(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the
convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in
the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized).
Argued September 26, 2000 -- Decided February 2, 2001
PER CURIAM
This is an attorney disciplinary case.
Respondent, Samuel V. Convery, of Metuchen, was admitted to practice law in New Jersey in 1969. He has never
before been disciplined. This matter was initiated by the Office of Attorney Ethics (OAE) on its filing of a Motion for
Final Discipline pursuant to Rule 1:20-13(c)(2). The OAE's motion was based on respondent's conviction for promising
employment or other benefit as consideration for any “political activity” in violation of
18 U.S.C.A.
§600 (the Hatch Act)
and RPC 8.4(b).
Prior to the commencement of the OAE's action, between 1991 and 1993, respondent served as the Mayor of the
Township of Edison. In his capacity as Mayor, at the request of a Freeholder, respondent had supported the effort of
Robert J. Engel (Robert J.), the son of Robert F. Engel (Robert F.), a Republican member of the Edison Town Council, in
obtaining employment with Middlesex County. Thereafter, Robert J. was hired by the County as an at-will employee.
In July 1995, Shobna Patel retained respondent to represent Pooja M. Inc. (“Pooja”) in connection with its
purchase and development of real estate in Edison Township. Pooja intended to develop the property as a banquet hall,
with a restaurant, a bar, offices, an art gallery, and a retail store. To do so, it needed to obtain zoning variances and
approval of preliminary site plans from the Township of Edison Board of Adjustment. In February 1996, respondent filed
an application with the Edison Board of Adjustment for the variances and for site plan approval on behalf of Pooja. There
was considerable public opposition to Pooja's project at the first public hearing on April 16, 1996. Thereafter, in August
1996, respondent promised Robert F. and his son, Robert J., that he would assist the son in obtaining permanent
employment, as opposed to an at-will position, with Middlesex County in exchange for the Engels' assistance in obtaining
favorable votes for the Pooja project from two zoning board members.
In addition, following the April 1996 zoning board hearing, respondent became aware that Gerard Kenny, a
member of the Edison Board of Adjustment, had been quoted in a news article as expressing an intention to vote against the
Pooja project. Respondent subsequently sent a copy of that article and spoke to John Wade, the business agent of
Ironworkers' Local Union 373, out of which Kenny worked as an ironworker. Wade, who usually determined which union
members to send out on union jobs, then confronted Kenny with the article, telling him that he should reconsider his
opposition to the project because he was “biting the hand that feeds him.” Respondent denied that he asked Wade to make
any such comments to Kenny.
Thereafter, during the summer of 1996, Robert F. told Kenny that respondent would assist Kenny in obtaining a
job with the County of Middlesex or the State of New Jersey if Kenny agreed to vote for the Pooja project. Subsequently,
Robert J. met with Kenny to confirm that he would support the Pooja project. The Board of Adjustment's final vote on the
project was scheduled for August 20, 1996. At that meeting, Kenny voted to approve the project.
Although respondent admitted, for purposes of the federal charges, that his actions in obtaining the Engels'
assistance and the members' votes on the project constituted a form of political activity, he explained that he considered his
actions to be permissible lobbying. As a result of his April 1998 guilty plea to the charges, respondent was sentenced to
three years probation. As a condition thereof, he was confined to his home for three months, required to perform five
hundred hours of community service, and fined $5,000.
Following respondent's conviction, the OAE filed its Motion for Final Discipline with the Disciplinary Review
Board (DRB or “Board”). The OAE sought a six-month suspension based solely on respondent's general-intent
misdemeanor conviction under the statute. The DRB determined to grant the OAE's motion, but a majority concluded that
respondent's misdemeanor conviction warranted only a reprimand. Although the Board acknowledged that most federal
misdemeanor convictions have resulted in terms of suspension ranging from three to six months, it concluded that
compelling mitigating circumstances warranted the less severe discipline. Two members of the DRB dissented, stressing
that respondent's misconduct, although a misdemeanor under federal law, would support a conviction of bribery under the
New Jersey law, a second degree offense.
The Supreme Court issued an Order to Show Cause why respondent should not be disbarred or otherwise
disciplined pursuant to R. 1:20-16(b).
HELD: Attorney Samuel V. Convery's criminal conviction for promising employment or other benefit as consideration
for any political activity, in violation of the Hatch Act, constituted a violation of RPC 8.4(b) and warrants a six-month
suspension from the practice of law.
