(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the
convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the
interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized).
Argued September 12, 2000 -- Decided January 18, 2001
LaVecchia, J., writing for a unanimous Court.
The issue in this appeal is whether sufficient evidence was adduced at trial to sustain defendant's conviction
for third-degree endangering the welfare of children.
The charges arose from defendant's conduct that was observed by three victims, ages 11 and 13, as they
walked to their school bus stop, which was located in front of defendant's house. The defendant was seen talking on
the phone while standing nude in front of a window by one victim, age 11, on at least ten occasions. Another 11-
year-old victim observed this conduct on only one occasion when defendant was facing away from the window while
talking on the phone. The third victim, age 13, observed defendant nude while talking on the phone in front of the
window and testified that he “posed” for her. This victim later approached the defendant and complained to him
about “somebody” standing nude in his house. Upon questioning by the police, defendant denied any wrongful
conduct, but conceded that he may have answered the phone nude. The jury convicted defendant of fourth-degree
lewdness, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-4b(1), and third-degree endangering the welfare of children, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4a. He was
sentenced to a four-year term on the endangering conviction and a concurrent eighteen-month term for lewdness.
On appeal, the Appellate Division, sua sponte, raised the issue of whether a defendant's conduct that is
completely encompassed by the fourth-degree crime as defined by N.J.S.A. 2C:14-4b(1) (lewdness observed by a
child less than 13 years of age) may also be prosecuted as a third-degree crime as defined by N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4
(endangering the welfare of children). Answering the question in the affirmative, a majority of the Appellate
Division panel concluded that the two statutes proscribe independent criminal conduct and require distinct proofs to
warrant conviction for each offense. The majority found that defendant's exposure to the girls constituted the
sexual-conduct element of the endangering conviction, but determined that the exposure also must have a more-than-
theoretical capacity to have impaired or debauched the child's morals. Noting the absence of expert opinion or
other evidence by the State that defendant's nudity would tend to corrupt, mar or spoil the morals of the girls, the
majority reversed defendant's endangering conviction. The majority also found that the jury instructions on third-
degree endangering were flawed because the definition of sexual conduct used a reference to nudity that was
applicable to N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4b(1)(i), a child pornography provision in which the nudity relates to the child, not the
actor as was the case here. The dissent contended that it was not necessary for the State to prove that defendant's
conduct actually impaired or debauched the morals of a minor. The dissent also asserted that expert testimony was
not necessary to prove that endangering had occurred and concluded that there was sufficient evidence to sustain the
defendant's endangering conviction.
The State appealed as of right due to the dissent in the Appellate Division, pursuant to R. 2:2-1(a)(2).
Although the defendant died on September 26, 2000, the Court determined to hear the appeal because the case
involves important public issues in need of resolution.
HELD: The evidence adduced at defendant's trial was sufficient to have enabled a properly-instructed jury to
conclude that the defendant's conduct would debauch or impair the morals of girls aged thirteen and under.
However, the trial court's jury instruction regarding endangering was flawed because it reasonably could have had
the effect of directing a guilty verdict.
1. Lewdness is a fourth-degree offense when it constitutes the exposing of the actor's genitals for the sexual
gratification of the actor or some other person and is observed by a minor who is less than age thirteen with the actor
being at least four years older than the victim. The mens rea of the actor is an important element of the offense of
fourth-degree lewdness. Endangering the welfare of children is a third-degree crime where an actor engages in
sexual conduct which would impair or debauch the morals of a child under age sixteen. The focus in the
endangering statute shifts from the mental state of the actor to the potential effect on the morals of the child. The
same nudity that may constitute fourth-degree lewdness can form the basis for third-degree endangering if such
nudity would impair or debauch the morals of the child. A conviction for fourth-degree lewdness, however, should
not automatically sustain a third-degree endangering conviction. Instead, there must be proof that the nudity went
beyond mere exposure and would impair or debauch the morals of the child. (Pp. 8-12).
2. Reviewing the history of the lewdness and endangering statutes, both of which were amended in 1992, the Court
finds that mere nudity repeatedly presented at a window can constitute endangering the welfare of children if the
other elements of the crime are met. Proof of actual impairing or debauching of the victim's morals, however, is not
required. The legislative language prohibits any sexual conduct that would have this result on an average child in the
community. Moreover, the word “would” signals the futurity of a likely event; it does not require the event's actual
occurrence. (Pp. 12-17).
