SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
A-1449-01T5
NICHOLAS PATETTA,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
JOANN PATETTA,
Defendant-Respondent.
_______________________________
Submitted October 29, 2002 - Decided March 3, 2003
Before Judges Coburn, Collester and Alley.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, FM-12-2713-01D.
Ronald A. Cohen, attorney for appellant.
Jane A. Herchenroder, attorney for respondent.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
COLLESTER, J.A.D.
Plaintiff Nicholas Patetta appeals from an order denying
emancipation of his son, Nicholas Patetta, Jr., and termination of
his support obligation for that child of the marriage. We affirm.
Plaintiff married defendant JoAnn Patetta in October 1981.
Three children were born of the marriage: Nicholas, Jr., born on
April 10, 1982; Chrystal, born on June 22, 1985; and Colleen, born
on July 13, 1988. A final judgment for divorce was entered on
August 3, 1993, which incorporated a property settlement agreement
which required plaintiff to pay child support of $50 per week per
child. The agreement further provided:
A child of the marriage shall be deemed
emancipated upon the latter of the child
attaining the age of eighteen (18) years;
marriage; death; or the child engaging in full
time employment. At the time one child is
emancipated the amount of child support to be
paid shall be reduced proportionally to the
number of children emancipated.
The parties herein shall undertake their
best efforts to pay for college expenses for
the minor children including tuition, room and
board and books based upon and in accordance
with their financial means at said time, after
applications for financial aid, student loans
and scholarships have been exhausted.
An addendum executed on the same date stated:
Child support payments shall be reduced
by $50 per week per child at the time when
each such child shall become emancipated.
In April 1998, plaintiff filed a motion regarding visitation.
As part of her cross-motion defendant sought an order changing the
age of emancipation for the children from eighteen years to the
date of conclusion of college or post-secondary vocational
training. On that issue the order of the motion judge reads as
follows:
Defendant's request is denied without
prejudice to renewal when each child is within
six (6) months of the eighteenth birthday.
In her present application, [d]efendant has
not demonstrated a basis for amending the
property settlement agreement under R. 4:50-
1(a)-(f). Defendant states that the oldest
child, age 16, is a high school sophomore but
does not address his plans for college. The
property settlement agreement impliedly
addresses [d]efendant's concerns, as paragraph
4 states that the parties shall undertake to
pay enumerated college expenses for the minor
children according to the parties' income.
The Court notes that under the current Child
Support Guidelines, children who are over 18
and out of high school are not entitled to
child support according to the Guidelines in
any event (Appendix IX-A, paragraph 18, pages
1934-5) and that the continuing financial
support of children attending college or other
post-secondary education is based on other
criteria.
After Nicolas, Jr., the oldest child, turned eighteen,
plaintiff moved for an order for his emancipation and a
corresponding $50 per week reduction in his total child support
obligation. Defendant responded that Nicholas, Jr. was living at
home with her and was about to begin his second year at a local
community college. She certified that she paid his roof expenses,
as well as his food, clothing, transportation and spending money.
Since college costs not covered by loans, scholarships or grants
were minimal, defendant made no demand upon plaintiff for any
portion of college expenses, but sought continuation of the child
support payments. Following oral argument Judge Happas declined to
declare Nicholas, Jr. emancipated and continued plaintiff's child
support obligation. Defendant appeals from this post-judgment
order, relying upon the terms of the of the property settlement
agreement.
No specific age equates to emancipation of a child. Limpert
v. Limpert,
119 N.J. Super. 438, 440 (App. Div. 1972); Bishop v.
Bishop,
287 N.J. Super. 593, 597 (Ch. Div. 1995); Schumm v. Schumm,
122 N.J. Super. 146, 150 (Ch. Div. 1973); Straver v. Straver, 26
N.J. Misc. 218, 222 (Ch. Div. 1948). Attainment of age eighteen
establishes only prima facie and not conclusive proof. Newburgh v.
