(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the
convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in
the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized).
Argued May 1, 2001 -- Decided July 17, 2001
LaVECCHIA, J., writing for a unanimous Court.
This appeal concerns the notification requirements of a Tier Two or moderate risk sex offender under the
Registration and Community Notification Laws (“RCNL”), commonly known as Megan's Law. The issue is
whether the State is required to affirmatively establish that a registrant classified as a Tier Two offender is
reasonably certain to encounter those attending schools in the pertinent geographic area before notification will
occur.
M.F.'s criminal history reveals three progressively serious sexual offenses. In 1979, he was arrested for
criminal sexual contact occurring in a Union County department store. The presentence report described the charge
as “open lewdness” and included touching women. It was ultimately dismissed as part of a plea agreement in which
M.F. pleaded guilty to possession of a controlled dangerous substance.
In 1985, M.F. again was charged with criminal sexual contact. An undercover officer approached a vehicle
in the lot of a Clifton department store, and observed M.F. sitting behind the steering wheel with his pants
unfastened, his private parts exposed, and masturbating. M.F. was convicted and sentenced to one year probation.
M.F.'s most recent sexual-offense conviction involved second-degree sexual assault. In 1997, while in the
rear portion of a Pathmark store in Elizabeth, M.F. exposed himself and proceeded to masturbate in the presence of
a seven-year-old girl. M.F. fled, but the child identified him on a video taken by the store's security camera. M.F.
was convicted and sentenced to five years of probation and required to obtain alcohol and drug counseling.
In February 2000, the Union County Prosecutor informed M.F. that he posed a moderate risk and he was
classified as a Tier 2 offender under the RCNL. Such a classification would require notice to four schools, a church
and a nursery school near M.F.'s residence in Roselle. The oldest of M.F.'s three children attends one of the
schools, a high school. The trial court affirmed M.F.'s Tier 2 classification.
On appeal, the Appellate Division affirmed the Tier 2 classification, but deleted all provisions for
community notification. The Appellate Division noted that none of M.F.'s prior sexual offenses occurred at or near
a school, and held that because the State had failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence that M.F. is likely to
encounter anybody in a school, notification of those schools would serve no purpose.
The Court granted the State's petition for certification.
HELD: Once a registrant's classification as a Tier Two offender is correctly established, there is a presumptive
requirement of notification to schools and organizations in charge or care of women or children within the pertinent
geographic area. Although specific limiting circumstances may counter the presumption in individual cases, the
State is not required affirmatively to establish, absent proof of those limiting circumstances, that a Tier Two
registrant is reasonably certain to be encountered at the school or organization to which notice would be given.
1. In Doe v. Poritz,
142 N.J. 1, 14 (1995), the Court considered a specific challenge to the excessiveness of the
notification provisions of the RCNL, and interpreted the statute to require that notification for a Tier Two offender
be limited to an institution or organization “likely to encounter the offender.” In defining what “likely to encounter”
means, the Court stated that the factor that would ordinarily be critical to the determination is geography - the
proximity of the institution or organization to the offender's residence, place of work, or school. In addition, the
Court stated that factors other than geography may be considered “if they are relevant to the offender's likely
whereabouts . . . .” Subsequently, courts have limited the geographic area of notification where unique
circumstances were established, such as for the incest-type sexual offender, or to account for population density
among various communities. (Pp. 7-21)
2. M.F. argues that before community notification of Tier Two offenders can occur, the State must show that it is
“reasonably certain” that the registrant will show up at schools and community organizations located within a half-
mile radius of the registrant's home. That interpretation would render meaningless the presumptive effect of the
Legislature's language that decreed notification to schools and organizations in the community that are in charge of
the care or supervision of women or children once a registrant is classified as a Tier Two offender. The Legislature
is entitled to apply a presumptive test if the presumption finds support in logic or fact. The presumption of
notification is reasonable and proceeds from commonsense and logic.. Unless the registrant demonstrates limiting
circumstances that affect the nature of a Tier Two registrant's risk of re-offense, the State is entitled to give effect to
the presumption. (Pp. 21-26)
Judgment of the Appellate Division is REVERSED, and the matter is REMANDED to the Law Division
for a rehearing in accordance with this opinion.
