SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
A-7057-96T2
RICHARD ALLEN and BARBARA ALLEN,
his wife,
Plaintiffs-Respondents,
v.
TYRONE J. KRAUSE, M.D., and ROBERT
WOOD JOHNSON UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL,
Defendants-Appellants.
________________________________________
A-7061-96T2
CHRISTINE SMITH and JAMES
SMITH, her husband,
Plaintiffs-Respondents,
v.
ALBERT FRANKEL, MD., LOUIS
D'AMELIO, M.D., and the
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND
DENTISTRY OF NEW JERSEY,
Defendants-Appellants.
________________________________________
Argued December 2, 1997 - Decided December 30, 1997
Before Judges Long, Stern and Kimmelman.
On appeal from the Superior Court of
New Jersey, Law Division, Middlesex County.
Matthew S. Schorr argued the cause for
appellants (McDonough, Korn, Eichhorn &
Boyle, attorneys; Mr. Schorr, of counsel
and on the brief).
Kenneth A. Berkowitz argued the cause
for respondents (Blume, Goldfaden, Berkowitz,
Donnelly, Fried & Forte, attorneys;
Linda G. O'Connell, on the brief).
________________________________________
The opinion of the court was delivered by
KIMMELMAN, J.A.D.
These appeals were separately docketed, briefed, and argued.
Although the factual patterns of the appeals differ somewhat, the
appeals parallel each other with respect to the applicable legal
principles. We have therefore elected to consolidate the cases
for the purpose of decision. Both appeals involve the same legal
questions: Whether defendant physicians were each acting as
private practitioners when performing surgery on plaintiffs, or
acting as public employees of defendant hospital and, if the
latter, whether there were "extraordinary circumstances"
entitling plaintiffs to file a late notice of claim under
N.J.S.A. 59:8-9 of the New Jersey Tort Claims Act, N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to 12-3.
Initially, in each matter, the trial judge refused to grant
plaintiffs' applications for leave to file a late notice of
claim. But, on June 5, 1997, the trial judge, relying on our
decision in Dunn v. Borough of Mountainside,
301 N.J. Super. 262
(App. Div. 1997), entered, sua sponte, orders reversing his
initial decision. Plaintiffs were then permitted to file a late
notice of claim in each case. After the denials of their motions
for reconsideration, defendants made applications to this court
for leave to file interlocutory appeals. On August 14, 1997, we
granted leave to file the interlocutory appeals.
In A-7057-96, plaintiff Richard AllenSee footnote 1 underwent cardiac bypass surgery at defendant Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital (RWJUH). The surgery, which was intended to relieve blockages near plaintiff's heart, was performed by defendant Tyrone J. Krause, M.D., during December 1995. On or about June 18, 1996, plaintiff Allen was informed by his cardiologist that the December 1995 cardiac surgery "had been done incorrectly and that two blockages remained."See footnote 2 Plaintiff waited until May 7, 1997, to consult with counsel, some eleven months after he had been given information indicating that he had grounds for a possible lawsuit related to the surgery. The next day, plaintiff's counsel moved for leave to file a late notice of claim, certifying that it was not known whether one of the potential defendants would claim "public employee status." In plaintiff Allen's supporting certification, he said:
From the time I first came under the
care and treatment of Dr. Krause and the
physicians at Robert Wood Johnson University
Hospital, I have always been under the
impression that Dr. Krause was a private
physician and that the people who cared for
me at Robert Wood Johnson were employees of
that Hospital. None of my health care
providers have ever informed me that they
were not private doctors or employees of
Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, and
I have never received any information from
any other source to that effect.
In opposition, it was certified that defendant Krause was an
employee of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New
Jersey (UMDNJ). Defendants in Allen argued the following facts
in their brief to the trial court:
Plaintiff's surgery was performed at
Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital
("RWJUH") by the defendant Tyrone J. Krause,
M.D., an employee of the University of
Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey
("UMDNJ").
RWJUH is a hospital affiliated with
UMDNJ. Certain physicians who work at RWJUH
may claim public employee status by virtue of
their affiliation with the Robert Wood
Johnson Medical School, which is affiliated
with UMDNJ. Plaintiff's counsel, the law
firm of Blume, Goldfaden, Berkowitz,
Donnelly, Fried & Forte, P.C. was aware of
this relationship at all relevant times.
