SYLLABUS
(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has
been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the convenience of the
reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please
note that, in the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not
have been summarized).
Argued November 9, 2004 -- Decided March 10, 2005
WALLACE, J., writing for a unanimous Court.
The issue in this appeal is whether an insurer should be barred from raising the statute-of-limitations defense to an insured’s claim for uninsured motorist benefits.
On August 30, 1995, a vehicle driven by Howard Wanderman stuck Theodore Price,
a pedestrian in the course of his employment. Price’s insurance carrier was New
Jersey Manufacturers Insurance Company (NJM) and the policy in question included uninsured motorist
coverage. Language in the uninsured motorist coverage provided that if the insured and
the carrier did not agree on the issue of coverage or the amount
of damages recoverable from an owner or operator of an uninsured or underinsured
vehicle, then the matter could go to arbitration at either party’s request.
Sometime after the accident, Price learned that Wanderman’s insurance company had denied coverage
for the accident. On February 12, 1998, Price’s attorney wrote to NJM notifying
the carrier that Price would be presenting an uninsured motorist claim and asking
NJM to establish an uninsured motorist claim file. By letter dated March 18,
1998, NJM’s claims representative acknowledged receipt of Price’s letter and asked for information
regarding Price’s injuries and any workers’ compensation lien.
In a June 1998 letter, Price’s attorney notified NJM that Price had filed
an action against Wanderman to protect NJM’s subrogation interest. The attorney also informed
NJM of the amount of the workers’ compensation lien and expressly noted that
he hoped to proceed with the uninsured motorist claim. Price’s attorney enclosed copies
of Price’s medical records and other information to “allow [NJM] to begin to
evaluate this claim.” In September 1998, Price’s attorney mailed the workers’ compensation file
to NJM. The insurer responded with a letter authorizing Price to dismiss the
action against Wanderman.
On April 20, 1999, NJM scheduled a medical examination of Price by its
doctor and on September 14, 1999, Dr. Bosniak examined Price. On January 15,
March 1, and April 5, 2001, Price’s attorney sent NJM various documents including
medical reports, employment records, a workers’ compensation lien letter, and a medical authorization
form. Finally, on August 21, 2001, nine days before the expiration date of
the statute of limitations, NJM requested Price’s complete workers’ compensation file, the original
MRI films from 1996 and 1998, and his employer’s policy language regarding their
uninsured motorist coverage and exposure to this loss. Price’s attorney forwarded most of
the requested information on September 20, 2001, continuing to send additional information on
the claim as it was received through September 2002. NJM failed to respond
to a letter request in September 2002 from Price’s attorney asking for NJM’s
evaluation of the uninsured motorist claim.
On November 22, 2002, Price filed a complaint and Order to Show Cause,
seeking to compel NJM to participate in arbitration. NJM asserted that Price failed
to formally request coverage or demand arbitration prior to the expiration of the
statute of limitations on August 30, 2001; therefore, it was not required to
participate in arbitration. The trial court disagreed, finding NJM’s actions lulled Price’s attorney
into a false sense of having timely made an uninsured motorist claim.
On appeal, a majority of the Appellate Division affirmed the decision of the
trial court, holding that NJM was estopped from raising the statute-of-limitations defense and
that it should have notified Price of its intent to rely on that
defense. The dissenting member of the panel found no trickery or misconduct by
NJM sufficient to apply equitable estoppel.
NJM appealed to the Supreme Court as of right based on the dissent
in the Appellate Division. The Court granted NJM’s separate petition for certification on
the issue of whether the Appellate Division’s notification rule should apply retroactively or
prospectively.
HELD: The record amply supports the trial court’s finding that NJM’s conduct lulled
Price and his attorney into believing that the uninsured motorist claim had been
appropriately filed. Therefore, the trial court properly rejected NJM’s statute of limitations defense.
1. The six-year statute of limitations applies to uninsured motorist claims and begins
to run from the date of the accident. Price was injured on August
30, 1995, and the complaint was filed on November 22, 2002, a year
after the statute had run. The primary purpose of the statute of limitations
is to enable a defendant the opportunity to reasonably defend and to prevent
plaintiffs from litigating stale claims. Nonetheless, when defendants are on notice of the
claims and there will be no significant prejudice in permitting the litigation to
proceed, the reasons for strict adherence to the statute diminish. To avoid the
harsh results from a mechanical application of the statute of limitations, the Court
has applied equitable principles to conclude that the statute should yield to other
equitable considerations. (Pp. 6-7)
2. Here, the undisputed facts support an equitable tolling of the statute of
limitations. Price’s attorney notified NJM in February 1998 that he would be presenting
an uninsured motorist claim and, in June 1998, enclosed various documents to enable
NJM to “begin to evaluate this claim.” Price met every one of NJM’s
requests. It was not until October 28, 2001, more than a year after
the running of the statute of limitations that NJM notified Price that the
statute barred his claim. NJM violated its duty of good faith and fair
dealing. It was unreasonable for NJM to sit back, request and receive various
documents for over three years and then deny Price’s claim because he didn’t
request arbitration or file a complaint before the running of the six-year statute
of limitations. (Pp. 7-10)
3. A court need not invoke estoppel when a carrier denies coverage prior
to the running of the statute of limitations. Here estoppel was appropriate because
NJM did not disclaim coverage until after the running of the statute. The
fair resolution here is to allow Price to arbitrate his claim. NJM suffers
no prejudice nor is the result repugnant to the policies served by the
statute of limitations. (Pp. 10-11)
4. Because the parties did not dispute the material facts, there was no
need for a plenary hearing. (Pp. 11-12)
5. The Court does not read the Appellate Division opinion as requiring a
notice requirement in all cases where the insurer intends to raise a statute-of-limitations
defense. (Pp. 12-13)
Judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, ZAZZALI, ALBIN, and RIVERA-SOTO join in JUSTICE
WALLACE’S opinion. JUSTICE LONG did not participate.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
A-
26 September Term 2004
THEODORE PRICE,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
NEW JERSEY MANUFACTURERS INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellant.