3. The victims' testimony at trial provided a sufficient basis upon which a jury could have arrived at a guilty verdict
on the endangering charge. Rather than a case of a child's stolen glimpse of nudity, there was testimony of repeated
incidents in which the defendant allowed himself to be viewed naked through an unobstructed front window in the
morning hours at the designated time children were assembling at a school bus stop located directly in front of his
home. A jury might have determined that defendant's actions appeared designed to attract the attention of little girls
in a flagrant and repetitive way. Testimony that defendant “waived” at one girl as he stood nude talking on the
phone, testimony by another that she saw defendant “posing” and that she confronted him suggests that the girls
sensed a sexual element to the conduct. There is no need for expert testimony to establish that defendant's conduct
had the tendency to impair or debauch the morals of the children who observed his nudity. This is a determination
that a jury is well-equipped to make by drawing on its knowledge, common sense and experience as to the kind of
conduct that is likely to impair the morals of young children. Furthermore, the question is not whether the victims
actually had their morals impaired or debauched, but whether the actor's sexual conduct was conduct that likely
would do so. Such a determination is well within the abilities of the average jury and allows it to fulfill its role as
arbiter of community standards. (Pp. 18-22).
4. The Court agrees with the Appellate Division that the trial court's jury instruction on endangering was flawed,
but for a different reason. The charge was flawed because it reasonably could have had the effect of directing a
guilty verdict. The jury was incorrectly instructed that if it found defendant's actions constituted sexual conduct, it
must conclude that the defendant necessarily impaired or debauched the morals of children. Whether defendant's
sexual conduct would debauch or impair the morals of a child is a separate determination for the jury. Although
such an error would normally constitute plain error requiring a new trial, the defendant is deceased. (Pp. 22-26).
5. The Model Jury Charge for endangering the welfare of a child was revised June 19, 2000, and the revision
addresses problems presented in this case. The Court entrusts to the Committee on Model Jury Charges, Criminal,
the question of whether further amendments to the Model Charge are necessary. In that connection, the Court notes
that the charge could be supplemented to more clearly inform the jury of its obligation to consider the State's proof
of sexual conduct and to evaluate that proof in the context of objectively reasonable contemporary standards in
determining whether the conduct would tend to impair the morals of the victim. (Pp. 26-27).
The judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED, as MODIFIED.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES STEIN, COLEMAN, LONG, VERNIERO, and
ZAZZALI join in JUSTICE LaVECCHIA's opinion.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
A-
53 September Term 1999
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
CHARLES G. HACKETT,
Defendant-Respondent.
_________________________
Argued September 12, 2000 -- Decided January 18,
2001
On appeal from the Superior Court, Appellate
Division, whose opinion is reported at
323 N.J. Super. 460 (1999).
John J. Farmer, Jr., Attorney General of New
Jersey, argued the cause for appellant (Mr.
Farmer, attorney; Catherine M. Foddai,
Deputy Attorney General, of counsel and on
the brief).
Michael N. Huff argued the cause for
respondent.
The opinion of the Court was delivered by
LaVECCHIA, J.
The issue in this appeal is whether the evidence adduced at
the trial of a defendant accused of exposing himself to three
minor girls was sufficient to sustain convictions for both
fourth-degree lewdness and third-degree endangering the welfare
of children. We were informed after oral argument that
defendant passed away on September 26, 2000. Citing the
significant public importance of addressing the relationship
between these two sexual offenses, the State has urged the Court
to issue an opinion notwithstanding defendant's death. Defense
counsel has not objected to that request. We agree that this
case involves important public issues in need of resolution.
Accordingly, we elect to decide the issues presented even though
the defendant has passed away. See Zirger v. General Accident
Ins. Co.,
144 N.J. 327, 330 (1996).
After a two-day trial, a jury convicted defendant, Charles
Hackett, of fourth-degree lewdness, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-4b(1), and
third-degree endangering the welfare of children, N.J.S.A.
2C:24-4a. The victims were three young girls, M.M., A.S., both
age eleven, and M.R.K., age thirteen. On several occasions
while they were walking to their school bus stop located in
front of defendant's residence in Middle Township, the girls
witnessed defendant standing nude near the front window in his
home. Defendant was sentenced to a four-year term on the
endangering conviction and a concurrent eighteen-month term for
lewdness.
The majority of the Appellate Division panel below, in
reversing defendant's endangering conviction, concluded that
while a defendant could be prosecuted for both crimes, the State
had failed to present adequate evidence that the lewd conduct
here would tend to impair or debauch the morals of a child, a
requisite element of an endangering conviction. State v.
Hackett,
323 N.J. Super. 460, 478 (1999). The majority also
found fault with the jury instruction pertaining to the
endangering charge, determining that it lacked sufficient
clarity. The dissent, however, concluded that there was
sufficient evidence introduced into the record upon which the
endangering conviction could have been sustained.
