SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
A-0861-99T2
KENNETH W. GROSS & BONNIE D.
GROSS,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
VIVIAN LASKO,
Defendant-Appellant.
_______________________________
Submitted October 24, 2000 - Decided March 30, 2001
Before Judges Stern and Collester.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Cape May County, C-39-99.
Lario & Saldutti, and Eizen, Fineburg &
McCarthy, attorneys for appellant (Marc A.
Lario and Gary J. McCarthy, on the brief).
Klehr, Harrison, Harvey, Branzburg & Ellers,
attorneys for respondents (Carol Ann Slocum
and Marc H. Stofman, on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
COLLESTER, J.A.D.
Defendant, Vivian Lasko, appeals from a judgment of specific
performance which ordered her to deliver a deed to plaintiffs,
Kenneth W. Gross and Bonnie D. Gross, pursuant to a contract of
sale signed in March 1999. The matter was tried summarily on
certifications filed with the trial judge. On September 7, 1999,
Judge Callinan concluded in a letter opinion that plaintiffs were
entitled to specific performance. We affirm.
The salient facts are as follows. In February 1999,
plaintiffs, who were residents of Pennsylvania, were searching for
a vacation home in Avalon, New Jersey and using the services of
Sandra Struble, a licensed real estate agent. Defendant's property
located at 39 Flamingo Avenue in Avalon, was listed for sale with
Miriam Kauterman, also a New Jersey licensed real estate agent. On
March 20, 1999, a contract of sale was signed for the purchase of
the property for a total purchase price of $680,000. Plaintiffs
provided an initial deposit of $64,000, and the remaining balance
of $616,000 was to be paid at the time of closing scheduled for May
17, 1999.
The agreement contained a mortgage financing contingency,
which read as follows:
[t]he Buyer and Seller agree to make a good
faith effort to obtain mortgage financing upon
the terms listed below. The Buyer has until
April 14, 1999, to obtain a commitment for
this mortgage financing or to agree to buy the
property without this mortgage financing.
After this deadline, and any agreed upon
extension, either party may cancel this
contract if the mortgage as stated below has
not been obtained. Buyer agrees to apply for
said mortgage within 5 days of the final
execution of this agreement (i.e., when all
parties have signed it).
Type of Mortgage Financing: CONVENTIONAL
Points: Not to Exceed to Buyer: 3.0,
Seller: 0.0, Amount of Mortgage Financing:
$440,000.00, Interest Rate: (Not to Exceed)
7¼%, Length of Mortgage Financing: 30 years
with monthly payment based on a 30 year
payment schedule.
The Buyer may agree at their option to accept
other financing which is adequate for the
Buyer to complete settlement. The Buyer's
acceptance of such financing will remove the
Mortgage Financing Contingency above.
On April 9, 1999, Kauterman advised Struble that defendant no
longer wanted to sell the property. Struble told plaintiffs, but
they had no interest in canceling the contract since they had made
plans for modifications to the property and bought furniture in
anticipation of the closing. The following day plaintiffs met with
Kauterman, who confirmed that defendant wanted out of the
agreement. Plaintiffs told Kauterman that they were not willing to
cancel and would proceed to closing without mortgage financing.
The next day Kauterman advised defendant that plaintiffs wanted the
property and were ready to close without mortgage financing. A few
days later Kauterman told plaintiffs that defendant understood that
she had to complete the sale and that she had been to Kauterman's
office to sign a lease on another house for the summer. At no time
did Kauterman suggest the defendant was awaiting written notice of
plaintiffs' election to proceed without mortgage financing.
However, by letter of April 20, 1999, defendant's attorney
informed plaintiffs that defendant was canceling the contract for
plaintiffs' "default under Section 23," because they failed to
provide defendant with written notice that they were waiving the
mortgage financing contingency. Paragraph 23 defined "buyers'
default" in the contract as a failure "to fulfill or perform any of
the terms or conditions of this agreement," and gave the seller the
option to cancel and retain all deposits.
Two days later plaintiffs' attorney wrote that plaintiffs
insisted on the purchase of the property. He also stated that the
contract gave plaintiffs until April 14, 1999, to obtain mortgage
financing or to elect to buy the property without such financing
and that plaintiffs had notified defendant's agent on April 10,
1999, that they intended to proceed with the purchase without a
mortgage. Defendant's attorney responded that defendant denied
being informed by Kauterman that plaintiffs intended to waive the
mortgage contingency provision and that, in any event, no
notification of the waiver was received in writing.
The central issue at trial was whether written notice was
necessary to waive the mortgage contingency clause. Plaintiffs
argued that if written notification was required, the contract
should have so stated in the mortgage contingency clause.
Defendant denied receiving oral notice of the waiver and further
relied upon a separate paragraph of the contract, which specified
that
"All notices under this contract must be in
writing. The notices must be delivered
personally or mailed by certified mail, return
receipt requested, to the other party at the
address written in this contract, or the
parties' attorney."