1. A criminal conviction of an attorney is conclusive evidence of guilt in a disciplinary proceeding, and respondent's guilty
plea to the federal misdemeanor of promising employment or other benefit for political activity constituted a violation of
RPC 8.4(b) because it relates to the commission of a criminal act that reflects adversely on his honesty, trustworthiness or
fitness as a lawyer. (pp. 7-8)
2. Once an attorney is convicted of a crime, the sole issue to be determined is the extent of discipline to be imposed.
Determining the appropriate discipline for criminal misconduct by an attorney requires consideration of many factors,
including the nature and severity of the crime, whether the crime is related to the practice of law, and any mitigating factors
such as respondent's reputation. (pp. 8-10)
3. As an experienced attorney and ex-counsel to the Edison Board of Adjustment, respondent should have known that
influencing two members of a zoning board, a quasi-judicial tribunal, through third parties to vote to grant a variance for
the benefit of his client was highly improper, as opposed to permissible lobbying. (pp. 10-12)
4. The principal goal of disciplinary proceedings is to foster and preserve public confidence in the bar and to protect the
public from attorneys who do not meet the high standards of professional responsibility. (pp. 12-14)
5. The seriousness of respondent's offense mandates discipline no less severe than that imposed by the Court, and would
warrant more stringent discipline were it not for the mitigating circumstances presented. (pp. 14-15)
6. Respondent's ethical transgressions were serious, and his actions, which compromised the integrity of the Edison Board
of Adjustment's disposition of the variance application of respondent's client, warrant a six-month suspension from the
practice of law. (p. 15)
JUSTICE ZAZZALI filed a separate opinion, concurring in part and dissenting in part, in which JUSTICE
LONG joined. Although Justice Zazzali agreed with the Court's determination that respondent's conduct violated RPC
8.4(b), he believed that a probationary sanction, including additional community service, would satisfy the need to protect
the public interest while serving the administration of justice.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES STEIN, COLEMAN and VERNIERO join in this PER
CURIAM opinion. JUSTICE ZAZZALI has filed a separate opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part, in
which JUSTICE LONG joins. JUSTICE LaVECCHIA did not participate.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
D-
57 September Term 1999
IN THE MATTER OF
SAMUEL V. CONVERY, JR.,
An Attorney at Law.
Argued September 26, 2000 -- Decided February 2, 2001
On an Order to show cause why respondent
should not be disbarred or otherwise
disciplined.
Richard J. Engelhardt, Deputy Ethics
Counsel, argued the cause on behalf of the
Office of Attorney Ethics.
John D. Arseneault argued the cause for
respondent (Arseneault & Fassett,
attorneys).
PER CURIAM
This disciplinary proceeding arises from a Motion for Final
Discipline Based Upon a Criminal Conviction filed by the Office
of Attorney Ethics ("OAE") before the Disciplinary Review Board
("DRB"). The OAE moved for final discipline against respondent
Samuel V. Convery, Jr. pursuant to Rule 1:20-13(c)(2). The OAE
based its motion on respondent's conviction for promising
employment or other benefit as consideration for any “political
activity” in violation of
18 U.S.C.A.
§600 (the Hatch Act). The
conviction constitutes a violation of RPC 8.4(b), which states
that it is professional misconduct for a lawyer to "commit a
criminal act that reflects adversely on the lawyer's honesty,
trustworthiness or fitness as a lawyer." Five out of seven
participating members of the DRB recommended that respondent be
reprimanded on the basis of his guilty plea to the federal
misdemeanor of promising employment or other benefit for
political activity. Two members dissented and voted to withhold
decision and to require the OAE and respondent to submit
supplemental briefs on the scope of respondent's unethical
conduct and the appropriate discipline.
Under the circumstances of this case, we conclude that a
six-month suspension is the appropriate sanction.
I
The limited record reveals the following facts. In 1969,
respondent was admitted to the New Jersey bar. He has no prior
disciplinary history. At the time that the ethics complaint was
filed, respondent practiced with the law firm of Convery &
Convery, P.C., together with his two sons. A Democrat,
respondent had previously served as the Mayor of the Township of
Edison from 1991 to 1993, and prior to his term as Mayor he had
been counsel to the Board of Adjustment. In his capacity as
Mayor, respondent was well acquainted with Robert F. Engel
(Robert F.), a Republican member of the Edison Town Council.
During respondent's term as Mayor, a Freeholder had requested
that respondent support the effort of Robert J. Engel (Robert
J.), the son of Robert F., in obtaining employment with Middlesex
County. Respondent agreed to do so. The County's public-
property division thereafter hired Robert J. as an at-will
employee.
