellate Division below was not persuaded by the decision in Ordinary because the case predated Rule 4:42-9, “which was 'adopted in response to widespread abuses by courts and attorneys with respect to allowances of counsel fees in Chancery prior to 1948.'” In re Estate of Lash, supra, 329 N.J. Super. at 258 (quoting Fengya, supra, 156 N.J. Super. at 344); see N. Bergen Rex Transp., Inc. v. Trailer Leasing Co., 158 N.J. 561, 569 (1999) (“New Jersey has a strong policy disfavoring shifting of attorneys' fees.”); Pressler, supra, comment 1 on R. 4:42-9 (stating that in rejecting changes to Rule in 1971 and 1975, Court was concerned that expansion of court's power to allow counsel fees might well result in impositions upon judicial administration and upon litigants that would outweigh any advantages that might be anticipated).
Since the decision in Ordinary, this Court on several occasions has relied on the principle of surety law that “'a surety is chargeable only according to the strict terms of its undertaking and its obligation cannot and should not be extended either by implication or by construction beyond the confines of its contract.'” Eagle Fire Prot. Corp., supra, 145 N.J. at 354 (quoting Monmouth Lumber Co. v. Indem. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 21 N.J. 439, 452 (1956)). Indeed, in Eagle Fire Protection Corp., this Court disallowed an award of attorneys' fees against an argument that Rule 4:42-9(a) authorized such an award, noting that twice before the Supreme Court had rebuffed recommendations from the Civil Practice Committee to amend Rule 4:42-9(a) to allow awards of counsel fees in a broader range of suits brought by insureds against insurers. Id. at 364. The Court reaffirmed that a surety contract is not the equivalent of an indemnity policy or liability policy and therefore does not fall within the reach of the Court Rule:
The insurance contract in this case did not constitute a commitment by First Indemnity to pay Eagle Fire's liability to a third party or to indemnify Eagle Fire for such liability. Rather, the bond simply required First Indemnity to pay Eagle Fire for its work if Olsen did not do so. Because this is not a case where the insurer agreed to protect the insured from third-party claims, R. 4:41-9(a)(6) is inapposite. Accordingly, we hold that given the narrow scope of R. 4:42-9(a)(6), Eagle Fire is not entitled to legal fees.
Nevertheless, the majority finds support for its conclusion
that the surety may be surcharged for counsel fees over and above
the amount of the bond from the decision in Jugan v. Friedman,
275 N.J. Super. 556 (App. Div.), certif. denied,
138 N.J. 271
(1994). In Jugan, the defendant fraudulently transferred his
assets to other members of his family to avoid paying the
plaintiff's judgment. Id. at 560-61. In a subsequent action,
the court permitted the plaintiff to recover the litigation costs
associated with suing the defendant's family members to recover
the assets. Id. at 560. The court referred to the general rule
in New Jersey that each party must bear his or her own litigation
expenses, including attorneys' fees. Id. at 573. The court then
observed that there is an exception to the rule when the
commission of a tort proximately causes litigation with parties
other than the tortfeasor. Ibid. In those circumstances, the
plaintiff was entitled to recover damages measured by the expense
of that litigation with the third parties. Ibid. (citing
Feldmesser v. Lemberger,
101 N.J.L. 184, 186-88 (E. & A. 1925)).
The Appellate Division correctly distinguished Jugan from
this case. The majority contends that the estate should be
permitted to recover the amount of money it expended in
litigating with the surety, now characterized as a third-party,
to collect on its $800,000 Florida judgment. The Court reasons
that Lopez's defalcation as administrator of the estate is the
proximate cause of the litigation that ensued between the estate
and the surety and therefore the surety should be liable for the
fees the estate spent in correcting the administrator's misdeeds.
That reasoning is circular and avoids the essential question that
still remains: whether the surety is responsible in tort for
attorneys' fees as part of its contractual liability for the
administrator's defalcation to the estate. We believe that the
answer to that question must be no.
In Jugan, the liability was born solely of tort principles.
Here we are addressing liability founded only in contract. The
contract defines the exposure. That exposure cannot be altered
by attempting to identify the surety as a “third party.” The
surety is not a third party. It is a direct participant in this
matter as a result of its direct contractual relationship to the
estate.
The Court finds the surety liable for the fees because “the
liability of a surety on a personal representative's bond is
coextensive with that of the representative for losses occasioned
by official acts and defaults.” Ante at ___ (slip op. at ___)
(citing
31 Am. Jur. 2d Executors and Administrators § 349
(1989)). But, that characterization is too broad and, therefore,
does not appropriately describe the surety's liability in this
setting. More completely, American Jurisprudence states that
“the surety has a right to stand strictly upon the contract,
which neither the courts nor the parties can vary.”