JUSTICES STEIN, COLEMAN, and ZAZZALI, and Appellate Division Judge HAROLD B.
WELLS, III, (temporarily assigned) join in JUSTICE LaVECCHIA's opinion. CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ
and JUSTICES LONG and VERNIERO did not participate.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
A-
39 September Term 2000
IN THE MATTER OF
REGISTRANT M.F.
________________
Argued May 1, 2001 -- Decided July 17, 2001
On certification to the Superior Court,
Appellate Division.
Jessica S. Oppenheim, Deputy Attorney General
and Barry Stephen Finkel, Assistant Attorney
General, argued the cause for appellant,
State of New Jersey (John J. Farmer, Jr.,
Attorney General, attorney; Ms. Oppenheim,
Mr. Finkel and Dominick DiRocco, Deputy
Attorney General, on the briefs).
Michael Z. Buncher, Deputy Public Defender,
argued the cause for respondent, M.F. (Peter
A. Garcia, Acting Public Defender, attorney;
Mr. Buncher and Edward L. Barocas, Assistant
Deputy Public Defender, on the brief).
Jessica A. Roth argued the cause for amicus
curiae, American Civil Liberties Union of New
Jersey (Gibbons, Del Deo, Dolan, Griffinger &
Vecchione, attorneys; Ms. Roth, John J.
Gibbons and Lawrence S. Lustberg, on the
brief).
The opinion of the Court was delivered by
LaVECCHIA, J.
Registrant, M.F., is a forty-two year old man with three
sexual offenses cognizable under the Registration and Community
Notification Laws (“RCNL”), N.J.S.A. 2C:7-1 to -11, more commonly
known as Megan's Law. The Appellate Division affirmed the trial
court's classification of M.F. as a moderate risk to recidivate,
designating him a Tier Two sex offender, but deleted all
community notification from the scope of notification that
normally attends a Tier Two sex-offender designation. The
Appellate Division held that for Tier Two notification to take
place, the State must show by clear and convincing proof that
children attending the schools and day-care centers in the
pertinent geographic region are “reasonably certain” to encounter
registrant.
We granted certification,
165 N.J. 676 (2000), and now
reverse. The Appellate Division imposed too heavy a burden on
the State in reviewing registrant's scope of notification. Once
M.F.'s classification as a Tier Two offender was correctly
established, the RCNL and the Attorney General's implementing
guidelines presumptively required notification to schools and
organizations in actual charge or care of women or children
within the pertinent geographic area. Although specific limiting
circumstances in individual cases may be put forward to counter
that presumptive requirement, the State is not required
affirmatively to establish, absent proof of those limiting
circumstances, that a Tier Two registrant is reasonably certain
to be encountered at the community organizations to which notice
would be given. We remand this case to the Law Division for a
rehearing applying the standard described in this opinion.
M.F.'s criminal history reveals three progressively serious sexual offenses. In 1979, he was arrested for criminal sexual contact, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-3b, occurring in a Union County department store. The presentence report described the charge as “open lewdness” and included touching women. The charge ultimately was dismissed as part of a plea agreement in which he pleaded guilty to possession of a controlled dangerous substance.
In 1985, M.F. again was charged with criminal sexual contact pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:14-3b. In that incident, police were summoned to investigate a suspicious person in a vehicle parked in the lot of a Clifton department store. An undercover officer approached the vehicle and observed M.F. sitting behind the steering wheel with his pants unfastened and his private parts exposed. The officer stated that M.F. was masturbating while looking through the front window of the department store. According to the officer, M.F. saw him approaching, but continued to masturbate. M.F. was convicted and sentenced to one year of probation.
M.F.'s most recent sexual-offense conviction involved second-degree sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2b, and that offense rendered him subject to the RCNL. In 1997, while in the rear portion of a Pathmark store in Elizabeth, M.F. exposed his private parts and proceeded to masturbate in the presence of a seven-year-old girl. M.F. fled the store before the visibly upset child could inform her mother. The child later identified M.F. on a video taken by the store's security camera. M.F. was convicted and sentenced to five years of probation, and required to obtain alcohol and drug counseling, and to pay various fines. He also was informed of his obligation to register pursuant to the RCNL.