Judge Callinan found that plaintiffs had informed defendant's
agent on April 10, 1999, that they intended to proceed without
mortgage financing, that defendant knew of plaintiff's intention
before the expiration of the mortgage contingency on April 14,
1999, and that she was not prejudiced in any way by plaintiffs'
election to meet the purchase price without a mortgage. With
respect to defendant's argument that the contract of sale required
written notification, the judge noted that there was no such
provision in the mortgage contingency clause. He also held that
the requirement of a written mortgage commitment did not equate to
a mandate that plaintiffs notify defendant in writing of their
desire to proceed on an all cash basis. Finding no valid reason
for defendant's failure to perform, Judge Callinan ordered specific
performance.
On appeal defendant argues that Judge Callinan erred because
the contract contained a "perpetual mortgage contingency clause" as
opposed to a "self-terminating mortgage contingency clause." She
contends that the perpetual mortgage contingency gave her the
unilateral right to void the contract because plaintiffs did not
notify defendant in writing of the removal of the mortgage
contingency.
This distinction between self-terminating and perpetual
mortgage contingency clauses was never raised before the trial
judge. It is well established that we will not consider matters
not properly presented to the trial court unless the question goes
to the trial court's jurisdiction or is an issue "of sufficient
public concern." Cornblatt v. Barow,
153 N.J. 218, 230 (1998);
Brown v. Township of Old Bridge,
319 N.J. Super. 476, 501 (App.
Div.), cert. denied,
162 N.J. 131 (1999). This self-terminating
versus perpetual mortgage contingency clause dichotomy does not
relate to jurisdictional matters, nor does it have any earmark of
a matter vested with sufficient public concern.
Defendant gives no substantiation of authority for the
dichotomy she presents. Moreover, even under defendant's
definition, the clause fits within a self-terminating mortgage
contingency clause since it "exists if upon the expiration of the
stated mortgage contingency period the mortgage contingency is
automatically removed." The language of the mortgage contingency
herein states that it is automatically removed upon the buyer's
acceptance of alternative financing before April 14, 1999.
Defendant's central argument echoes her position at trial that
the agreement required written notice by plaintiffs of an election
to waive the mortgage contingency clause since it specifically
stated that "all notices under this contract must be in writing."
However, while other clauses of the agreement refer to "notice,"
there is no such language in the mortgage financing contingency
provision.See footnote 11
Therefore, we agree with Judge Callinan's conclusion that had
the parties intended that plaintiffs provide written notice of
their decision to buy the property without mortgage financing, such
a requirement would have appeared in the pertinent paragraph of the
contract. We will not infer such a requirement from the language
of this agreement.
Defendant also argues that the statute of frauds requires
written notice of the intent to proceed to closing without mortgage
financing be read into the contract. The statute, N.J.S.A. 25:1-
13, renders an agreement to transfer an interest in real estate
unenforceable unless it is in writing, signed by the party against
whom enforcement is sought, and meets other requirements which do
not relate to a mortgage contingency clause waiver option.
Defendant cites four cases in support of her contention. All are
distinguishable.
In Willow Brook Recreation Ctr., Inc. v. Selle,
96 N.J. Super. 358 (App. Div.), certif. denied,
51 N.J. 187 (1968)See footnote 22, we affirmed
summary judgment granted to defendants on the ground that the
statute of frauds required that an agreement extending the time to
exercise an option to lease lands be in writing. In so doing, we
held that an oral agreement extending the time to exercise an
option was tantamount to the grant of a new option of that extended
period and thereby required compliance with the statute of frauds
in order to be enforceable.
The instant case is clearly distinguishable since the contract
of sale was in writing and provided plaintiffs with an option to
obtain a mortgage commitment or to accept alternative financing.
No new contract requiring an offer and acceptance was created by
plaintiffs' election to waive the mortgage contingency clause.
Freedman v. Clonmel Constr. Corp.,
246 N.J. Super. 397 (App.
Div. 1991), is similarly inapplicable. There we held that a
mortgage contingency clause waiver prepared by a broker was void
because it was not subjected to attorney review. In this instance,
the mortgage contingency clause was part of the written contract
and not a separate post-contract document prepared by the broker,
and the mortgage contingency clause was subjected to the attorney
review period. Plaintiffs simply exercised an option available to
them, to obtain alternative financing, an option not couched in
language requiring a writing.
In Melcer v. Zuck,
101 N.J. Super. 577 (App. Div.), certif.
denied,
52 N.J. 498 (1968)See footnote 33 the dispute concerned the sale of real
property for which the defendant seller could not guarantee ingress
and egress by the time of closing. The plaintiff demanded an
abatement of the purchase price, but the contract only obligated
the seller to return deposit monies and search fees. The trial
judge granted specific performance of the contract with the
demanded abatement, finding that the contract had been orally
modified. We reversed because the oral modification of the
contract was unenforceable as violative of the statute of frauds.
In the instant case however, plaintiffs' decision to exercise their
option to purchase defendant's property in cash was not a
modification but part and parcel of the written contract.