31 Am. Jur. 2d Executors and Administrators § 349 (1989); see also 34 C.J.S.
Executors and Administrators § 900 (1998) (“[T]he principal and
sureties are equally and primarily liable in case of a breach of
its conditions . . . . The obligation of the sureties, however,
rests solely in contract and they cannot be held liable contrary
to or beyond the condition of the bond.”) (emphasis added). As
for attorneys' fees, that section of Corpus Juris Secundum refers
only to Lawyers Surety Corp. v. Larson,
869 S.W.2d 649, 653 (Tex.
Ct. App. 1994), in which the court allowed attorneys' fees to be
assessed against the surety after finding that the applicable
Texas statute permitted recovery of fees against the surety
resulting from the administrator's failure to meet statutory
obligations.
In New Jersey, however, the statute governing sureties and
the actual surety agreement involved here do not include
provisions requiring the surety to be responsible for counsel
fees when sued on its own bond. N.J.S.A. 3B:15-5 provides for
the conditions of the bond on intestate administration, and
N.J.S.A. 3B:15-26 concerns proceedings to satisfy judgment on the
bond. Neither section provides that the surety is responsible
for attorneys' fees. The majority's view of the surety's
exposure to damages in the form of attorneys' fees, premised on a
theory of tort liability, simply is wide of the mark. As this
Court said a few short years ago, the surety is chargeable only
according to the strict terms of its undertaking, and its
contractual obligations “cannot and should not be extended by
implication or by construction.” Eagle Fire Prot. Corp., supra,
145 N.J. at 354 (quoting Monmouth Lumber Co., supra, 21 N.J. at
452); see also Cruz-Mendez v. ISU/Ins. Servs.,
156 N.J. 556, 571
(1999) (same).
Other courts have addressed whether attorneys' fees are
recoverable against the surety as an element of damages. In
Faulkner Concrete Pipe Co. v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty
Co.,
218 So.2d 1, 2 (Miss. 1968), the City of Laurel contracted
with the American Construction Company to add additional lines to
the city's sewer system. As part of the contract, the
construction company entered into a surety agreement with
Fidelity & Guaranty whereby the contractor would promptly make
all payments to those supplying labor or materials for the
project. Ibid. Nowhere in the surety agreement was there a
provision for the payment of attorneys' fees. Ibid. In the
contract between the city and the construction company, however,
there was a provision that stated that the construction company
would be liable for “all attorneys' fees and costs of
collection.” Ibid. A subcontractor sued the construction
company for its alleged failure to pay for the subcontractor's
services and included a claim for attorneys' fees. Ibid. The
question arose whether the surety could be responsible for the
fees. Id. at 3. In rejecting that claim, the court stated: “We
have no statute making the surety on a contractor's bond liable
for attorney's fees incurred by the obligee in case of default by
the principal and suit on the bond, and neither the contract nor
the bond in the case at bar contained any such provision.” Ibid.
(quoting Nat'l Sur. Co. v. Trs. of Runnelstown Consol. Sch.,
111 So. 445, 448 (Miss. 1927)).
Another example is New Amsterdam Casualty Co. v. Texas
Industries, Inc.,
414 S.W.2d 914 (Tex. 1967). In that case, the
respondent was not paid for materials furnished to a contractor.
He sued the contractor and the surety and, in addition to
damages, claimed $19,773.62 in attorneys' fees against the
surety. Ibid. The court held that attorneys' fees are not
recoverable against the surety on the payment bond, nor are
attorneys' fees recoverable in an action for tort or contract
unless provided by statute or contract between the parties. Id.
at 915. See L.S. Tellier, Annotation, Surety's Liability for
Obligee's Attorney Fees Under Provisions of Performance Bond of
Public Contractor or Subcontractor,
69 A.L.R.2d 1046 (1960)
(summarizing cases in which surety was held not liable for
attorneys' fees in absence of provision expressly creating that
liability in surety bond or under statutory law).
We would conclude that the surety is not liable beyond its
obligation under statute and the express terms of the bond.
There is no provision in the bond or in any statute in New Jersey
that provides that the surety may be surcharged for counsel fees.
Neither tort principles nor general invocations of equitable
principles ought to be imported here to recast the obligation
that the surety has undertaken. Its contractual obligation is to
restore the monies to the estate that were taken by the
administrator.
Although the estate sued the surety to compel payment on the
bond, the attorneys' fees incurred in that suit are not part of
the surety's liability. Attorneys' fees expended in litigation
with the surety do not fit within that contractual obligation.
Nor do our statutes governing bonds given in intestate
administration require such coverage. The surety is entitled to
stand on the limits of the obligations it bargained for in its
contract.
As a practical matter, insurers writing surety bonds in New
Jersey now will have reason to regard their exposure on their
bonds as greater than that for which they bargained. We can
expect that they will price their bonds to reflect that new
undefined exposure. The impact will be borne by none other than
our citizens when they are required to obtain a surety bond,
pursuant to N.J.S.A. 3B:15-1 to -6, as part of the administration
of estates in this State.
Our conclusion is consistent with the American Rule. That rule requires each side to bear the cost of litigation and is a well-established feature of our jurisprudence. N. Bergen Rex Transp., Inc., supra, 158 N.J. at 569. The Court attempts to reconcile its disposition with the American Rule by denominating the fees incurred by the estate as an element of damages that are thus not implicated by the rule. The majority also would award fees on equitable grounds. In our view, the Court's approach conflicts with the American Rule, or at the least, conflicts with the policies undergirding the rule.