By letter dated February 25, 2000, the Union County Prosecutor's Office informed M.F. that he posed a “moderate risk” of re-offense and that he was classified as a Tier Two sex offender under the RCNL. The letter explained that, barring an appeal by M.F., the Union County Prosecutor's Office would reveal M.F.'s identity and sexual-offender status to appropriate personnel at “all community organizations that own or operate an establishment where children gather under their care (such as girl/boy scouts or little league) or women are cared for (such as battered women shelters),” located in the area surrounding M.F.'s residence in Roselle. M.F. was provided with a map showing that four schools, two playing fields, a church, and a nursery were located within the designated notification area. The oldest of M.F.'s three children attends a high school in the designated area.
M.F. sought judicial review of his classification. At his hearing, he argued that the prosecutor erred in scoring his risk of re-offense under the Attorney General's Registrant Risk Assessment Scale (“RRAS”). Although the court agreed in part, and reduced M.F.'s scaled score by two points, M.F.'s revised aggregate score still placed him well within the moderate-risk range. The trial court affirmed M.F.'s Tier Two classification and the prosecutor's “scope and manner of notification.” Only the scope of notification was appealed.
At oral argument on appeal, the Appellate Division panel inquired:
[W]e just wonder what's accomplished by notifying the schools and community organizations of his presence in the area. He's shown no propensity to _ to enter schools or even to enter school playgrounds, and if he repeats his _ his previous misbehavior, having given notices to schools and community organization [sic], would have really served no useful purpose, except to put limits on _ on his way of life.
The State asserted that the proposed scope of notification was
reasonable because M.F.'s three sexual offenses established that
he had a habit of leaving the confines of his residence to seek
his victims, and that his victims included a child. Noting that
M.F.'s offenses occurred in a department store, grocery store,
and shopping center parking lot, not in a school, the court set
forth its interpretation of the State's burden on the issue of
scope of notification: “The question is, has the State shown, by
clear and convincing evidence, that this man is likely to
encounter anybody in a school?” Unconvinced that the State had
met that burden, the court issued an order affirming M.F.'s Tier
Two classification, but “delet[ed] therefrom all provisions for
community notification.” The order further stated that there was
“no clear and convincing evidence that the children attending the
schools and agencies designated in the order are reasonably
certain to encounter registrant or that registrant visits [those]
locations on a regular basis.”
When we granted the State's petition for certification on
the issue of the standard that the State must meet, we also
requested that the parties address any potential impact that the
recently enacted constitutional amendment concerning sex-offender
notification, N.J. Const. art. IV, § 7, ¶ 12, may have on this
appeal. The American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey was
granted amicus curiae status to address that issue. Upon review
of the papers submitted, and the argument before the Court, we
are convinced that the new Amendment has no applicability to this
appeal. Accordingly, we shall review the question of the proper
scope of notification for M.F. under the existing RCNL and
current Attorney General Guidelines for Law Enforcement for the
Implementation of Sex Offender Registration and Community
Notification Laws (March 2000) (“Guidelines”).
a. The danger of recidivism posed by sex offenders
and offenders who commit other predatory acts against children, and the dangers posed by persons who prey on others as a result of mental illness, require a system of registration that will permit law enforcement officials to identify and alert the public when necessary for the public safety.
b. A system of registration of sex offenders and
offenders who commit other predatory acts against children will provide law enforcement with additional information critical to preventing and promptly resolving incidents involving sexual abuse and missing persons.
c. The regulations shall provide for three levels of
notification depending upon the risk of re-offense by the offender as follows:
(1) If risk of re-offense is low, law enforcement
agencies likely to encounter the person registered shall be notified;
(2) If the risk of re-offense is moderate,
organizations in the community including schools, religious and youth organizations shall be notified in accordance with the Attorney General's guidelines, in addition to the notice required by paragraph (1) of this subsection;
(3) If risk of re-offense is high, the public shall be
notified through means in accordance with the Attorney General's guidelines designed to reach members of the public likely to encounter the person registered, in addition to the notice required by paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection.
The Community Notification Law, along with the Attorney General's Guidelines, provide a coherent system of notification calibrated to the degree of risk of reoffense: low risk offenders or higher will trigger notification to law enforcement who will thereby have ready access to all offenders in the area when needed either because of reported or perceived threats, or actual incidents when quick response is most important; moderate offenders and higher will trigger a notification calculated to alert organizations charged with the supervision and care of children and women, which are likely to encounter them, to their potential presence and risk; and high-risk offenders will trigger notification to that portion of the community likely to encounter them.