In July 1995, Shobna Patel retained respondent's law firm to
represent Pooja M. Inc. (“Pooja”) in connection with its purchase
and development of real estate in Edison Township. Pooja needed
to obtain zoning variances to develop what had been church
property. Pooja intended to develop the property as a banquet
hall, with a restaurant, a bar, offices, an art gallery and a
retail store. The proposed uses required Pooja to obtain use and
bulk zoning variances and approval of preliminary site plans from
the Township of Edison Board of Adjustment. Respondent's firm
was to receive a $100,000 legal fee for the representation,
regardless of the success or failure of the project.
Respondent's Pre-sentence Investigation Report reveals that,
because of Pooja's financial difficulties, Pooja was unable to
pay respondent's entire fee until the project was approved and
completed.
In February 1996, respondent filed an application with the
Edison Board of Adjustment for variances and site plan approval
on behalf of Pooja. There was considerable public opposition to
Pooja's project at the first public hearing on April 16, 1996.
In his guilty plea to the federal misdemeanor charge, respondent
admitted that in August 1996 he promised Robert F. and his son,
Robert J., that he would assist the son in obtaining permanent
employment with Middlesex County in exchange for the Engels'
assistance in obtaining favorable votes for the Pooja project
from two zoning board members. At that time, Robert J. worked
for Middlesex county as an at-will employee. Respondent
acknowledged that, for purposes of the federal charges, his
actions in obtaining the Engels' assistance and the members'
votes on the project constituted a form of political activity.
However, respondent explained that he considered his actions to
be permissible lobbying.
Respondent also admitted that after the April 1996 zoning
board hearing, he became aware that Gerard Kenny, a member of the
Edison Board of Adjustment, had been quoted in a local newspaper
article commenting critically about the Pooja project and
expressing an intention to vote against it. Kenny then worked as
an ironworker out of Ironworkers' Local Union 373 in Perth Amboy.
At the time, John Wade was the business agent of Ironworkers'
Local Union 373, and usually determined which union members to
send out on union jobs. Respondent admitted that he sent a
facsimile of the newspaper article, quoting Kenny about the Pooja
project, to John Wade, and that he spoke with Wade by telephone
about the article. Respondent's Pre-sentence Investigation
Report indicates that after speaking with respondent, Wade
visited Kenny at a union job site and showed him a photocopy of
the newspaper article. He told Kenny that he should reconsider
his opposition to the project because he “was biting the hand
that feeds him.” However, none of the facts relating to Wade's
visit to Kenny formed the basis of defendant's federal plea and,
in his objections to the pre-sentence report, respondent denied
having asked Wade to make any such comments to Kenny.
Moreover, respondent's Pre-sentence Investigation Report
reveals that, during the summer of 1996, Robert F. told Kenny
that respondent would assist Kenny in obtaining a job with the
County of Middlesex or the State of New Jersey if Kenny agreed to
vote for the Pooja project. The Board of Adjustment's final vote
on the Pooja project was scheduled for August 20, 1996, while
Robert F. was at the Republican National Convention. As a
result, Robert F. asked his son, Robert J., to meet with Kenny to
confirm that he would vote for the Pooja project. During late
August, while his father was at the Republican convention, Robert
J. spoke to respondent and then met with Kenny to confirm that
Kenny would vote for the Pooja project. On August 20, 1996 Kenny
voted to approve the Pooja project.
In April 1998, respondent pled guilty to the federal
misdemeanor of promising employment of other benefit for
political activity in violation of
18 U.S.C.A.
§600. Respondent
was sentenced to three years probation. As conditions of
probation, he was confined to his home for three months, required
to perform five hundred hours of community service and fined
$5,000. Subsequently, the OAE filed its Motion For Final
Discipline against respondent before the Disciplinary Review
Board seeking to suspend respondent for six months based solely
on his general-intent misdemeanor conviction under 18 U.S.C.A. §
600. The DRB determined to grant the OAE's motion for final
discipline, but a majority concluded that respondent's
misdemeanor conviction warranted only a reprimand. The DRB
acknowledged that in most federal misdemeanor cases the Court has
imposed terms of suspension ranging from three to six months.
However, the DRB relied on In re Rushfield,
142 N.J. 617 (1995),
for the proposition that where compelling mitigating
circumstances exist, a reprimand is sufficient punishment for an
attorney who pleads guilty to a federal misdemeanor.
The majority of the DRB found that compelling mitigating
circumstances were present in this case. The DRB noted that
during his career respondent has been actively involved in
professional, civic and charitable organizations. In addition,
his family, friends and clients have attested to his good
character and the fact that, except for this incident, he has led
an exemplary life. The majority of the DRB also considered the
fact that respondent has agreed to perform community service in
excess of what the federal court had required and that he has
shown genuine remorse for his misconduct. Accordingly, a
majority of the DRB was convinced that a reprimand sufficiently
addressed both the disciplinary system's goals of protecting the
public and the nature of respondent's offense. Two members
dissented, stressing that respondent's misconduct, although a
misdemeanor under federal law, would support a conviction of
bribery under New Jersey law, a second degree offense.