Argued November 9, 2004 – Decided March 10, 2005
On appeal from and certification to the Superior Court, Appellate Division, whose opinion
is reported at
368 N.J. Super. 356 (2004).
Stephen O. Mortenson argued the cause for appellant (Mortenson and Pomeroy, attorneys; Mr.
Mortenson and Karen E. Heller, on the briefs).
John R. Gorman argued the cause for respondent (Lutz, Shafranski, Gorman & Mahoney,
attorneys).
JUSTICE WALLACE delivered the opinion of the Court.
The primary issue in this appeal is whether an insurer should be barred
from raising the statute of limitations defense to an insured’s claim for uninsured
motorist benefits. The trial court found equitable reasons to reject the insurer’s defense
and compelled arbitration. The Appellate Division affirmed. Price v. New Jersey Mfrs. Ins.
Co.,
368 N.J. Super. 356 (2004). Because of a dissent in the Appellate
Division, the case is before us as a matter of right. R. 2:2-1(a)(2).
We conclude that the trial court and the Appellate Division properly applied equitable
principles to bar the insurer from raising a statute of limitations defense.
On August 30, 1995, plaintiff Theodore Price, a pedestrian in the course of his employment, was struck by a vehicle driven by Howard Wanderman. Plaintiff maintained insurance coverage with defendant New Jersey Manufacturers (NJM) that included uninsured motorist coverage. The policy’s uninsured motorists coverage provision provides in relevant part:
If we and insured do not agree:
1. Whether that insured is legally entitled to recover damages; or
2. As to the amount of damages which are recoverable by that insured;
from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle or an underinsured
motor vehicle, then the matter may be arbitrated.
Either party may make a written demand for arbitration. In this event, each
party will select an arbitrator. The two arbitrators will select a third. If
they cannot agree within 30 days, either may request that selection be made
by a judge of a court having jurisdiction.
Sometime after the accident, plaintiff learned that Wanderman’s insurance company had denied coverage
for the accident. On February 12, 1998, plaintiff’s attorney wrote to NJM alerting
the company that plaintiff would be presenting an uninsured motorist claim and to
“[p]lease establish an uninsured motorists claim file.” By letter dated March 18, 1998,
NJM’s claims representative acknowledged receipt of plaintiff’s letter and requested information as to
plaintiff’s injuries and the amount of any workers’ compensation lien.
In May 1998, NJM again sought information regarding any workers’ compensation lien. In
a letter dated June 29, 1998, plaintiff’s attorney notified NJM that plaintiff had
instituted an action against Wanderman to protect NJM’s subrogation interest and noted that
the workers’ compensation lien totaled $9,488.60. He expressly wrote that he would like
“to proceed with [his] client’s uninsured motorists claim” and inquired whether NJM intended
to pursue subrogation against Wanderman. Plaintiff’s attorney enclosed copies of plaintiff’s medical records
and other information to “allow [NJM] to begin to evaluate this claim.” On
September 24, 1998, plaintiff’s attorney mailed the workers’ compensation file to NJM, and
the following day, NJM authorized plaintiff’s attorney to dismiss the action against Wanderman.
On October 8, 1998, a different NJM claims representative requested copies of all
plaintiff’s medical bills and reports and his insurance declaration sheet to verify his
tort threshold. Approximately four months later, plaintiff’s attorney complied with that request.
On April 20, 1999, NJM scheduled a medical examination of plaintiff by its
doctor for some time in September 1999. In August, NJM instructed plaintiff’s attorney
to place plaintiff’s employer on notice of its claim, and requested a copy
of the employer’s workers’ compensation policy. On September 14, 1999, plaintiff was examined
by Dr. Bosniak. Although plaintiff’s attorney sought a copy of Dr. Bosniak’s medical
report, NJM indicated its policy was not to provide the report. Plaintiff’s attorney
wrote NJM challenging its refusal to supply the doctor’s report and promised to
contest admission of the report at trial or arbitration if NJM continued to
refuse to comply. On April 13, 2000, NJM again declined to provide plaintiff
with a copy of his medical report.