Arrigo,
88 N.J. 529, 543 (1982). The demonstrable needs of the
child, not the child's age, are determinative of the duty of
support. Therefore, while parents are not generally required to
support a child over eighteen, his or her enrollment in a full-time
educational program has been held to require continued support.
Newburgh, supra, 88 N.J. at 543; Khalaf v. Khalaf,
58 N.J. 63, 71-
72 (1971); Limpert, supra, 119 N.J. Super. at 442-43; Schumm,
supra,
122 N.J. Super. 149-50. See also, Ross v. Ross,
167 N.J.
Super. 441, 444-46 (Ch. Div. 1979) (law school).
Plaintiff argues that the agreement between the parties
contained in the property settlement agreement established the age
of emancipation at eighteen and thereby terminates his obligation
to pay support beyond his "best efforts" to pay college expenses.
However, the right of support belongs to the child, not the
custodial parent. Pascale v. Pascale,
140 N.J. 583, 591 (1995);
Blum v. Ader,
279 N.J. Super. 1, 4 (App. Div. 1994). As we said in
Zazzo v. Zazzo,
245 N.J. Super. 124, 130 (App. Div. 1990), certif.
denied,
126 N.J. 321 (1991), "there is no divorce between parent
and child." Cf., In the Matter of Baby M,
109 N.J. 396, 429
(1988); R.H. v. M.K.,
254 N.J. Super. 480, 488 (Ch. Div. 1991)(a
parent may not terminate parental obligation by contract). The
public policy of this State as derived from its parens patriae
interest in the welfare of children prohibits parents from
bargaining away the essential rights of their sons and daughters,
including the right to be properly supported. Kopack v. Polzer,
5 N.J. Super. 114, 117 (App. Div. 1949) aff'd,
4 N.J. 327 (1950);
Martinetti v. Hickman,
261 N.J. Super. 508, 512 (App. Div. 1993);
Blum, supra, 279 N.J. Super. at 4; ESB, Inc. v. Fischer,
185 N.J.
Super. 373, 378-79 (Ch. Div. 1982).
In Martinetti, a Florida divorce decree granted "complete
custody" to plaintiff mother and waived both child support and
visitation. After plaintiff and her daughter moved to New Jersey,
she filed an action for child support, and defendant counterclaimed
for visitation. The litigation was resolved with a consent order
providing that defendant would pay monthly child support until his
child, then sixteen, turned eighteen. Two years later he moved for
an order terminating child support on grounds that his daughter was
eighteen and declaring her emancipated. As in the instant case,
the daughter was a full-time college student whose college costs
were reduced by grants and scholarships. Her mother contested the
defendant's application and sought continuation of child support
rather than college contribution. We held the right of the child
to support was not foreclosed by her mother's actions in consenting
to the order terminating child support at eighteen and that the
issue must be determined on evaluation of the needs and interests
of the daughter. Id. at 512.
In the instant case plaintiff distinguishes Martinetti on the
basis that this case involves a property settlement agreement as
opposed to a consent order. That is a distinction without a
difference. While courts are predisposed to uphold property
settlement agreements, see, e.g., Massar v. Massar,
279 N.J. Super. 89, 93 (App. Div. 1995), this enforceability is subject to judicial
supervisory control. Petersen v. Petersen,
85 N.J. 638, 644
(1981); Lepis v. Lepis,
83 N.J. 139, 148-49 (1980); Edgerton v.
Edgerton,
203 N.J. Super. 160, 171 (App. Div. 1985). Where the
rights of children are concerned, such agreements are subject to
careful judicial scrutiny. See generally, Annotation, "Power of
Court to Modify Decree for Support of Child Which Was Based on
Agreement of Parties,"
61 A.L.R.3d 657 (1975). Applying the
rationale of Martinetti, we hold the parental duty to support a
child may not be waived or terminated by a property settlement
agreement.
The undisputed facts presented to the motion judge were that
Nicholas, Jr. was living at home and dependent on his parents for
his basic needs and proper support while attending college on a
full-time basis. Therefore, we concur in the determination of
Judge Happas that Nicholas, Jr. was not emancipated and was
entitled to receipt of continued support from his father.
Affirmed.