II
A criminal conviction of an attorney is conclusive evidence
of guilt in a disciplinary proceeding. R. 1:20-13(c)(1); In re
Howard,
143 N.J. 526, 529 (1996); In re Kinnear,
105 N.J. 391,
393 (1987). Respondent's guilty plea to the federal misdemeanor
of promising employment or other benefit for political activity
constituted a violation of RPC 8.4(b) because it relates to the
commission of a criminal act that reflects adversely on his
honesty, trustworthiness or fitness as a lawyer.
Once an attorney is convicted of a crime, the sole issue to
be considered is the extent of discipline to be imposed. R.
1:20-13(c)(2); In re Zauber,
122 N.J. 87, 92 (1991); Kinnear,
supra, 105 N.J. at 393; In re Goldberg,
105 N.J. 278, 280 (1987).
In assessing the measure of discipline to be imposed, the
background facts and circumstances of the case drawn from pre-
sentence reports, plea agreements, and other reliable
documentation, are relevant. In re Spina,
121 N.J. 378, 389-90
(1990). Even a minor violation of the law by an attorney tends
to lessen public confidence in the legal profession as a whole.
In re Hasbrouck,
152 N.J. 366, 371 (1998) (citing In re
Addonizio,
95 N.J. 121, 124 (1984)). The commission of a
criminal act by an attorney also constitutes a violation of that
attorney's duty to uphold and honor the law. In re Bricker,
90 N.J. 6, 11 (1982). Pursuant to RPC 8.4(b), for an attorney to
"commit a criminal act that reflects adversely on the lawyer's
honesty, trustworthiness or fitness as a lawyer in other
respects" constitutes professional misconduct.
Determining the appropriate discipline for criminal
misconduct by an attorney requires a consideration of many
factors, including "the nature and severity of the crime, whether
the crime is related to the practice of law, and any mitigating
factors such as respondent's reputation, his [or her] prior
trustworthy conduct, and general good conduct." In re Lunetta,
118 N.J. 443, 445-46 (1989). That respondent's crime directly
involved the practice of law is undisputed. He improperly
attempted to influence a zoning board's decision in favor of his
client, Pooja, by promising Robert F. and his son, Robert J.,
that he would assist the son in obtaining permanent employment
with Middlesex County in exchange for the Engels' assistance in
obtaining favorable votes from two zoning board members on the
Pooja project. Respondent pled guilty to the Hatch Act offense
of promising a benefit in exchange for political activity.
Specifically, respondent admitted that he offered Robert J. a
permanent job with Middlesex County if Robert J. and his father,
Robert F., would use their political influence to obtain the
favorable votes of two zoning board members for respondent's
client's project. The Hatch Act states in part as follows:
[w]hoever, directly or indirectly,
promises any employment, position,
compensation, contract, appointment, or other
benefit, provided for or made possible in
whole or in part by any Act of Congress, or
any special consideration in obtaining any
such benefit, to any person as consideration,
favor, or reward for any political activity
or for the support of or opposition to any
candidate or any political party in
connection with any general or special
election to any political office, or in
connection with any primary election or
political convention or caucus held to select
candidates for any political office, shall be
fined under this title or imprisoned not more
than one year, or both.
Zoning boards receive their power directly from the Legislature by virtue of statutory grants of authority contained in the Municipal Land Use Law. N.J.S.A. 40:55D-70. New Jersey courts have recognized that Boards of Adjustment are discretionary governmental administrative agencies that exercise quasi-judicial functions. 165 Augusta Street, Inc. v. Collins, 9 N.J. 259, 266 (1952); Schmidt v. Board of Adjustment of Newark, 9 N.J. 405, 420 (1952); see also Siegel v. Board of Adjustment of Newark, 137 N.J.L. 423, 425 (1948) (stating that Board of Adjustment is quasi judicial body whose action must not be arbitrary and uncontrolled). A Board of Adjustment's decision is presumptively valid, and is reversible only if arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable. New Brunswick Cellular Telephone Co. v. Borough of South Plainfield Bd. of Adjustment, 160 N.J. 1, 13 (1999) (citations omitted). Most importantly, New Jersey courts have also emphasized that in granting a zoning variance a Board of Adjustment may not base its decisions on facts that are not included in the record. Kramer v. Board of Adjustment of Sea Girt, 45 N.J. 268, 284 (1965); Russell v. Tenafly Bd. of Adjustment, 31 N.J. 58, 66 (1959) (stating that “[B]oard [of Adjustment] is not entitled to act on facts not part of the record”).