The State appeals as of right due to the dissent below. R.
2:2-1(a)(2). We hold that based on the testimony offered, a
jury could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that Hackett's
conduct had the capacity to impair or debauch the morals of a
minor.
The evidence introduced by the State indicated the following. On the morning of October 2, 1996, while she was walking to her school bus stop, M.M. saw defendant standing nude in his home at a distance of approximately three or four feet from the unobstructed front window. According to M.M., defendant waved to her. On cross-examination, M.M. conceded that defendant's waving may have simply been a hand gesture made while talking on the telephone. M.M. testified that on prior occasions during that school year, she had observed defendant standing nude near the front window while he was talking on the telephone. In all, M.M. surmised that she had seen defendant standing nude on approximately ten occasions.
A.S. observed defendant standing nude only on October 2, 1996. According to A.S., defendant was facing away from her while he was speaking on the telephone. On that same date, M.R.K., the thirteen-year old, observed defendant standing nude while talking on the telephone. M.R.K. indicated that defendant had been visible, standing naked near a window in his home. According to M.R.K., defendant “posed” for her. When questioned about what she meant by her testimony that defendant posed, M.M. responded, “[h]e was just standing there.” According to M.R.K., she later approached defendant and told him, “I have been seeing somebody standing nude in your house, and I am getting sick of it because my friends are too young to see this.” Defendant responded by stating that he would check his security cameras. Following this confrontation, M.R.K. did not again see defendant in the nude.
Subsequently, A.S.'s mother, T.W., was informed of the October 2 incident. It was T.W.'s recollection that in September and October 1996, defendant's windows were not shielded by either curtains or blinds, but following M.R.K.'s confrontation with him blinds were closed on defendant's front window.
T.W. informed the Middle Township Police Department of the October 2 incident and an investigation ensued. When questioned about the episode, defendant denied any wrongful conduct although he conceded that “he may have answered the phone without any clothes on.” Defendant did not testify at trial.
B.
The Appellate Division, sua sponte, raised the issue whether “an actor's conduct that is completely encompassed by the fourth-degree crime as defined by N.J.S.A. 2C:14- 4b(1)(lewdness observed by a child less than 13 years of age) may also be prosecuted as a third-degree crime as defined by N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4 (endangering the welfare of children) in the absence of any elements not already encompassed by N.J.S.A. 2C:14-4(b)(1).” Answering that question in the affirmative, the Appellate Division majority concluded that the two statutes proscribe independent criminal conduct and require distinct proofs to warrant conviction for each offense. Hackett, supra, 323 N.J. Super. at 475.
The majority also agreed that defendant's exposure of his nudity to the girls could constitute the “sexual conduct” element necessary to sustain an endangering conviction, citing the decision in State v. White, 105 N.J. Super. 234 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 54 N.J. 242 (1969). Hackett, supra, 323 N.J. Super. at 472. In that case, the defendant had shown photographs of nude men and women in various postures to a child. The majority below reasoned that if showing nude photographs to children could equate with “sexual conduct” under the endangering statute, defendant's nudity could as well. Ibid. But, the panel concluded that an act of exposure may constitute the third-degree crime of endangering only if that exposure had “more than a theoretical capacity to have impaired or debauched the child's morals.” Ibid. That added requirement did not make it “necessary for the State to prove . . . that the child was not debauched [prior to the act], or his morals more impaired after the act than they were before. The statute forbids the performance of acts which tend to debauch the child or impair his morals_whether they actually did so is immaterial.” Id. at 477 (quoting State v. Raymond, 74 N.J. Super. 434, 438 (App. Div. 1962), appeal dismissed, 39 N.J. 241 (1963)). Nevertheless, the majority concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support the State's claim that defendant's sexual conduct would impair or debauch the morals of a child. Id. at 478.
Noting the “absence of any expert opinion or any evidence offered by a representative of the Division of Youth and Family Services,” the majority determined that the limited evidence presented at trial did not suggest that defendant's mere nudity “would tend to corrupt, mar, or spoil the morals” of the girls. Ibid. The majority held that that failure necessitated a reversal of the conviction. Ibid. In so holding, the majority also pointed out that the Model Jury Charge's definition of “sexual conduct” was flawed because it used a reference to nudity that was applicable to N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4b(1)(i), the section of the statute prohibiting child pornography. In such a circumstance, the nudity described is the nudity of the child, not, as was the case here, the nudity of the actor.
