(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized).
Argued September 9, 2002 -- Decided November 19, 2002
COLEMAN, J., writing for a unanimous Court
The issue in this appeal is whether the admission of other-crime evidence deprived defendant of a fair trial.
On October 12, 1998, two masked men robbed The Rainbow Deli in Edison.
An eyewitness described the men as one being taller and broader than the
other and was apparently able to make out through the eye openings in
the masks that they were “black.” The eyewitness also described how one of
the men wielded a gun while the other emptied the cash register.
Eleven days later, two masked men robbed a North Plainfield 7-11 store. A
videotape system recorded the robbery. One of the 7-11 store perpetrators dropped his
wallet, later identified as belonging to Basim Hobson. Following his arrest, Hobson gave
the police a statement implicating himself and defendant in both the 7-11 store
and Rainbow Deli robberies. Hobson pled guilty to both robberies and, as part
of a plea agreement, agreed to testify against defendant, whom he identified as
the gunman in each robbery.
At defendant’s trial, the prosecutor moved to introduce the videotape recording of the
7-11 store robbery as other-crime evidence. Because there was no clear and convincing
evidence that defendant had committed another armed robbery, the prosecutor and the trial
court agreed that the videotape was admissible as “demonstrative evidence” to corroborate Hobson’s
testimony that defendant was the gunman in the 7-11 store robbery, as well
as other aspects of his testimony. Defense counsel objected to the introduction of
the videotape, arguing that it was “highly prejudicial” and was probative of no
material fact in issue in respect of the Rainbow Deli robbery.
The videotape was played twice for the jury and Hobson identified defendant as
the masked person holding a gun in the videotape. The jury found defendant
guilty of the Rainbow Deli robbery and a number of weapons charges, including
possession of a handgun by a previously convicted felon. The trial court sentenced
defendant on the robbery to a mandatory extended term of life without parole
eligibility.
In an unpublished opinion, the Appellate Division affirmed the trial court’s opinion, although
it agreed that defense counsel had objected to both Hobson’s 7-11 store robbery
testimony and introduction of the videotape.
The Supreme Court granted defendant’s petition for certification, initially limiting the issue to
whether the videotape was admissible under N.J.R.E. 404(b) and N.J.R.E. 403. The Court
subsequently advised counsel that it would also address whether Hobson’s 7-11 store robbery
testimony was admissible.
HELD: Evidence of a subsequent robbery was not admissible as other-crime evidence and
was prejudicial to defendant, requiring a new trial.
1. Hobson’s 7-11 store robbery testimony and the videotape are clear examples
of other-crime evidence. The trial court failed to recognize this and consequently failed
to apply the four-part test for determining whether such evidence was admissible. The
trial court’s decision is thus not entitled to deference or review under the
abuse of discretion standard. This Court must therefore conduct a de novo review
of whether the other-crime evidence was admissible. (Pp. 8-9)
2. N.J.R.E. 404(b) circumscribes the use of other crimes, wrongs, or bad acts
committed by an accused and, read in conjunction with N.J.R.E. 403, is a
rule of exclusion rather than a rule of inclusion. Other-crime evidence is admissible
when: 1) The evidence is relevant to a material issue genuinely in dispute;
2) The evidence is similar in kind and reasonably close in time to
the offense charged; 3) The evidence is clear and convincing; and 4) The
probative value of the evidence outweighs its apparent prejudice. State v. Cofield,
127 N.J 328 (1992). (P. 9-12)
3. Ordinarily, other-crime evidence should not be admitted simply to bolster the credibility
of a witness. Applying the four-prong test, Hobson’s testimony in respect of the
7-11 store robbery was not relevant and therefore inadmissible. Similarly, the videotape was
inadmissible other-crime evidence. The trial court inaccurately described the videotape evidence as “demonstrative”
when in fact it did not demonstrate anything because the masked robbers were
unrecognizable. The videotape was not relevant, had no probative value, and should have
been excluded because the prejudicial effect far outweighed any probative value. In addition,
introduction of the other-crime evidence was not harmless error. Without that evidence, the
jury may well have disbelieved Hobson’s testimony in respect of the Rainbow Deli
robbery. (Pp. 12-15)
The judgment of the Appellate Division is REVERSED and the matter is REMANDED
to the Law Division for a new trial.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES LONG, VERNIERO, LaVECCHIA, ZAZZALI, and JUDGE PRESSLER, J.A.D.,
temporarily assigned, join in Justice COLEMAN’s opinion.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
RODERICK S. DARBY,
Defendant-Appellant.