Before us respondent's counsel contended that lobbying influential political or public officials in local, county or state government to solicit support for meritorious projects is an accepted practice, and that respondent assumed that his conduct in seeking Engel's assistance with the Board of Adjustment fell within the parameters of permissible lobbying efforts. We reject that contention. Putting to one side the promise of a benefit to the Engels for their assistance, respondent attempted to influence members of the Edison Board of Adjustment to cast votes in the Pooja variance matter on the basis of their political relationship with the Engels, rather than on the basis of the evidence adduced at the hearing before the Board of Adjustment and the applicable legal principles that govern a Board of Adjustment's exercise of its authority in variance matters. The attempt by respondent to compromise the standards that govern Board of Adjustment action in variance matters, and to inject political influence into the Board's deliberative process, was manifestly improper.
We conclude that respondent must be subject to significant discipline for his conduct.
In In re Verdiramo, the Court made clear the seriousness of transgressions that directly subvert and corrupt the administration of justice. In re Verdiramo, 96 N.J. 183, 186 (1984). We therefore stated that "ethical misconduct . . . involving the commission of crimes that directly poison the well of justice [ ] is deserving of severe sanctions and would ordinarily require disbarment." Id. at 186.
The OAE relies on cases in which the Court has ruled that attorneys who commit crimes in the course of attempting to benefit a friend, a client or themselves should receive substantial suspensions. In re Bateman, 132 N.J. 297, 297-98 (1993) (suspending attorney for two years for mail fraud, conspiracy and making false statement on loan application to assist his client); In re Gassaro, 124 N.J. 395, 395-96 (1991) (suspending attorney for two years following conviction of conspiracy to defraud Internal Revenue Service on behalf of his father-in-law); In re Chung, 147 N.J. 559, 559-60 (1997) (suspending attorney for eighteen months following guilty plea to federal information charging him with personally receiving more than $10,000 and failing to report cash transaction); In re Silverman, 80 N.J. 489, 491 (1979) (suspending attorney for eighteen months following guilty plea to federal indictment charging him with obstruction of justice for having filed false statement in answer in bankruptcy proceeding to favor of his client). We also note that in matters involving federal misdemeanor charges, the Court often has imposed terms of suspension. See In re Leahey, 118 N.J. 578 (1990) (suspending attorney for willful failure to file income tax returns); In re Di Biasi, 102 N.J. 152 (1986) (suspending attorney for three months for misapplication of bank funds).
We recognize that significant mitigating circumstances exist in this case. During his career respondent has been actively involved in professional, civic and charitable organizations; his family, friends and clients have attested to his good character; he has agreed to perform community service in excess of that required by the federal court; he has shown remorse for his conduct; and except for this incident, he has an unblemished disciplinary record. We are also aware that respondent already has been subjected to substantial punishment for his actions. He was sentenced to three years probation, confined to his home for three months, required to perform five hundred hours of community service and to pay a fine of $5,000.
Our dissenting colleagues assert that the six months suspension the court imposes is too severe, noting that respondent “did believe that he was engaged in legal lobbying” and that “the DRB and the OAE credited his belief.” Post at ___ (slip. op. at 4). They would suspend the imposition of a suspension, place respondent on probation for the term of the suspension and require respondent, as a condition of probation, to perform 1000 hours of community service with credit for the community service performed pursuant to the federal court sentence. In response, we note the sharply worded dissenting opinion, joined by two members of the Disciplinary Review Board, that asserts that respondent's conduct, as described in the pre- sentence report submitted to the District Court, would have been sufficient to sustain a conviction under New Jersey's bribery statute, N.J.S.A. 2C:27-2(b), a second degree offense. Although we express no view on that issue based on the state of the record before us, we are fully satisfied that the seriousness of respondent's offense mandated discipline no less severe than that imposed by the Court, and would warrant more stringent discipline were it not for the mitigating circumstances presented. Respondent's ethical transgressions were serious, and his actions compromised the integrity of the Edison Board of Adjustment's disposition of the variance application of respondent's client. We conclude that respondent's conduct warrants a six months suspension from the practice of law. Respondent is also ordered to reimburse the Disciplinary Oversight Committee for appropriate administrative costs.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES STEIN, COLEMAN and VERNIERO join in this opinion. JUSTICE ZAZZALI filed a separate dissenting in part and concurring in part opinion in which JUSTICE LONG joins. JUSTICE LaVECCHIA did not participate.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
D- 57 SEPTEMBER TERM 1999
IN THE MATTER OF
SAMUEL V. CONVERY, JR.,
An Attorney at Law.