The dissenting member of the panel below asserted that prior case law established that it is not necessary that defendant's conduct actually be demonstrated to have impaired or debauched the morals of a minor. Id. at 485. It was his view that the victims' testimony that defendant, on numerous occasions, stood nude in his home in full view of the children passing by “was sufficient to present a jury question as to whether defendant's conduct tended to impair or debauch the morals of the child.” Ibid. The dissent disagreed that expert testimony would be necessary to prove that endangering had occurred. Id. at 489. Finally, the dissent concluded that although the majority correctly alluded to a flaw in the Model Jury Charge on endangering, that infirmity was not implicated in the present case because the trial court explicitly defined sexual conduct as acts constituting lewdness, the offense charged in count one against defendant. Ibid.
In State v. Zeidell, 154 N.J. 417 (1998), the Court was called upon to determine how the Legislature intended to distinguish second-degree sexual assault from fourth-degree lewdness. In Zeidell, the defendant was witnessed masturbating while standing on a boardwalk in clear view of two children and an adult who were on the beach approximately seventy-five feet from the boardwalk. Id. at 420. Defendant was convicted of tender-years-sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2b, endangering the welfare of children, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4a, and fourth-degree lewdness, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-4b(1). Id. at 419. The Court distinguished fourth-degree lewdness from second-degree-tender years sexual assault by noting that lewdness requires that the actor's exposure be performed with the actor's knowledge or reasonable expectation that he is likely to be observed by a child less than thirteen years of age. Id. at 430. Moreover, “lewdness is limited to exposing or displaying an actor's intimate parts rather than touching them.” Id. at 431.
Tender-years-sexual assault, on the other hand, requires there to be a touching of the actor's intimate parts “in view” of an underage child “whom the actor knows to be present.” N.J.S.A. 2C:14-1d. Thus, the Court continued, “unlike lewdness, sexual assault does not require the underage child to actually observe the touching” although it was noted that the children did testify that they saw the prohibited act so there was no dispute that they were in Zeidell's field of vision. Ibid.
Our inquiry here must distinguish third-degree endangering from fourth-degree lewdness. 2C:14-4. Lewdness.
a. A person commits a disorderly persons offense if he does any flagrantly lewd and offensive act which he knows or reasonably expects is likely to be observed by other nonconsenting persons who would be affronted or alarmed.
b. A person commits a crime of the fourth degree if:
(1) He exposes his intimate parts for the purpose of arousing or gratifying the sexual desire of the actor or of any other person under circumstances where the actor knows or reasonably expects he is likely to be observed by a child who is less than 13 years of age where the actor is at least four years older than the child.
2C:24-4. Endangering Welfare of Children.
a. Any person having a legal duty for the care of a child or who has assumed responsibility for the care of a child who engages in sexual conduct which would impair or debauch the morals of the child, or who causes the child harm that would make the child an abused or neglected child as defined in R.S. 9:6-1, R.S. 9:6-3 and P.L. 1974, c. 119, §1 (C. 9:6-8.21) is guilty of a crime of the second degree. Any other person who engages in conduct or who causes harm as described in this subsection to a child under the age of 16 is guilty of a crime of the third degree.
In the context of this appeal, our analysis of the offenses of lewdness and endangering the welfare of children reveals a common denominator that is an element of both offenses: the nudity of the defendant. Lewdness is a disorderly persons offense whenever the actor commits a lewd or offensive act that he knows or reasonably anticipates is likely to be viewed by victims older than thirteen who would be affronted or alarmed by such conduct. N.J.S.A. 2C:14-4a; Zeidell, supra, 154 N.J. at 430. The lewd or offensive act becomes a fourth-degree offense when the lewdness constitutes the exposing of the actor's genitals for the sexual gratification of the actor or some other person. The fourth-degree offense of lewdness must involve a victim under the age of thirteen, and the actor must be at least four years older than the victim. Ibid.; N.J.S.A. 2C:14-4b(1).
In order to constitute fourth-degree lewdness then, the nudity of the actor must be occasioned by the sexual desire of the actor to be observed by a minor who is less than thirteen. Hackett, supra, 323 N.J. Super. at 474. The mens rea of the actor constitutes an important element of the offense of fourth- degree lewdness. In the crime of endangering the welfare of children, the potential effect on the victim constitutes an additional factor not required for a lewdness prosecution.