Argued September 9, 2002 -- Decided November 19, 2002
On certification to the Superior Court, Appellate Division.
Alan I. Smith, Designated Counsel, argued the cause for appellant (Peter A. Garcia,
Acting Public Defender, attorney).
Simon Louis Rosenbach, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause for respondent (Glenn Berman, Middlesex
County Prosecutor, attorney).
The opinion of the Court was delivered by
COLEMAN, J.
Defendant was convicted of first-degree robbery of a deli that occurred on October
12, 1998. During the course of that trial, the State was permitted to
introduce other-crime evidence of a subsequent robbery for the sole purpose of bolstering
the credibility of Basim Hobson, a critical prosecution witness. He testified that he
and defendant committed both robberies. The critical issue presented in this appeal is
whether the admission of that evidence deprived defendant of a fair trial. The
trial court ruled against defendant and the Appellate Division affirmed. We reverse the
conviction because evidence concerning the subsequent robbery was not admissible and because the
prejudicial effect of that evidence requires a new trial.
On October 12, 1998, the Rainbow Deli in Edison was robbed at approximately 10:45 p.m. The State’s evidence with respect to that robbery consisted of the following. Tina Henry, a clerk on duty, described the perpetrators as two masked men; one was taller and broader than the other. Henry reported that the shorter of the two robbers, later identified as defendant, threatened her with a gun while the other perpetrator, later identified as Basim Hobson, emptied the cash drawer behind the counter. Defendant pushed Henry into an office where a safe was located. When defendant and Hobson discovered the safe was not locked, they also emptied it. Before leaving the office, defendant and Hobson forced Henry and her co-worker to get under the desk. The two perpetrators then encountered a customer, Michele Nicita, as they were fleeing from the Rainbow Deli. Defendant pointed the gun at Nicita’s head while stating: “‘Make believe you don’t see this [;] [d]on’t say anything.’” Nicita notified the police as soon as the perpetrators ran from the premises.
Henry described the perpetrators to the police as one being taller than the other. She stated that the shorter of the two men was approximately five feet eight inches tall and wore a gray sweatshirt with blue writing on the front. He was the one who wielded the gun. The taller robber wore a gray sweatshirt with black pants. Henry reported that the perpetrators took $10,000 from the safe and approximately $2,000 in lottery money from the front area. Nicita described the gunman as being between five feet six inches and five feet seven inches tall and the other robber as being between five feet nine inches and five feet eleven inches tall. Although both perpetrators wore masks, the witnesses could see through the eye openings that they were “black.”
Eleven days later, two masked men robbed a North Plainfield 7-11 store. An employee on duty at the time informed the police that one perpetrator held a gun to his head while the other robber took money from the register. An office where a safe was located was locked and the employee did not have a key. A surveillance videotape system recorded the robbery. The videotape, lasting between ten seconds and one minute, showed two masked men robbing the store. During the course of that robbery, one of the perpetrators dropped his wallet in the store. The wallet belonged to Basim Hobson.
Following his arrest, Hobson gave the police a statement implicating himself and defendant in both robberies. Hobson also informed the police that he hid the gun and the clothing he wore during both robberies in the home of a friend where Hobson sometimes slept. A search warrant executed on those premises uncovered the clothing and a silver semi-automatic .38-caliber handgun. Under a plea agreement with the Middlesex County Prosecutor, Hobson pled guilty to, among other charges, the Rainbow Deli and the 7-11 store robberies. As part of the plea agreement, he agreed to testify against defendant whom he identified as the gunman in each robbery.
During the trial for the Rainbow Deli robbery, defendant’s defense was that he was not a participant and that he had an alibi. Although defendant did not testify, his girlfriend testified that defendant was with her on the evenings of October 12 and 23, 1998 when the two robberies occurred. It was stipulated that defendant is five feet six inches tall, that Hobson is six feet two inches tall, and that both men are African American.
In an unpublished opinion, the Appellate Division accurately summarized Hobson’s testimony as follows:
According to Hobson, on the night in question, the two men rode by the Rainbow Deli after 10:00 p.m. and parked the car in which they were riding a few doors up the street. Hobson was wearing jeans, a hooded sweatshirt, boots and a face mask. Defendant was wearing green sweat pants, a black hooded sweatshirt, a face mask, and black gloves. The two men waited in the bushes in the parking lot and then ran to the side window to look inside the store. After the last customer left the store, they entered. Defendant was holding the gun.