ZAZZALI, J., concurring and dissenting.
The majority fairly sets forth the facts of this case in a
comprehensive opinion. I concur with the determination that
respondent's conduct violates R.P.C. 8.4(b). I also agree that a
penalty must be imposed upon respondent. I respectfully dissent,
however, with regard to the quantum of that penalty. A reprimand
and a probationary sanction including additional community
service would satisfy the need to protect the public interest
while serving the administration of justice.
The following factors are relevant to the analysis: the
decision of the Disciplinary Review Board (DRB or Board) to
impose a reprimand; the determination of the Office of Attorney
Ethics (OAE) not to appeal the DRB decision; the lack of
knowledge on the part of respondent that his conduct was
criminal; the context in which this dispute arose; the DRB
dissent; the substantial mitigation; and the fairness of
prospectivity. I review those circumstances seriatim.
Our review is de novo on the record. R. 1:20-16(c). Nonetheless, it is appropriate in these circumstances to give due deference to the determination of the DRB. The DRB has achieved substantial expertise and experience in attorney disciplinary matters. Just as lower courts enjoy the “feel of the case” in assessing whether a miscarriage of justice occurred, Carrino v. Novotny, 78 N.J. 355, 361 (1979), the DRB has a similar “feel” in ethics cases. In the past, we have shown deference to the DRB's “firsthand opportunity . . . to assess respondent's demeanor and attitude.” In re Stern, 92 N.J. 611, 617 (1983). The Board is also in the best position to evaluate the totality of the circumstances, including respondent's character, ethics history, culpability, and remorse, as well as any mitigating and aggravating factors. Far from being timid about penalties, the DRB imposes suspensions when appropriate. In this case, it decided not to suspend. I would accord appropriate weight to that decision.
Deference is also appropriate in this case because the OAE declined to appeal the DRB recommendation of a reprimand to the Court. As with the DRB, reticence is not the hallmark of the OAE. The OAE pursues ethics violations with diligence, especially those concerning alleged interference with the governing process. Although the OAE urged that a six-month suspension be imposed when it was before the DRB and when it appeared before the Court, the OAE chose not to petition for review of the DRB imposition of a reprimand. The OAE's decision not to appeal suggests that the interests of justice are served by a reprimand. However, as discussed below, I would add additional conditions to that penalty.
Although not dispositive, the views of those two respected ethics agencies, the DRB and OAE, are relevant.
The DRB found that respondent “did not realize . . . that his conduct was criminal.” The OAE agreed, stating in its brief that respondent
did not realize that his conduct was criminal in nature. Although it has often been said that ignorance of the law or disciplinary rules does not diminish responsibility for an ethics violation, it does not seem appropriate to hold respondent to the same standard as an attorney who knowingly committed a federal felony.
Again, the OAE stated that respondent “did not knowingly commit a
crime.” The OAE elaborated at the DRB hearing when it said that
respondent “didn't realize he was committing a crime. He thought
he was engaging in political lobbying.” (Emphasis added.)
Fundamental fairness requires that we make a decision upon
the record as presented. This was a violation of the Hatch Act.
That is what was charged, nothing more, nothing less. Judge
Rodriguez has duly punished respondent for that infraction. We
must determine how that should affect his professional standing.
Our ethics jurisprudence and common sense allow us to look at
respondent's state of mind in determining that penalty. Here,
the DRB and the ethics prosecutor concluded that respondent did
not know he was committing a crime. If it was clear to
respondent that his conduct was criminal, I would join the
majority. Indeed, I would argue for an even stronger penalty.
But respondent believed that his conduct was political, not
criminal. Sadly, that is a fine line that is all too often
blurred.
I do not suggest that the absence of criminal intent
exonerates respondent. He is not a na.f -- he knew what he was
doing. Nonetheless, he did believe that he was engaged in legal
lobbying. That belief may be irrelevant to law enforcement
authorities, but it is germane to an ethics determination.
Importantly, the DRB and the OAE credited his belief. That does
not exculpate; it does mitigate.
This matter should be measured in the factual crucible in which it occurred. Years ago, and long before the incident in question, respondent, as Mayor of Edison, supported Robert J. Engel's initial appointment to an at-will County job. Again, long prior to this dispute, respondent also assisted Engel's unsuccessful efforts to convert his employment status from at will to permanent. At the meeting in question, the Engels sought respondent's assistance in changing the younger Engel's position to a permanent one. Respondent agreed and, in turn, the Engels agreed to help with the votes.