The American Rule is the antithesis of the English Rule. As the name implies, that latter rule traces its roots to England, whose courts have been authorized to award counsel fees to successful plaintiffs since as early as 1278. Fleischmann Distilling Corp. v. Maier Brewing Co., 386 U.S. 714, 717, 87 S. Ct. 1404, 1406, 18 L. Ed.2d 475, 478 (1967). “It is now customary in England, after litigation of substantive claims has terminated, to conduct separate hearings before special 'taxing Masters' in order to determine the appropriateness and the size of an award of counsel fees.” Ibid. In contrast, the American Rule “has long been that attorney's fees are not ordinarily recoverable in the absence of a statute or enforceable contract providing therefor.” Id. at 717, 87 S. Ct. at 1407, 18 L. Ed. 2d at 478.
The purposes behind each rule are straightforward. Succinctly stated, “[w]hile the English Rule focuse[s] on providing full compensation to the winner, the American Rule emphasize[s] equal access to justice.” Mihalik v. Pro Arts, Inc., 851 F.2d 790, 793 (6th Cir. 1988). One commentator has elaborated:
The American Rule has been perpetuated because it represents a democratic ideal. Unfettered access to the courts for all citizens with genuine legal disputes has become a cornerstone of the American concept of justice. All persons are entitled to their day in court, however poor they may be and however rich their opponents. The courts fear that injured parties, particularly those of modest means, would be discouraged from invoking the judicial system if the cost of losing an action included payment of one's opponent's legal bills. . . .
The American Rule also reflects an equitable principle that penalizing a party for merely defending or prosecuting a lawsuit is unfair. The Supreme Court [of the United States] has recognized that the results of litigation are frequently uncertain and that making an inaccurate prediction of how a court will resolve a case does not warrant a penalty. Finally, the American Rule provides a convenient administrative scheme. By not shifting fees, courts are not burdened with the somewhat arbitrary calculation of the 'reasonable costs' incurred by a prevailing party.
[Neal H. Klausner, Note, The Dynamics of Rule 11: Preventing Frivolous Litigation by Demanding Professional Responsibility, 61 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 300, 304-05 (1986) (footnotes omitted).]
This Court has described the policies undergirding the American Rule as “strong.” N. Bergen Rex Transp., Inc., supra, 158 N.J. at 569. Our courts have been justifiably circumspect in departing from the rule, doing so only when there is “express authorization by statute, court rule, or contract,” Dep't of Envtl. Prot. v. Ventron Corp., 94 N.J. 473, 504 (1983), or when the interests of equity demand it, Red Devil Tools v. Tip Top Brush Co., 50 N.J. 563, 575-76 (1967).
In addition, we have permitted the award of counsel fees to successful litigants in cases involving attorney negligence and attorney misconduct. Saffer v. Willoughby, 143 N.J. 256, 272 (1996) (permitting counsel-fee award as element of consequential damages suffered by former client in attorney-malpractice setting); Packard-Bamberger & Co. v. Collier, 167 N.J. 427 (2001) (extending holding of Saffer to attorney misconduct cases). In those instances, however, the Court has emphasized that to recover such fees, a prevailing plaintiff must demonstrate that the underlying action arose within the context of an attorney- client relationship. Packard-Bamberger & Co., supra, 167 N.J. at 443.
In the fee-shifting setting, we have also declared that the authority to regulate and discipline attorneys “is the exclusive province of this Court.” McKeown-Brand v. Trump Castle Hotel & Casino, 132 N.J. 546, 554 (1993) (interpreting statute authorizing counsel fees against non-prevailing party within context of frivolous lawsuits to apply to clients, not attorneys). Our unique role in regulating the bar and our specific concern for public trust in the bar provide sound bases on which to permit an award of fees in actions by clients against their former attorneys. We find no similar ground on which to extend the holdings of Saffer and Packard-Bamberger in the absence of an attorney-client relationship.
In sum, none of the specific exceptions to the American Rule applies in this case. No statute or rule of court authorizes a grant of attorneys' fees, nor does the surety bond contemplate such an award by express language. Additionally, as noted, equity does not support an award of fees in this circumstance. Lastly, because the estate's action did not arise out of an attorney-client relationship, the holdings of Saffer and Packard- Bamberger are inapplicable.
For the reasons stated, we would affirm the judgment of the Appellate Division. Accordingly, we dissent.
NO. A-125/126 SEPTEMBER TERM 1999
ON APPEAL FROM
ON CERTIFICATION TO Appellate Division, Superior Court
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE
OF HERBERT P. LASH, deceased.
____________________________
FIREMAN'S FUND INSURANCE
COMPANY,
Plaintiff-Respondent
and Cross-Appellant,
v.
MANUEL LOPEZ, JR., et al.,
Defendants.
DECIDED July 2, 2001
Chief Justice Poritz PRESIDING
OPINION BY Justice Zazzali
CONCURRING OPINION BY
DISSENTING OPINION BY Justices Verniero and LaVecchia
REVERSE IN PART/
REMAND AFFIRM CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ X JUSTICE STEIN X