. . .
UMDNJ is a public entity under Chapter 8
of Title 59 under the New Jersey Tort Claims
Act ("The Act") and Tyrone J. Krause, M.D. is
an employee of a public entity. Pursuant to
the Act, Dr. Krause is entitled to receive a
notice of tort claim within ninety days from
accrual of the alleged injury before a suit
can be filed.
Defendants contended that plaintiff Allen's application for
leave to file a late notice of claim should be denied because Dr.
Krause was an employee of a public entity and that there had been
no showing of "extraordinary circumstances," as required by
N.J.S.A. 59:8-9. Defendant's counsel supported this contention
with proof that plaintiff's counsel knew, from unrelated but
similar cases, that defendant Krause may well have been acting as
a public employee at the time of plaintiff Allen's surgery.
As we have indicated, after an initial denial, leave to file
a late notice of claim was granted by the trial court. We
granted leave to appeal the trial court's interlocutory order.
In A-7061-96, plaintiff Christine SmithSee footnote 3 underwent abdominal surgery at defendant RWJUH. The surgery was performed on May 20, 1996, by defendants Robert Frankel, M.D., and Louis D'Amelio, M.D. On June 13, 1996, twenty-three days after the surgery, plaintiff perceived sufficient reason to contact counsel in order to determine whether there existed a basis for a viable medical malpractice claim. By letter dated August 15, 1996, counsel requested of RWJUH that it produce the complete records relating to plaintiff's admission and the names and addresses of the persons participating in plaintiff Smith's health care, whether they were "employees of any public entity" and, if so, the name and address of the public entity. RWJUH furnished the records, but did not respond to the latter part of counsel's request. Nonetheless, the record on appeal does indicate that defendant Frankel wrote to counsel on September 25, 1996, in response to counsel's request for the doctor's office records related to the care of plaintiff Smith. Defendant Frankel's letter was on stationery captioned in the names of UMDNJ and RWJUH, and was signed by defendant Frankel as "Professor of Clinical Surgery." The letter was received by plaintiff's counsel shortly after the expiration of the ninety-day window for
the filing of a notice of claim. See N.J.S.A. 59:8-8.
Several months later, on or about May 6, 1997, just days
short of one year following the surgery, counsel for plaintiff
Smith applied to the trial court for leave to file a late notice
of claim. Counsel certified that he did not learn from his own
medical expert that there had been a deviation from accepted
medical standards until April 23, 1997, and that he did not
receive information that defendants Frankel and D'Amelio might
claim to be employees of UMDNJ until May 6, 1997. Although
counsel asserted a belief that said defendants operated on
plaintiff Smith as their private patient and that a tort claim
notice was not necessary, the application for leave to file a
late notice of claim was being made to protect his clients'
rights. Counsel failed to point out to the court his receipt of
defendant Frankel's letter of September 25, 1996, which clearly
indicated the doctor's affiliation with UMDNJ, a public entity.
See Fuchilla v. Layman,
109 N.J. 319, 330-31, cert. denied sub
nom, University of Med. and Dentistry of N.J. v. Fuchilla,
488 U.S. 826,
109 S. Ct. 75,
102 L. Ed.2d 51 (1988).
Plaintiff Smith certified, in part, as follows:
It was my understanding that Dr. Frankel
was a private physician and that he was
treating me as his private patient. My
insurance company, HIP/Rutger's [sic] Health
Plan has paid all of his bills. At no time
did Dr. Frankel or anyone else ever advise me
that Dr. Frankel was an employee of the
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New
Jersey.
In opposition to plaintiff Smith's application for leave to
file a late notice of claim, defendants advanced substantially
the same arguments made in plaintiff Allen's case and again urged
that "extraordinary circumstances" could not be shown, because
plaintiff Smith's counsel knew, from unrelated but similar cases,
that defendants Frankel and D'Amelio may well have been acting as
public employees at the time of plaintiff Smith's surgery.
Defendants also contend that plaintiff's counsel was made aware
of the likelihood that the physicians would claim public employee
status when he received the September 25, 1996, letter from
defendant Krause.