That background is not determinative and has only marginal value. Yet, as we try to understand what happened and what we should do about it, it is helpful to know that there was a
long history of efforts, neither unethical nor unlawful, by respondent to help Engel. Respondent also represents that the Engels initiated the final improper meeting. That representation has gone unchallenged. Neither fact, however, undermines that which is conclusively established by the criminal conviction: respondent's conduct on this occasion was both unlawful and unethical. It is nonetheless important to note that respondent's infraction occurred within the above context.
A brief comment is appropriate on the dissent of the DRB member who argued that respondent's conduct was bribery. I respect that sincerely-held view. The majority of the Court, however, takes a better approach by avoiding a discussion of the merits of the bribery issue. And the DRB majority expressed a better view when it stated in its opinion that “it would do 'violence to the procedures that govern our disciplinary function' to analogize respondent's misconduct to a bribery offense.” (Citation omitted). There simply is no verdict or plea to support bribery, and it is presumptuous and unfair to “find” it here. The United States Attorney did not charge bribery; a federal jury did not convict him of bribery; and respondent did not plead guilty to bribery. Similarly, the State did not charge respondent with bribery. We cannot come to a conclusion on the issue without a complete record. In State v. Schenkolewski, 301 N.J. Super. 115, 141 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 151 N.J. 77 (1997), a case involving defendants indicted for bribery who claimed that they only intended to engage in lobbying, the court found that “it would be for the jury to decide with what subjective intent these defendants accepted the money.” So too, I am uncomfortable finding bribery in general or deciding questions of intent in particular without traditional safeguards that attend a criminal proceeding. We should not surmise whether this is bribery or not, as does the DRB dissent. If the United States Attorney and the State of New Jersey did not indict and convict respondent of bribery, neither should we.
The only fact we know for certain is that he was charged with and pled guilty to a violation of the Hatch Act, a “fairly obscure and moribund statute” with its “somewhat arcane criminal code provisions.” Stanley Brand, The Hatch Act: Little Known Statute May Become Important in Evaluating Political Activity by Presidential Aides, 44 Fed. Law. 12 (Mar./Apr. 1997). We should base our finding on the indisputable conviction under the Hatch Act. I am not inclined to work backwards, to rummage through the ethics warehouse to find any arguably applicable crime to fit a desired penalty. We should follow the traditional route and find a fair penalty that fits the established violation.
The DRB found:
There are . . . compelling mitigating circumstances in this case. During his career, respondent has been actively involved in professional, civic and charitable organizations. His family, friends and clients have attested to his good character and the fact that he has, except for this incident, led an exemplary life. Although restitution was not applicable in respondent's case, he has agreed to perform community service in excess of that required by the court. Finally, . . . respondent has shown genuine remorse for his misconduct . . . [and] has enjoyed a previously unblemished thirty-year legal career.
[(Emphasis added.)]
The majority opinion of the Court also recognizes that
significant mitigating circumstances inhere in this case. The
Office of the United States Attorney acknowledged that respondent
“clearly demonstrated a recognition and acceptance of
responsibility for his conduct in this matter.” Finally, Judge
Rodriguez stated at sentencing: “I am certain that this offense
may be unique in your life, [and] I don't think we will ever see
you again in a court of law under these circumstances.” The
mitigation is compelling, as the DRB found.
R.P.C. 8.4(b) states that an attorney cannot commit an act that “reflects adversely on the lawyer's honesty, trustworthiness or fitness as a lawyer.” If an attorney does so, he or she must be punished. Respondent cannot argue that that proscription is in any sense new. Punishment is appropriate. Yet, one of the difficulties in this matter is that the facts are somewhat unique. Respondent pled guilty to a violation of the Hatch Act. Both the DRB and OAE agreed, at argument before the DRB, that this case is a matter of first impression, at least insofar as the Hatch Act is concerned. The case law does not provide guidance on the discipline for the type of “influence” present in this case. It is unfair if we ratchet up the heat on the ethics thermometer for the first time here.
A primary reason behind punishing ethics infractions is to deter other attorneys from engaging in similar conduct. We satisfy the interests of deterrence if we announce that hereafter a suspension without conditions will be the general rule for attorneys who engage in such activity. Prospective application is appropriate and fair in the totality of the circumstances of this case. The Bar will be on notice that such activity, however characterized, will be punished in the future. Although a bright-line demarcation has not been present to date, suspension should be the general rule hereafter.
At the time of sentencing, Judge Rodriguez captured the context when he observed that respondent's conduct occurred
in a world where unfortunately, in the scheme of things, much of the activity that has taken place in this situation, is either condoned or determined to be the proper course of conduct in the way of doing business.