Endangering the welfare of children is a third-degree offense where an actor “engages in sexual conduct which would impair or debauch the morals of the child, or who causes the child harm that would make the child an abused or neglected child. . . .” N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4a. The same nudity that may constitute the fourth-degree offense of lewdness can additionally form the basis for the third-degree offense of endangering the welfare of children if such nudity “would impair or debauch the morals” of a child under the age of sixteen. The actor's nudity may form the basis of a second-degree conviction under the act if, in addition to the requisite elements discussed above, the actor was the parent, guardian or otherwise stands in loco parentis. Thus, the focus in a prosecution for endangering the welfare of children shifts from the mental state of the actor in performing the lewd conduct to the potential effect that such conduct may have on the morals of the child or children who are witness to the conduct.
We agree with the Appellate Division majority that a conviction for fourth-degree lewdness should not automatically sustain a third-degree endangering conviction. To sustain such a conviction, there must be proof that the nudity went beyond mere exposure and “would impair or debauch the morals” of the children subjected to such conduct. We also concur with the majority's conclusion that if a defendant is convicted of both lewdness and third-degree endangering offenses, the trial court should merge the lewdness conviction into the endangering conviction. Cf. State v. Still, 255 N.J. Super. 255, 259 (App. Div. 1992) (holding that defendant's endangering conviction merged into conviction of sexual assault). We note that the Appellate Division sustained defendant's lewdness conviction. That conviction is not challenged in this appeal. We part ways with the majority, however, by concluding that the evidence adduced at trial was sufficient to have enabled a properly- instructed jury to conclude that the defendant's conduct would debauch or impair the morals of girls aged thirteen and under.
Our review of this matter necessarily requires a review of the recent history of the lewdness and endangering statutes. In 1992, both statutes were amended by the Legislature as part of an effort to increase penalties for sexual crimes committed against minors. Office of the Governor, News Release, “Governor Florio Signs Laws Toughening Penalties and Boosting Child Protection Efforts.” (May 13, 1992). Specifically, L. 1992, c. 8, § 1 increased the gradation for lewdness when the victim is less than thirteen years old from a disorderly persons offense to a fourth-degree crime. Similarly, L. 1992, c. 6, § 1 upgraded endangering where defendant did not have a legal duty for the care of the child from a fourth-degree offense to a third-degree offense.
The majority and dissent arrived at different conclusions regarding the import of the 1992 amendments to the statutes. The dissent contended that because the Legislature indicated a need for stricter punishment of sexual acts involving minors, to conclude that a defendant could be convicted under both the lewdness and endangering statutes is reasonable. Hackett, supra, 323 N.J. Super. at 488 (Steinberg, J., dissenting). The majority determined that the amendments reflected a “careful and deliberative decision” that the “mere act of exposure, with nothing more, if observed or likely to be observed by a child younger than thirteen years old, should constitute a fourth- degree crime _ not a third-degree crime.” Id. at 476. However, the majority did not dispute that defendant's nudity in this case constituted “sexual conduct” as proscribed by N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4a, relying on White, supra, which held that displaying explicit photographs of nude adults to children was “sexual conduct.” Id. at 472.
The reported cases in which a defendant has been prosecuted for endangering the welfare of children typically have involved charges of additional, more serious crimes, notably sexual assault. See, e.g., State v. D.R., 109 N.J. 348 (1988)(observing that defendant convicted of aggravated sexual assault, sexual assault and endangering); State v. Miller, 108 N.J. 112 (1987)(holding that defendant's conviction of endangering should not merge with conviction of aggravated sexual assault). Therefore, to analyze the type of conduct that has been found to impair or debauch the morals of a child, we must consider decisional law construing the current statute's predecessor, N.J.S.A. 2A:96-3:
N.J.S.A. 2A:96-3. Debauching or impairing morals of a child under 16.
Any person who forces or induces any child under the age of 16 years to do or to submit to any act which tends to debauch the child or impair its morals is guilty of a misdemeanor.
[N.J.S.A. 2A:96-3 (repealed by L. 1978, c. 95).]
In State v. Bottigliero, 174 N.J. Super. 101, 103 (Resent. Panel 1980), the court held that the endangering statute was congruent to N.J.S.A. 2A:96-3. In that case, defendant pled guilty to impairing the morals of two girls. The defendant had shown one girl pictures of a man and a woman engaged in sexual intercourse, and asked another girl to touch his genitals, although there was no indication that the girl did so. Id. at 103. Similarly, in State v. South, 132 N.J. Super. 402 (App. Div. 1975), certif. denied, 69 N.J. 387 (1976), defendant was convicted of both open lewdness, N.J.S.A. 2A:115-1, and impairing the morals of a minor for exposing himself to a young girl outside a mall. Id. at 405. The defendant had approached the girl and her two friends, asking them to lead him to the men's room. The defendant then told the girls he did not want to go to the men's room but wanted to go outside. The victim was then led behind a tractor trailer where defendant exposed himself. Defendant's conviction for both open lewdness and impairing were affirmed. Id. at 410. And as noted earlier, in White, supra, the court in affirming defendant's conviction under N.J.S.A. 2A:96-3 for displaying nude photographs held “[t]he mere fact that most cases decided under the statute involve physical contact does not compel such a reading into the legislation of such a condition which the Legislature did not see fit to include.” 234 N.J. Super. at 237.