In explaining the “likely to encounter” standard, the Court stated that “[t]he word 'likely' shall be taken in its usual sense: to mean not 'possibly' but 'likely,' not in the sense of 'probably' but rather in the sense of 'having a fair chance to encounter.'” Id. at 36. The point was illustrated as follows:
The factor that will ordinarily be critical to a determination of 'likely to encounter' is geography _ how close is the institution or organization, in the case of a Tier Two notification, to the offender's residence or place of work or school. In some municipalities, not every institution or organization that would otherwise qualify for notification may be close enough to warrant same, but in some cases, as suggested above, institutions or organizations in other municipalities may be close enough. The same observations can be made for Tier Three notification. We do not attempt to define the area around the offender's residence or place of work or school that may be included within the notification process, and assume it may differ from one locale to another. Depending upon the particular offender, factors other than geography may be considered if they are relevant to the offender's likely whereabouts, such as an offender's proclivity for certain locations, and geographic consideration may be affected by the nature of the offender's characteristics and the institution in question, e.g., a repetitive and compulsive pedophile and a large elementary school.
In Doe, the Court placed the burden on the registrant to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the State's proposed level and manner of notification does not conform to the RCNL and the Guidelines. Id. at 32. That approach was rejected, however, in E.B. v. Verniero, 119 F.3d 1077 (3d Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1110, 118 S. Ct. 1039, 140 L. Ed.2d 105 (1998). Placing the burden on the registrant was held to violate the requirements of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Id. at 1108. The burden-shifting paradigm established by this Court, thus, was modified so that the “burden of persuasion at a Megan's Law hearing [shall] be on the state rather than the registrant, and that the state's burden at such a hearing be to demonstrate the propriety of the tier classification and the notification plan by clear and convincing evidence.” Ibid.
Notwithstanding that burden allocation, the presumptive scope of notification for a Tier Two registrant posing a moderate risk of re-offending is based on consideration of those organizations that care for or supervise women and children located within a certain geographic radius of the registrant's residence, or place of work, or schooling. Doe, supra, 142 N.J. at 36. The Guidelines set forth organizations in the community that may receive notification. In order to be placed on a notification list, an organization must register with either the community's local law enforcement agency, the State Police, or the County Prosecutor's Office. Guidelines, supra, at 10-12. “All public, private and parochial educational institutions up through grade 12, licensed day care centers and summer camps will be automatically included on the notification list and do not need to register.” Id. at 10. But not all organizations on the notification list are entitled to notification. “Rather, the purpose of the notification list is to enable the Prosecutor to identify those organizations that are 'likely to encounter' a given registrant in order to provide notification in any specific case.” Ibid. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the prosecutor and the courts to determine who is to receive notice. Id. at 8.
The Guidelines contain definitions related to the scope of notification. Id. at 13-14. The term “likely to encounter” is defined as follows:
The term 'likely to encounter' shall mean for purposes of these guidelines that the law enforcement agency, community organization or members of the community are in a location in close geographic proximity to a location which the offender visits or can be presumed to visit on a regular basis. For example, such places will ordinarily include residence, place of work or school, commercial establishments frequented by the offender and any other sites visited on a regular basis. The 'likely to encounter' zone of notification may be as small or large as the facts and circumstances warrant, subject to judicial review and these guidelines.
In addition to geographic proximity, there must also be a 'fair chance to encounter' the offender. 'Fair chance to encounter' shall mean for purposes of these guidelines that the types of interaction which ordinarily occur at the location and other attendant circumstances demonstrate that contact with the offender is reasonably certain. For example, barring other attendant circumstances, it is not reasonably certain that there is a 'fair chance to encounter' an offender at a gas station where the offender stops merely to buy gas and has no more extensive contact or interaction.
The Guidelines conclude with a section on
“determining scope” of notification and some examples are provided. Guidelines, supra, at 25-29. The Guidelines refer to the RCNL and Doe, supra, in their explanation:
When it is determined that an offender falls within the TIER TWO category, then notification is to be provided to law enforcement agencies and such community organizations and educational institutions which, by reference to the definitions . . ., are likely to encounter the offender. The decision as to which groups should appropriately be notified should be made on a case-by-case basis, following careful review . . . .