Finally, while Leeper v. Weintraub,
273 N.J. Super. 532 (App.
Div. 1994)See footnote 44, held that an oral mortgage commitment is unenforceable
under the statute of frauds, the case at bar does not involve an
oral mortgage commitment. In that case, the defendant seller
canceled his contract of sale because the plaintiff did not receive
a written mortgage commitment by the deadline provided in the
contract. The plaintiff's attorney advised the defendant's counsel
that the plaintiff had been verbally approved, but the mortgage was
not actually approved until five days after the contractual
deadline. We reversed a judgment against the defendant, holding
that only a written mortgage commitment could satisfy a mortgage
contingency clause within the statute of frauds. We said that "a
seller does not have to assume the risk that an enforceable written
commitment will not issue. If the buyer wanted to prevent the
seller from voiding the contract, he could have assumed that risk
himself by waiving the mortgage contingency clause as permitted in
the contract of sale." Id. at 535. Plaintiffs in the present
case have done precisely that by electing to proceed on a cash
basis and thereby waiving their mortgage contingency in a timely
manner.
A case on point is Schultz v. Topakyan,
193 N.J. Super. 550
(App. Div.), certif. denied,
99 N.J. 207 (1984)See footnote 55, in which we dealt
with the issue of whether a notification requirement would be
implied in a mortgage contingency clause which provided a sixty-day
period within which to obtain the commitment. The contract in
Schultz required the buyer to make a good faith effort to obtain a
mortgage commitment within sixty days or buy the property without
a mortgage. If the commitment was not obtained before the
deadline, the contract could be canceled by either party. The
plaintiffs obtained a mortgage commitment before the sixty day
expiration date. However, they were on vacation and did not notify
the sellers of the commitment until a few days after the sixty day
expiration date. In the meantime, because the sellers heard
nothing, they informed the purchasers in writing that they were not
willing to extend the mortgage contingency period and declared the
contract void.
The trial court denied the purchasers' suit for specific
performance, concluding that notice was implicit in the mortgage
contingency clause because the time for fulfilling contingency was
of the essence and, if not strictly complied with, rendered the
contract voidable. We disagreed and held that an intention to make
time of the essence with regard to communication of notice would
have to be specifically set forth in the contract or clearly
implied from the surrounding circumstances. Id. at 553. Once the
commitment was obtained, the contract became binding upon the
purchasers, and "in the absence of a specific written provision for
notice, the buyers fulfilled this contingency when they received a
commitment within the sixty days and notified the sellers within a
reasonable time that it had been obtained." Id. at 554. We also
noted that a day or two before the commitment was issued by the
lender, the seller's attorney had been orally notified that it was
imminently forthcoming. Ibid.
The applicability of Schultz is apparent. In this case there
is no specific provision requiring plaintiffs to notify defendant
in writing of their decision opting to waive the mortgage
contingency clause. In Schultz we refused to imply a requirement
of written notice of commitment within the contingency period in a
mortgage contingency clause. We opted to apply principles of
reasonableness to the situation and concluded that the notice given
was reasonable.
In the present case, the trial judge found plaintiffs provided
defendant with notice of their election to waive the mortgage
contingency clause four days before that contingency expired.
There was obvious compliance with the agreement. Defendant seeks
to have the contract of sale rewritten to include a written notice
requirement never placed therein. It is not the function of any
court to make a better contract for the parties by supplying terms
that have not been agreed upon. Graziano v. Grant,
326 N.J. Super. 328, 342 (App. Div. 1999); Schenck v. HJI Assocs.,
295 N.J. Super. 445, 450 (App. Div. 1996), certif. denied,
149 N.J. 35 (1997).
Where the terms of a contract are clear, the court must enforce it
as written and not make a more advantageous contract for either
party. Graziano, supra, 326 N.J. Super. at 342; Schenck, supra,
295 N.J. Super. at 450. The mortgage contingency clause in the
present case could not be more clear. There is no written notice
requirement, and we will not imply one to give a better contract to
defendant.
The remaining arguments raised by defendant are without
sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R.
2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
Footnote: 1 1 Only three paragraphs of the Agreement of Sale contain
references to notice, while two provisions require a writing: ¶
18 "Correcting Defects' requires that the seller "be notified"
and be given thirty days to bring the property into compliance
with building and zoning laws, and properly line violations; ¶ 22
"Cancellation of Contract" requires either party to give "written
notice to the other" if they elect to cancel under the
circumstances described in the contract; and ¶ 32 "Attorney
Review" requires that if the attorney for either party
disapproves of the contract, that attorney "must notify the
brokers and the other party named in the contract within the
three day period." Paragraph 6 "Closing" permits extension of
the closing date if the buyer and seller "agree in writing" and ¶
32 (Attorney Review) permits the buyer and seller to "agree in
writing to extend the three day period for attorney review."
Footnote: 2 2 It is noted that amendments to the Statute of Frauds
adopted in 1995, effective in 1996 do not effect the
applicability of Willow Brook, Melcer, Leeper or Schultz in our
current analysis.
Footnote: 3 3 See footnote 2.
Footnote: 4 4 See footnote 2.
Footnote: 5 5 See footnote 2.