Thus, convictions under N.J.S.A. 2A:96-3 often were sustained even when defendant's only “act” consisted of simple exposure. Admittedly, N.J.S.A. 2A:96-3 and N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4a are not mirror images of one another. For example, the former statute speaks of “any act” that would debauch or impair, whereas N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4a is limited to “sexual conduct.” Moreover, the current statute does not appear to require that the State demonstrate that the defendant “force[d] or induce[d]” the child to submit to the act that tends to debauch the child, as required by the earlier statute. That is a significant change because in Bottigliero, White and South there was clearly some degree of inducement present. The deletion of the “force[d] or induce[d]” language from the statute's present version suggests that there no longer need be any force or inducement and supports the conclusion that mere nudity repeatedly presented at a window can constitute endangering the welfare of children if the other elements of the endangering crime are met.
N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4a also has altered the language requiring the State to show that the act “tends to debauch the child or impair its morals.” The current statute prohibits sexual conduct “which would impair or debauch the morals of a child.” Case law interpreting the predecessor statute, N.J.S.A. 2A:96-3, and the Model Jury Charge instructs that it is not necessary for the State to show that the sexual conduct actually resulted in impairing or debauching the morals of the child. As the court noted in Raymond, supra, 74 N.J. Super. at 438, “[t]he statute forbids the performance of acts which tend to debauch or impair morals _ whether they actually did so is immaterial.” In State v. Raymond, supra, 74 N.J. Super. at 436, the defendant was convicted of both lewdness and impairing the morals of the victim. Id. at 437. The defendant had sexual contact with a minor. Defendant attempted to introduce evidence to show that the victim had previously engaged in sexual relations with other adults. The Appellate Division held that “the mere fact that the victim had had previous similar relations with others did not make defendant's act one which did not tend to debauch or impair his morals.” Id. at 438.
As did the majority and dissent below, we do not view the altered statutory language “which would impair or debauch the morals of a child” as heightening the proof required on this element. Proof of actual impairing or debauching of the victims' morals is not required. The legislative language prohibits any sexual conduct that would result in the impairing or debauching of an average child in the community. The word “would” signals the futurity of a likely event; it does not require the event's actual occurrence.
The victims' testimony at trial provided a thin but sufficient basis upon which a jury could have arrived at a guilty verdict on the endangering charge. The testimony at trial revealed that defendant stood nude in his house, in open view through a front window on October 2, 1996 and several other occasions in the morning hours at the designated time children were assembling at a school bus stop located directly in front of his home. This was not a case involving a child's stolen glimpse of nudity, but instead there was testimony of repeated instances when the defendant allowed himself to be viewed naked, through an unobstructed window, by girls who were age thirteen and under. That description of defendant's conduct supports an endangering charge. The jury might well have determined that defendant's actions appeared designed to attract the attention of little girls in a flagrant and repetitive way. Furthermore, M.M. testified that defendant waved at her while he stood nude, talking on the phone. M.R.K. stated that she saw defendant “posing.” And, the testimony of M.R.K., the thirteen-year-old, revealed that she confronted defendant to inform him that she was “getting sick” of the nudity and that her “friends are too young to see this.” This suggests that the girls sensed a sexual element to defendant's conduct.
We are satisfied that there was no need for expert testimony to establish that defendant's conduct had the tendency to impair or debauch the morals of the children who observed his nudity. That is a determination that a jury is well-equipped to make. We have previously recognized “[t]hat the uncritical acceptance of expert testimony can becloud the issues.” State v. R.W., 104 N.J. 14, 30 (1986). Other states have recognized that juries are quite qualified to determine whether the statutory standard of endangering has been met. See, e.g., State v. Hummer, 911 P.2d 609, 613 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1995); People v. Harris, 48 Cal. Rptr. 677, 681 (Ct. App. 1966); State v. Sullivan, 525 A.2d 1353, 1363 (Conn. App. Ct. 1987); People v. Simmons, 699 N.E.2d 417, 419 (N.Y. 1998). As the court noted in Sullivan, in determining whether a defendant's conduct violated the statute, the jury “drew on its knowledge, common sense and experience as to the kind of conduct which is likely to impair the morals of young children.” Id. at 1363. In Simmons, supra, a day care worker was charged with fifteen counts of endangering the welfare of a child for “repeatedly directing vulgar remarks of a sexual nature” to a twenty-three-month-old child. Simmons, supra, 699 N.E. 2d at 418. Persons can be convicted under New York's endangering statute if they act “in a manner likely to be injurious to the physical, mental, or moral welfare of a child less than seventeen years old.” N.Y. Penal Law § 260.10(1) (McKinney 1998). Similar to the holdings involving our endangering statute, the New York Court of Appeals held that actual harm need not be proven in order to sustain an endangering conviction. Ibid. The court also found that “jurors, drawing upon their commonsense understanding of the nature of children, could reasonably conclude that . . . the remarks were likely to cause the child harm.” Id. at 419.