As in the companion appeal, leave to file a late notice of
claim was at first denied, because of the lack of a showing of
"extraordinary circumstances," but leave was later granted by the
trial court on a sua sponte basis, in reliance on Dunn v. Borough
of Mountainside. We, likewise, granted the application for leave
to appeal.
Initially, we point out that the trial judge's reliance upon Dunn as authority to permit the filing of a late notice of claim in each matter was misplaced. In Dunn, plaintiff was sexually assaulted by an on-duty police officer who had pulled her over for a putative traffic violation. She did not bring suit against the Borough and the deviant police officer until three years later. Dunn, supra, 301 N.J. Super. at 270-71. We affirmed the summary judgment granted in favor of the Borough, because
plaintiff was aware of her injuries the moment they occurred, and
more than two years had elapsed from the accrual of her claims,
thereby barring her action under N.J.S.A. 59:8-8b. Id. at 275.
However, we allowed the claim against the police officer to
proceed, because the assault took place in 1991 before the Tort
Claims Act was amended to provide limited tort claim immunity to
public employees by requiring a notice of claim to be filed with
respect to their alleged torts. Consequently, the police officer
was not covered by the Tort Claims Act. Id. at 276. Since the
police officer had done his best from the time of the incident to
conceal his identity and had failed to fulfill his statutory duty
to report all criminal activity, including his own, we held that
the two-year statute of limitations was tolled for equitable
reasons. Id. at 280. Adherence to the notice requirements of
the Tort Claims Act was not an issue with respect to the police
officer; and the extension of the ninety-day filing rule for
"extraordinary circumstances" was not an issue with respect to
either the Borough or the police officer.
Unlike Dunn, (1) the accrual of plaintiff Allen's and
plaintiff Smith's causes of action occurred after the Tort Claims
Act was amended to require the filing of a notice of claim for
actions against public employees; (2) there is nothing in the
record to suggest that any of the defendants acted to prevent
either plaintiff Allen or plaintiff Smith from knowing that a
possible cause of action existed; and (3) significantly,
plaintiff Allen and plaintiff Smith knew from the outset who had
performed the surgical operations, so that the identity of the
alleged tortfeasor(s) was never in doubt; only their employment
status was at issue. The converse situation existed in Dunn,
where the police officer tortfeasor's public employment status
was never in doubt, but his identity was concealed. In both of
the cases on this appeal, the issue involves the inability to
discover, or tardiness in discovering, the public employee status
of defendant physicians. Thus, Dunn is entirely distinguishable.
Permission to file a late notice of claim requires a showing (1) that the public entity or public employee will not be "substantially prejudiced" by the granting of such permission; and (2) that there are sufficient reasons, based upon the personal knowledge of the affiant, constituting "extraordinary circumstances" for the failure to file a notice of claim within the ninety-day window prescribed by N.J.S.A. 59:8-8. See N.J.S.A. 59:8-9; Ohlweiler v. Township of Chatham, 290 N.J. Super. 399, 404 (App. Div. 1996). The term "extraordinary circumstances" has not been defined by the Legislature. It is for the courts to determine, on a case-by-case basis, what circumstances, in the context presented, will satisfy the statutory requirement. O'Neill v. City of Newark, 304 N.J. Super. 543, 551 (App. Div. 1997) (quoting Ohlweiler, supra, at 404).
Here, the trial court made no findings of fact or conclusions of law, in either of the cases now under appeal, to
support the required statutory findings of the lack of
"substantial prejudice" and the presence of "extraordinary
circumstances." We hold that such findings must be expressly
made in order to comply with the legislative mandate and to
justify the entry of an order permitting the filing of a late
notice of claim under N.J.S.A. 59:8-9.
By reason of the foregoing, the sua sponte orders of June 5,
1997, entered in each case under appeal are reversed. The
matters are remanded for further proceedings. We do not retain
jurisdiction.
Footnote: 1 Plaintiff Allen's wife, Barbara Allen, sues per quod. Footnote: 2 The defendants acknowledge before us that the one-year time period did not begin to run until June 18, 1996. Footnote: 3 Plaintiff Smith's husband, James Smith, sues per quod.