The intent of the notification component of the [RCNL] statute is to allow law enforcement officials to alert the public 'when necessary for the public safety.' N.J.S.A. 2C:7-1. Moreover the Court in Doe v. Poritz, in defining the scope of notification, states that 'factors other than geography may be considered if they are relevant to the offender's likely whereabouts, such as an offender's proclivity for certain locations, and geographic consideration may be affected by the nature of the offender's characteristics and the institution in question . . . .” 142 N.J. at 37. With this in mind, the scope of notification should be tailored to notifying those members of the public at risk from a particular offender who they are likely to encounter. Hence, once the tier designation has been made, the scope of notification should, within the confines of the assessment procedure and the methods of community notification set forth here and in the statute, be tailored to meet the intent of the statute and to notify those in the community who are at risk.
The tailoring suggested by the Guidelines is consistent with the evolving caselaw concerning scope of notification. In 1996, we recognized that variable factors may contribute to an adjustment of community notification for a Tier Two registrant in In re Registrant G.B., 147 N.J. 62 (1996). In that case, we held that in limited circumstances expert testimony may be introduced in order to establish the existence of unique aspects of a registrant's offense or character that render the registrant's scaled score and resultant tier classification and scope of notification suspect. Id. at 69. G.B. had pleaded guilty to second-degree sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2b, related to multiple sexual encounters with his minor female cousin that happened over a seven-year period in the family home. Id. at 70. The prosecutor's tabulation under the RRAS determined that G.B. required a Tier Two designation and “that all schools within a two-mile radius of registrant's residence, as well as several other community organizations, would be notified of G.B.'s identity and presence.” Id. at 71. The Appellate Division held that G.B. should be permitted to present expert testimony concerning his unique circumstances to show that he is unlikely to re-offend, notwithstanding his actual RRAS score. Id. at 73.
In reviewing that decision, this Court noted that although the RRAS is a useful guide in the evaluation of the risk of re- offense, the court must still make “a value judgment” in determining the proper tier classification and scope of community notification. Id. at 78 (quoting In re Registrant C.A., 146 N.J. 71, 109 (1996). We stated that “the Scale is presumptively accurate and is to be afforded substantial weight _ indeed it will even have binding effect _ unless and until a registrant 'presents subjective criteria that would support a court not relying on the tier classification recommended by the Scale.'” Id. at 81 (quoting In re Registrant C.A., supra, 146 N.J. at 109). In a specific case, a registrant may be able to establish that the RRAS score does not accurately reflect the risk of re- offense. In re Registrant G.B., supra, 147 N.J. at 82. A registrant may raise a challenge to the variable factors that go into determining the RRAS score, i.e., the characteristics of the offender. Id. at 79; see In re Registrant E.A., 285 N.J. Super. 554, 561 (App. Div. 1995) (“Variable factors recognize case-by- case circumstances that relate to the specific registrant before the court. They also relate to the individualized circumstances of a community that may be encountered in the process of affording the public with proper notice.”). The Court surmised that those cases would be few and far between. In re Registrant G.B., supra, 147 N.J. at 82-84. Noting that “the scope of notification for each tier categorization has been strictly defined by the Attorney General,” the Court recognized that “in the unusual case, facts may exist that warrant a narrowing of the notification (or perhaps, even the expansion of the notification).” Id. at 84. We held that G.B. should have been permitted to present expert testimony in an effort to establish the unique circumstances of his case that were unaccounted for by the RRAS. Id. at 88-89. We noted that the fact that G.B.'s offenses were committed against a member of his family or a member of the family household may be significant in determining his risk to re-offend against children in the community-at- large. Id. at 89.