Hobson further testified that defendant made the male clerk get on the floor while he pointed a gun at his back and while Hobson grabbed the money from the drawers. Defendant then took the female clerk to the back office where they were soon joined by Hobson and the male clerk. After taking about $10,000 from the safe, Hobson ripped the phone out of the wall and the two perpetrators left the store. After the robbery, defendant told Hobson to take the gun, so he “stashed” it in the attic of a friend’s house where Hobson was keeping clothing.
Trial counsel for defendant agreed that Hobson’s unredacted testimony concerning the 7-11 store robbery was admissible. The Appellate Division summarized that testimony as follows:
According to Hobson, eleven days later, on October 23, 1998, at about midnight, defendant and Hobson drove by a “7-11” store in North Plainfield, Somerset County, which they decided to rob. They parked the car on a side street, hid on the side of the store, and waited for the last customer to leave. They then ran inside the “7-11” store with defendant again wielding the gun. There was “only one clerk” inside the store this time. Defendant put the gun to the clerk’s head while Hobson took money from the cash register. Since the clerk did not have the key to the back office, defendant and Hobson left.
Hobson claimed that the gun “was always loaded” and was loaded for both robberies. He positively identified defendant in court.
Prior to introducing the videotape into evidence, the prosecutor made an application to
have it admitted as other-crime evidence. His uncertainty in respect of whether the
legal standard for admitting other-crime evidence could be satisfied is reflected in his
admission that categorizing it as other-crime evidence might be a “misnomer . .
. because there is [no] clear and convincing independent evidence that, in fact,
the defendant committed another armed robbery.” Eventually, the prosecutor and the trial court
agreed that the videotape was admissible as “demonstrative evidence” to corroborate Hobson’s testimony
that defendant was the gunman in the 7-11 store robbery and to corroborate
his testimony concerning the circumstances surrounding Hobson’s arrest.
Despite “agreeing” that Hobson’s 7-11 store robbery testimony was admissible, counsel for defendant
objected to the introduction of the videotape depicting the 7-11 store robbery. He
argued that “I don’t see why we have to bring out that armed
robbery in this trial. Clearly, that is highly prejudicial.” In addition, he argued
that the videotape should be excluded from evidence because it was probative of
no material fact in issue in respect of the Rainbow Deli robbery.
The videotape was played twice for the jury while Hobson was on the
witness stand. Hobson identified defendant as the masked person holding a gun in
the videotape.
The jury found defendant guilty of robbing the Rainbow Deli, conspiracy to commit
robbery, and two charges of unlawful possession of a handgun. Subsequently, the same
jury found defendant guilty of possession of a handgun by a previously convicted
felon. After merging some offenses, the trial court sentenced defendant on the robbery
to a mandatory extended term of life without parole eligibility.
The Appellate Division noted in its opinion that the brief filed in that
court by defendant’s counsel had not argued that defense counsel had objected in
the trial court to Hobson’s 7-11 store robbery testimony. At oral argument in
that court, however, defense counsel contended that trial counsel had objected to both
the introduction of Hobson’s 7-11 store robbery testimony and the videotape. The Appellate
Division agreed that counsel had objected to both. Nonetheless, that court found no
reversible error. We granted defendant’s petition for certification, limited to whether the videotape
was admissible under N.J.R.E. 404(b) and N.J.R.E. 403.
170 N.J. 391 (2001). Subsequent
to oral argument before this Court, we notified all counsel that we also
intend to address whether Hobson’s 7-11 store robbery testimony was admissible. Counsel have
submitted supplemental briefs on that issue.
Defendant contends that the trial court failed to perform its gatekeeper role when it did not evaluate Hobson’s testimony concerning the 7-11 store robbery and the videotape of that robbery in accordance with State v. Cofield, 127 N.J. 328 (1992), and its progeny. He also argues that the Appellate Division erred when it concluded that the videotape was not other-crime evidence and was properly used to enhance or corroborate Hobson’s testimony that defendant was a co-perpetrator of the Rainbow Deli robbery notwithstanding the fact that the videotape showed two unrecognizable masked robbers.