The dissent below contended that this record did not require scientific, technical or other specialized knowledge, and that a jury is capable of concluding whether defendant's conduct had the tendency to impair or debauch the morals of a child. We agree. We need not look any further than to our Rules of Evidence to find support for that result. N.J.R.E. 702 provides:
If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.
Landrigan v. The Celotex Corporation, 127 N.J. 404, 413 (1992), set forth the criteria for the admissibility of expert testimony:
(1) the intended testimony must concern a subject matter that is beyond the ken of the average juror;
(2) the field testified to must be at a state of the art such that an expert's testimony could be sufficiently reliable; and
(3) the witness must have sufficient expertise to offer the intended testimony.
A determination of whether specific conduct has the tendency to impair or debauch the morals of the average child is not “beyond the ken of the average juror.” The issue to be decided is not “so esoteric that jurors of common judgment and experience cannot form a valid judgment. . . .” Butler v. Acme Markets, 89 N.J. 270, 283 (1984). In Horn v. Village Supermarkets, Inc., 260 N.J. Super. 165, 175-76 (App. Div. 1992), certif. denied, 133 N.J. 435 (1993), the court, in a malicious prosecution case, precluded expert testimony concerning the anxiety that the plaintiff was alleged to have felt because the assessment of such alleged anxiety was within the common experience and knowledge of the average juror.
In State v. Walker, 215 N.J. Super. 39, 45-46 (App. Div.), certif. denied, 108 N.J. 179 (1987), the court concluded that the testimony of a psychiatrist or psychologist was not necessary to prove that a sexual assault victim suffered “incapacitating mental anguish” due to the attack. Such a factor, that would elevate the charge to first-degree aggravated assault, was for the jury to determine. The court held that the victim's own testimony, if accepted by the jury, would support a connection between the rape and her subsequent emotional state.
In our view, this jury had the ability to discern whether the conduct that occurred had the capacity to debauch or impair the morals of an average child in the community. The question is not whether the victims of the alleged endangering actually had their morals impaired or debauched, but whether the actor's “sexual conduct” was conduct that likely would impair or debauch the morals of a child in the community. Such a determination is well within the abilities of the average jury, and allows the jury to fulfill its role as arbiter of community standards when applying the laws of our State.
As noted above, we agree with the majority's determination that the trial court's jury instruction regarding endangering was flawed, but for a different reason. The panel correctly noted that the Model Jury Charge, as it existed at the time of defendant's trial, was deficient because it improperly defined “sexual conduct” as including “nudity, if alone or depicted for the purpose of sexual stimulation or gratification of any person who may view it.” That language was taken from N.J.S.A. 2C:24- 4b(1)(i), the section of the statute proscribing child pornography. Clearly, incorporating that instruction could have resulted in confusion where the “sexual conduct” charge alludes to defendant's nudity. The Appellate Division majority erred, however, in that the trial court, in fact, did not instruct the jury with a verbatim recitation of the Model Charge. The court omitted from its charge that portion of the Model Charge that the Appellate Division majority properly concluded was inappropriate. With regard to the endangering count, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:
Now the second count of the indictment charges endangering the welfare of a child. The defendant is charged in the indictment with--with that offense, and the statute which makes that a crime reads as follows: Any person who engages in sexual conduct which would impair or debauch the morals of a child is guilty of a crime. In order to find the defendant guilty of this crime, the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the following elements: One, that the victim or victims were children under the age of 16; two, that the defendant knowingly engaged in sexual conduct; three, that such conduct would impair or debauch the morals of a child or children.
Now as to the first element, that the victims were children, the use of the term "child" in the statute means any person under the age of 16 at the time of the offense. Now proof of the first element was shown by the proof of the ages of the alleged victims in this case.