In In re Registrant R.F., 317 N.J. Super. 379 (App. Div. 1998), the Appellate Division determined that a registrant's unique circumstances were significant in tailoring the scope of notification to their assessment of his risk of re-offense. R.F. had two prior sexual offenses. Id. at 381-82. He molested his three-year-old female cousin when he was fourteen. Id. at 381. Later when he was twenty-three years old and living with his paramour and her ten-year old son, R.F. took control of the youngster and in multiple ways sexually assaulted him. Id. at 382. Classified as Tier Two, R.F. presented a psychologist at his hearing on the scope of notification. Ibid. The psychologist testified that there was no indication from R.F.'s previous behavior that suggested that R.F. posed a risk to the community-at-large. Id. at 382-83. Nonetheless, the court directed notification of his presence to twenty-five schools, agencies and community organizations in nine different municipalities. Id. at 381. The Appellate Division reversed, concluding that the prosecutor had not shown by clear and convincing evidence that the presumptive scope of notification for this Tier Two registrant was appropriate to his assessed risk to the community. Id. at 389, 391. The court reasoned:
We do not infer from registrant's criminal history and personal circumstances that his sexual proclivities are such that the children in the care of the schools and agencies and community organizations chosen for notification are likely targets of attack by the registrant. The victims of the previous assaults were, for practical purposes, members of the his household who had been left in his care, who were convenient and very vulnerable and whose relationship to registrant was based on trust.
In addition to the “incest exception” recognized under certain limited circumstances by the courts and in the Guidelines themselves, community notification has been tailored also to account for population density. In re Registrant E.A., supra, 285 N.J. Super. at 557-58. The prosecutor had proposed that the scope of notification for E.A., a Tier Three registrant, be determined by distance, varying in correlation to population density of the area surrounding a registrant's residence or work place to encompass a greater distance if located in a rural area as opposed to an urban area. Id. at 563. The prosecutor reasoned that the lower population densities in rural or suburban areas and lesser concentration of housing and public resources reasonably supported the conclusion that persons residing or working in such areas will likely expand their “spheres of operation.” Ibid.
The Appellate Division upheld the prosecutor's method of determining the scope of notification, noting that the Legislature delegated to county prosecutors the responsibility for evaluating relevant factors in the community in determining the scope of notification. Id. at 562. The court also emphasized the importance of the geographic factor in establishing scope of notification, and the Guidelines' implicit recognition of the significance of mobility factors. Id. at 561. Thus, caselaw concerning community notification has applied the “likely to encounter” standard to effect a limiting of notification from that decreed in N.J.S.A. 2C:7-8c for the incest-type sexual offender, and to account for population density among our various communities. As noted, the Guidelines reflect those developments.
Registrant urges a more particularized showing by the prosecutor before notification is given to the schools and community organizations located within a half-mile radius of his home. He contends that the State must show that it is “reasonably certain” that he will show up at those locations and thus encounter potential victims there. In effect, he argues that there must be that specific a showing with regard to schools and similar organizations for a Tier Two offender in each and every case. In support, he cites to the Guidelines' reference that contact with the offender be “reasonably certain” as set forth in the explanation of “fair chance to encounter” the offender. The Appellate Division was persuaded by the registrant's argument. We do not agree. To accept that analysis would render meaningless the presumptive effect of the Legislature's language that decreed that once a registrant is classified as a Tier Two offender, notification shall be given to organizations in the community that are in charge of the actual care or supervision of women or children unless there are presented limiting circumstances affecting the presumptive assessment of risk of re-offense.
The “likely to encounter” analysis described by the Court in Doe, and as contained in the Guidelines, emphasizes the critical nature of the distance or reach of the scope of the notification for a moderate- to high-risk registrant. As recognized in In re Registrant E.A., supra, 285 N.J. Super. at 563, it refers to the distance within which “the registrant is fairly likely to have contact with members of the public.” On the other hand, the “fair chance to encounter” explanation in the Guidelines, fairly read, pertains to those locations where the type of interaction that takes place provides a fair chance to encounter the registrant. A gas station patronized by a registrant is used as an example of a location that would not be one where it would be reasonably certain to encounter a registrant because of the nature of the interaction that takes place at gas stations. We approach registrant's argument, however, not from the perspective of the literal language of the Guidelines, but rather from the legislative intention as expressed in the RCNL.