Our analysis must begin with a determination of whether Hobson’s testimony concerning the 7-11 store robbery, or the videotape of that robbery, or both, constitute other-crime evidence. We hold that both the testimony and the videotape are other-crime evidence. Both refer to a robbery for which defendant was not on trial. It would be difficult to find a clearer example of other-crime evidence than Hobson’s testimony concerning the 7-11 store robbery and the videotape of that robbery. But not all other-crime evidence is inadmissible.
Ordinarily, the admissibility of other-crime evidence is left to the trial court’s discretion, and its decision is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. State v. Marrero, 148 N.J. 469, 483 (1997). Because the trial court failed to recognize that Hobson’s testimony with respect to the 7-11 store robbery and the videotape were other-crime evidence, it did not apply the four-part test that has been distilled from decisional law for determining when such evidence is admissible. Hence, no deference is to be accorded the trial court’s decision to admit that evidence; nor is that decision entitled to be reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. We are, therefore, compelled to conduct a de novo review of whether the other-crime evidence was admissible.
New Jersey Rule of Evidence (N.J.R.E.) 404(b) circumscribes the use of other crimes, wrongs, or bad acts committed by an accused. Preliminarily, such evidence is admissible only if it is relevant to prove a fact genuinely in dispute “and the evidence is necessary as proof of the disputed issue.” State v. Hernandez, 170 N.J. 106, 118-19 (2001); State v. Marrero, supra, 148 N.J. at 482; State v. Oliver, 133 N.J. 141, 151 (1993); State v. Stevens, 115 N.J. 289, 301 (1989). N.J.R.E. 404(b) states:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the disposition of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. Such evidence may be admitted for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity or absence of mistake or accident when such matters are relevant to a material issue in dispute.
[Ibid.]
“After many years of decisional law determining when other-crime evidence is admissible, a
four-part test has been distilled. That test is designed to ‘avoid the over-use
of [such] evidence,’” State v. Marrero, supra, 148 N.J. at 483 (quoting State
v. Cofield, supra, 127 N.J. at 338), because of its “unique tendency to
turn a jury against the defendant.” State v. Stevens, supra, 115 N.J. at
302. The following four-part test has been established:
1. The evidence of the other crime must be admissible as relevant to
a material issue;
2. It must be similar in kind and reasonably close in time to
the offense charged;
3. The evidence of the other crime must be clear and convincing; and
4. The probative value of the evidence must not be outweighed by its
apparent prejudice.
[State v. Cofield, supra, 127 N.J. at 338 (citations omitted).]
Under the first prong of that test, the other-crime evidence must be relevant
to a material issue genuinely in dispute. Generally, “[r]elevant evidence means evidence having
a tendency in reason to prove or disprove any fact of consequence to
the determination of the action.” N.J.R.E. 401. Relevancy is the hallmark of admissibility
of evidence. In determining whether evidence is relevant, the inquiry should focus on
“the logical connection between the proffered evidence and a fact in issue.” State
v. Hutchins,
241 N.J. Super. 353, 358 (App. Div. 1990). “‘If the evidence
offered makes the inference to be drawn more logical, then the evidence should
be admitted unless otherwise excludable by a rule of law.’” State v. G.V.,
162 N.J. 252, 272-73 (2000)(Coleman, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)(quoting
State v. Covell,
157 N.J. 554, 565 (1999)). In other words, “[t]o be
relevant, evidence must have ‘probative value, which is the tendency of the evidence
to establish the proposition that it is offered to prove.’” State v. Koskovich,
168 N.J. 448, 480 (2001) (quoting State v. Wilson,
135 N.J. 4, 13
(1994)). Once it is determined that the other-crime evidence is relevant to establish
a fact genuinely in dispute, “the probative value of the proffered evidence [must]
be carefully balanced against the danger that it will create undue prejudice against
the defendant.” State v. Stevens, supra, 115 N.J. at 302. “Consequently, the primary
focus of [N.J.R.E. 404(b)], when examined in conjunction with [N.J.R.E. 403], is to
view it as a rule of exclusion rather than a rule of inclusion.”
State v. Marrero, supra, 148 N.J. at 482-83; State v. Cofield, supra, 127
N.J. at 337.