Although Judge Rodriguez did not sanction such activity, and
in fact condemned it as serious, as do we, he assists our review
because he identified the political milieu in which respondent's
misconduct occurred. Just as he balanced the wrong against the
reality in meting out the sentence, we achieve justice if we
issue a probationary sanction together with a reprimand, plus
additional community service, and a warning to all that
suspension without conditions will be the byword for those who
continue to conduct “business as usual.”
Respondent's sentence for the Hatch Act violation was three years probation, confinement to his residence for three months, 500 hours of community service, and a $5,000 fine. The majority opinion correctly notes that respondent has already been subject to substantial punishment for his actions. Although I concur with the opinion of the majority that a suspension is in order, I would then, as the Court may do, “suspend the suspension,” issue a reprimand, and impose a probationary sanction with additional stipulated community service, penalties that in the aggregate would satisfy the ethics process.
This Court on occasion has imposed a probationary sanction embracing community service. As Justice Handler noted in In re Kotok, 108 N.J. 314, 332 (1987), that type of sanction has been viewed approvingly by the American Bar Association and a number of other jurisdictions as an alternative to the traditional disciplinary measures. In New Jersey, such a sanction ordinarily has been reserved for situations in which the ethical infractions are remote in time and the respondent has since demonstrated an exemplary record as a professional. In Re Alum, 162 N.J. 313 (2000); Matter of Stier, 108 N.J. 455 (1987); Matter of Kotok, supra, 108 N.J. 314. Although there was a longer hiatus in those cases between the transgression and discipline, mitigating circumstances here justify invoking that remedy.
Importantly, those cases note that one of the goals of discipline -- rehabilitation -- would not be advanced by imposing a suspension where rehabilitation already has been realized. Similarly, in this case, I believe that respondent already has been rehabilitated in the sense that he now knows that his conduct, though seemingly “political” to him at the time, was criminal. Both respondent and the Bar are now on notice that a similar Hatch Act violation by an attorney will not be tolerated by this Court. The goals and purposes of discipline, however, are not furthered by imposing a suspension on an attorney for a violation that previously had not been confronted by this Court in the context of a disciplinary proceeding. The penalty of a probationary sanction is a sensible solution that should be used in limited circumstances such as those present here.
The majority makes a principled case for a suspension without conditions. It is a close question. I would give the benefit of the doubt to respondent under the circumstances. I would suspend the suspension as the Court did in Kotok. 108 N.J. at 332; see also In re Alum, supra, 162 N.J. at 316 (suspending one-year suspension); In re Schaffer, 140 N.J. 148, 161 (1995) (suspending three-month suspension); In re Ichel, 126 N.J. 217, 218 (1991) (suspending six-month suspension). I then would impose a reprimand together with a probationary sanction embracing 1,000 hours of community service, with appropriate credit for service performed as a result of his federal court sentence. A total of 1,000 hours of community service is the functional equivalent of a six-month suspension. The proposed resolution serves the dual purpose of punishment and deterrence. Such a result does not strain mercy -- or justice -- beyond reasonable limits. I therefore dissent with regard to the penalty imposed by the majority.
Justice Long joins in this opinion.
NO. D-57 SEPTEMBER TERM 1999
Application for
Disposition Suspend six months
IN THE MATTER OF
SAMUEL V. CONVERY, JR.,
An Attorney at Law.
Decided February 2, 2001
Opinion by PER CURIAM
Concurring/Dissenting Opinion by Justice Zazzali
DISSENT IN PART CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ X JUSTICE STEIN X JUSTICE COLEMAN X JUSTICE LONG X JUSTICE VERNIERO X JUSTICE LaVECCHIA ------------- -------------- --- JUSTICE ZAZZALI X
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
D- 57 September Term 1999
IN THE MATTER OF :
SAMUEL V. CONVERY, JR., : O R D E R
An Attorney at Law. :
SAMUEL V. CONVERY, JR., of METUCHEN, who was admitted to the bar of this state in 1969, having been Ordered to Show Cause why he should not be disbarred or otherwise disciplined,
And good cause appearing;
It is ORDERED that SAMUEL V. CONVERY, JR., be suspended for six months and until the further Order of the Court, effective February 23, 2001; and it is further
ORDERED that respondent be restrained and enjoined from practicing law during the period of his suspension and that he comply with Rule 1:20-20, which governs suspended attorneys; and it is further
ORDERED that respondent reimburse the Disciplinary Oversight Committee for appropriate administrative costs incurred in the prosecution of this matter, including the costs of transcripts.
WITNESS, the Honorable Deborah T. Poritz, Chief Justice, at Trenton, this 2nd day of February, 2001.
/s/ Stephen W. Townsend
CLERK OF THE SUPREME COURT