The analysis required here must further the intent of the statute that notice be provided to those in the community who are at risk. Registrant's argument that the State must show that it is reasonably certain that he will frequent a certain school or day-care location and risk re-offense there is at odds with the clear legislative direction that community schools, agencies, and organizations that actually care for women and children be presumptive recipients of notification in order that those organizations can act to protect their charges. The Legislature is entitled to apply a presumptive test if the presumption finds support in logic or fact. See Coffman v. Keene Corp., 133 N.J. 581, 597 (1993) (explaining that “natural” or “logical” presumption based on common experience that supports empirically demonstrated probability that presumed fact flows from underlying fact, thus, more probably than not, presumed fact is true). Unless limiting circumstances affecting the nature of a Tier Two registrant's risk of re-offense are presented, the State is entitled to give effect to the legislative preference, indeed presumption, of the need for notice to the specified schools and community organizations located in the area frequented by a registrant. That presumptive scope of notice concerning a Tier Two offender logically advances the legislative goal of public protection, specifically the protection of children and women vulnerable to a sex offender with a moderate risk of re-offending. Moreover, the presumptive scope of notification for registrant finds ample support in the RRAS assessed risk of a Tier Two registrant. The RRAS was prepared by the Attorney General, with the assistance of experts, based on studies concerning sex offender recidivism, to assess the relative likelihood of re- offense of sex offenders. The RRAS has been the subject of past scrutiny by this Court and upheld for use in assessing the risk of re-offense. See In re Registrant J.M., supra, and cases cited therein. It clearly supports the presumptive notification that accompanies classification of a sex offender as a Tier Two registrant at moderate risk of re-offending.
Thus, in the correct order of analysis a court must first identify those locations where an offender frequents. A registrant's home, or place of work, are the most likely points to be so identified. Those then become epicenters for notification, the radius of notification being dependent on the urban, suburban, or rural nature of the location. The court then determines if the schools and community organizations potentially eligible for notification are within the requisite proximity. If so, those schools and organizations presumptively are appropriate recipients of notice based on the likely to encounter standard applied to the RCNL for Tier Two offenders by this Court in Doe, supra, 142 N.J. at 37. Only then do limiting circumstances receive consideration. In their absence, that is if the household/incest exception, for example, does not pertain to the registrant, and if neither the age nor gender of prior victims support placement of a limit on the presumptive notification for a Tier Two registrant, then the presumptive recipients of notification become the actual recipients entitled to notification upon entry of the appropriate order.
In conclusion, the registrant must be permitted to demonstrate that limiting circumstances pertain to his case. But the State does not have to make a particularized showing that the registrant is personally likely to show up at the location of each organization receiving notice of this Tier Two registrant. We note here that notwithstanding the otherwise valuable contributions made to this area of the law by the decision in In re Registrant R.F., supra, 317 N.J. Super. at 379, we record our disapproval of language in that opinion requiring or suggesting that the State must demonstrate that children at a particular location are targeted by a Tier Two registrant, see id. at 390. The Tier Two notification is presumptive for the organizations in the community responsible for care and custody of women and children, the very persons that the RCNL sought to protect through notice of the proximate presence of a Tier Two sex offender posing a moderate risk of re-offense. The presumptive effect of the RCNL is reasonably based. It proceeds from commonsense and logic. Notice to organizations in which potential victims congregate, such as schools and similar community organizations, serves a twofold purpose of allowing persons responsible for those vulnerable to sex offenders to be aware of the sex offender's presence and to be in a position to prevent such a person from becoming involved in the sponsored activities. That presumptive notice scheme should not be undermined based on misinterpretation of language in the Guidelines. The Attorney General may wish to reexamine the language of the Guidelines, especially that portion of the Guidelines defining the phrase “likely to encounter,” to eliminate any confusion concerning the presumptive nature of the Tier Two notice.
IV.
The judgment of the Appellate Division is reversed and the matter is remanded to the Law Division for a rehearing to allow registrant an opportunity to demonstrate limiting circumstances in accordance with this opinion.
JUSTICES STEIN, COLEMAN, and ZAZZALI, and Appellate Division Judge HAROLD B. WELLS, III, (temporarily assigned) join in JUSTICE LaVECCHIA's opinion. CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES LONG and VERNIERO did not participate.
NO. A-39 SEPTEMBER TERM 2000
ON APPEAL FROM
ON CERTIFICATION TO Appellate Division, Superior Court
IN THE MATTER OF
REGISTRANT M.F.
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DECIDED July 17, 2001
Justice Stein PRESIDING
OPINION BY Justice LaVecchia
CONCURRING OPINION BY
DISSENTING OPINION BY