Applying those principles to the present case, we conclude that Hobson’s testimony in respect of the 7-11 store robbery was not relevant and therefore inadmissible. The State argued that Hobson’s other-crime testimony was used to support his credibility that he and defendant robbed the Rainbow Deli. Although N.J.R.E. 607 permitted the State to introduce extrinsic evidence to bolster Hobson’s credibility, that rule has its limitations. Even prior consistent statements that are not other-crime evidence are inadmissible to bolster credibility if, under a N.J.R.E. 403 balancing, the probative value as to credibility is slight in comparison to a substantial danger of undue prejudice. State v. Sullivan, 24 N.J. 18, 39 (1957).
Consistent with the view that N.J.R.E. 404(b) is a rule of exclusion rather than a rule of inclusion, ordinarily other-crime evidence should not be admitted simply to bolster the credibility of a witness. There is no compelling reason to hold otherwise because uncorroborated accomplice testimony is sufficient both to support a guilty verdict and to satisfy Cofield’s third prong. State v. Hernandez, supra, 170 N.J. at 125. If other-crime evidence is admissible merely to support the credibility of a witness, then the Cofield standard designed to severely limit the use of such highly inflammatory evidence becomes meaningless.
Similarly, we conclude that the videotape was inadmissible other-crime evidence. When the prosecutor sought to introduce the videotape, defense counsel questioned its relevancy by asking what was “the purpose of offering the evidence.” The prosecutor and the trial court stated that “[i]t is demonstrative.” Boiled down to its essentials, the prosecutor and the trial court believed that the videotape was relevant to corroborate Hobson’s testimony that he and defendant committed the 7-11 store robbery. But the trial court and the prosecutor failed to recognize that the videotape was other-crime evidence and referred to the videotape as demonstrative evidence. That inaccurate description did not confer admissibility. The videotape was not relevant and hence had no probative value. Clearly, it was not demonstrative evidence because the masked robbers recorded on the videotape were unrecognizable. Therefore, the videotape did not demonstrate that defendant committed the 7-11 store robbery. Nor did it corroborate Hobson’s identification of defendant. Consequently, the videotape standing alone did not satisfy the Cofield admissibility standard that the evidence must be clear and convincing.
Even if the other-crime evidence had satisfied the first three prongs of the Cofield standard, both Hobson’s testimony and the videotape should have been excluded because the prejudicial effect far outweighed any probative value. “The temporal remoteness of other-crime evidence affects . . .[the] prejudicial effect on a defendant.” State v. Marrero, supra, 148 N.J. at 491. Here, the other-crime evidence informed the jury that not only did defendant have the propensity to commit robberies, but that he used the same gun eleven days later to commit another robbery.
We are persuaded that the introduction of the other-crime evidence was not harmless error. The defense during the trial was a general denial of guilt. The prosecutor conceded during oral argument before us that the other-crime evidence introduced in this case was powerful. Without evidence that Hobson and defendant committed a second robbery eleven days later, the jury may well have disbelieved Hobson’s testimony in respect of the Rainbow Deli robbery. Hobson was the only person who identified defendant as one of the perpetrators of the Rainbow Deli robbery. He met defendant for the first time on the day of that robbery. The prosecutor agrees that the jury could have rejected Hobson’s testimony that defendant participated in the Rainbow Deli robbery because Hobson “had a criminal record and had repeatedly changed his position with respect to defendant’s participation.” Also, Hobson testified for the State against defendant pursuant to a favorable plea agreement. Thus, we conclude that, not only was the other-crime evidence not relevant and should have been excluded under a N.J.R.E. 403 balancing test, but that the admission of the prejudicial and inflammatory other-crime evidence “‘raise[s] a reasonable doubt as to whether the error led the jury to a result it otherwise might not have reached.’” State v. Hightower, 120 N.J. 378, 410 (1990) (quoting State v. Bankston, 63 N.J. 263, 273 (1973)). Accordingly, we conclude that the admission of the other-crime evidence was reversible error.
The judgment of the Appellate Division is reversed. The matter is remanded to the Law Division for a new trial.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES LONG, VERNIERO, LaVECCHIA, ZAZZALI and JUDGE PRESSLER, temporarily assigned, join in JUSTICE COLEMAN’s opinion.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
NO. A-51 SEPTEMBER TERM 2001
ON CERTIFICATION TO Appellate Division, Superior Court
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
RODERICK S. DARBY,
Defendant-Appellant.
DECIDED November 19, 2002
Chief Justice Poritz PRESIDING
OPINION BY Justice Coleman
CONCURRING OPINION BY
DISSENTING OPINION BY
CHECKLIST