As to the second element, that the defendant knowingly engaged in sexual conduct, sexual conduct is a phrase which includes various prohibited acts. The term "sexual conduct" is a phrase which includes acts which would include, also, the offense charged in count one [lewdness] and/or the offense charged as al--an alternative to count one [disorderly persons lewdness], which I just--both of which I just defined for you moments ago. You will recollect that this second element must be shown to have been done knowingly.
The third element, which I will define for you, must also have been done knowingly; and that is, that the sexual conduct was engaged knowing it would impair or debauch the morals of the children. Sexual conduct which would impair or debauch the morals of a child is conduct which tends to corrupt, mar, or spoil the morals of a child under 16 years of age. The law provides that sexual conduct would impair or debauch the morals of the child. It is not necessary to show that the sexual conduct actually resulted in impairing or debauching the morals of a child.
Now as I have instructed you, both the second and third elements of the offense require the defendant acted knowingly. A person acts knowingly with respect to the nature of his conduct or the attendant circumstances if he is aware that the conduct--his conduct is of that nature or that such circumstances exist or the person is aware of a high probability of their existence. A person acts knowingly with respect to a result of his conduct if the person is aware that it is practically certain that the conduct will cause such a result.
In order to find the defendant guilty, the State must prove each and every element of the offense as I have just defined it for you beyond a reasonable doubt. If you find the defendant has failed to prove any of--or all of the elements of the offense beyond a
reasonable doubt, then you must find the
defendant not guilty.
The trial court, in omitting the offending sentence,
avoided the error cited by the majority of the Appellate
Division. The dissent correctly observed that the trial court's
charge specifically limited the jury's consideration of “sexual
conduct” to the acts of lewdness. But the jury charge as given
here was flawed nonetheless because it reasonably could have had
the effect of directing a guilty verdict.
The trial court must give a clear explanation of the
applicable law to provide the jury with an adequate
understanding of the relevant legal principles. State v.
Burgess,
154 N.J. 181 (1998). A jury must be charged on each
element of the crime. State v. Green,
318 N.J. Super. 361, 376
(App. Div. 1999), aff'd,
163 N.J. 140 (2000). That portion of
the jury's charge that stated that “[t]he law provides that
sexual conduct would impair or debauch the morals of the child”
effectively obscured the distinction between the second and
third elements of the endangering statute. The jury was
instructed incorrectly that if it found defendant's actions
constituted sexual conduct, then the jury must conclude the
defendant necessarily impaired or debauched the morals of
children. The separate determination that the jury must make on
the third element of the endangering crime was not properly
explained. We are certain that the jury was entitled to a more
precise instruction than it received from the charge it was
given in order for it to have properly determined beyond a
reasonable doubt whether defendant's sexual conduct would
debauch or impair the morals of a child as required under the
statute. Normally we would consider that defect to constitute
plain error requiring a new trial. But, defendant is deceased
and a retrial is not possible.
We note that the Model Jury Charge for endangering the
welfare of a child was revised June 19, 2000. The charge in its
current form appears to correct the infirmities inherent in the
charge's previous version. The revised charge deletes any
reference to nudity and leaves it to the trial court to instruct
the jury on the nature of the sexual conduct allegedly committed
by the defendant. The revised charge also appears to have
addressed the problem in this case by completely omitting the
following sentence: “The law provides that the sexual conduct
would impair or debauch the morals of a child.” We shall
entrust to the Committee on Model Jury Charges, Criminal, the
question whether any further amendment to the model charge is
necessary. In that connection, we note that the revised charge
states that “[s]exual conduct [that] would impair or debauch the
morals of a child is conduct which tends to corrupt, mar or
spoil the morals of a child under sixteen (16) years of age.”
(emphasis added). That explanatory language could, in our view,
be supplemented to more clearly inform the jury of its
obligation to consider the proof of sexual conduct offered by
the State and to evaluate that proof in the context of
objectively reasonable contemporary standards in determining
whether that conduct would tend to impair the morals of the
victim.
As modified, the judgment of the Appellate Division is affirmed; because defendant is deceased, the matter is remanded to the trial court for entry of an order dismissing the endangering count of the indictment.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES STEIN, COLEMAN, LONG, VERNIERO and ZAZZALI join in JUSTICE LaVECCHIA's opinion.
NO. A-53 SEPTEMBER TERM 1999
ON APPEAL FROM Appellate Division, Superior Court
ON CERTIFICATION TO
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
CHARLES G. HACKETT,
Defendant-Respondent.
DECIDED January 18, 2000
Chief Justice Poritz PRESIDING
OPINION BY Justice LaVecchia
CONCURRING OPINION BY
DISSENTING OPINION BY