On January 15, March 1, and April 5, 2001, plaintiff’s attorney sent NJM
various documents including medical reports, employment records, a workers’ compensation lien letter, and
a medical authorization form. Finally, on August 21, 2001, nine days before the
expiration date of the statute of limitations, NJM requested plaintiff’s complete workers’ compensation
file, the original MRI films dated December 20, 1996, February 12, 1998, and
November 20, 1998, and his employer’s “policy language regarding their UM [uninsured motorist]
limits and exposure to this loss.”
On September 20, 2001, plaintiff’s attorney forwarded most of the requested documents and
indicated he would forward the MRI films as soon as he received them.
Plaintiff’s counsel continued to send additional information to NJM in letters dated October
1, 2001, March 27, April 23, and September 27, 2002. In his last
letter, counsel demanded that NJM evaluate the file for settlement purposes and noted
that as of March 20, 2002, the workers’ compensation lien exceeded $53,326. NJM
did not reply to any of those letters.
On November 22, 2002, plaintiff filed a complaint and Order to Show Cause
seeking to compel NJM to participate in arbitration. NJM asserted that plaintiff failed
to formally request coverage or demand arbitration prior to the expiration of the
statute of limitations on August 30, 2001; therefore, it was not required to
participate in arbitration.
The trial court “found that NJM’s course of conduct had lulled plaintiff’s attorney
into a false sense of having timely made a UM [uninsured motorist] claim.”
The Appellate Division affirmed, holding that NJM was estopped from raising the statute
of limitations defense and that it should have notified plaintiff of its intent
to rely on the statute of limitations. Price, supra, 368 N.J. Super. at
363, 366. The dissenting judge disagreed, finding no trickery or misconduct by NJM
sufficient to apply equitable estoppel. Id. at 367. NJM appealed as of right
on that issue. We also granted NJM’s separate petition for certification on the
issue of whether the Appellate Division’s notification rule should apply retroactively or prospectively.
181 N.J. 546.
In Green v. Selective Insurance Co. of America, we determined that the six-year statute of limitations applied to uninsured motorist claims and that the statute begins to run from the date of the accident. 144 N.J. 344, 354 (1996). Here, plaintiff was injured on August 30, 1995, and did not file his complaint until November 22, 2002. Absent some relief, the six-year statute of limitations bars plaintiff’s claim.
“The primary purpose of the statute of limitations is to provide defendants a fair opportunity to defend and to prevent plaintiffs from litigating stale claims.” W.V. Pangborne & Co., Inc. v. New Jersey Dep’t of Transp., 116 N.J. 543, 563 (1989) (citing Ochs v. Fed. Ins. Co., 90 N.J. 108, 112 (1982); O’Keeffe v. Snyder, 83 N.J. 478, 490-91 (1980)). Consistent with that purpose, “where defendants are on notice of the claims, and no significant prejudice results, the policy reasons for upholding a strict statute of limitations recede.” Ibid.
To avoid harsh results from a mechanical application of the statute of limitations, this Court has applied equitable principles to conclude that the statute should yield to other considerations. We noted in Negron v. Llarena, 156 N.J. 296, 300 (1998), that “[p]rocedural statutes of limitations are not applied strictly. Flexible applications of procedural statutes of limitations may be based on equitable principles, such as the discovery rule, e.g., Lopez v. Swyer, 62 N.J. 267 (1973), or estoppel, e.g., O’Keeffe v. Snyder, 83 N.J. 478 (1980).”
In short, under varying circumstances we have recognized that tolling of the statute of limitations is the fair and responsible result, because the “[u]nswerving ‘mechanistic’ application of statutes of limitations would at times inflict obvious and unnecessary harm upon individual plaintiffs without advancing [the] legislative purposes.” Galligan v. Westfield Ctr. Serv., Inc., 82 N.J. 188, 192 (1980). See also Peloso v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 56 N.J. 514, 521 (1970) (holding fair resolution of statutory incongruity is to toll period of limitation from time insured gives notice until liability is formally declined by insurer).
The undisputed facts here support an equitable tolling of the statute of limitations. Plaintiff’s attorney first notified NJM on February 12, 1998, that plaintiff “would be presenting an uninsured motorists claim,” and on June 29, 1998, he wrote that plaintiff “would like to proceed with [his] uninsured motorist claim[s].” In the latter letter he enclosed various documents to permit NJM “to begin to evaluate this claim.” In addition, plaintiff informed NJM that he filed a lawsuit against the tortfeasor to protect the interest of NJM. A NJM claims representative wrote to plaintiff’s counsel on October 8, 1998, that she was now handling plaintiff’s claim and requested “copies of all medical bills and reports on [plaintiff] as they become available.” During the next several years, NJM received various information necessary to evaluate plaintiff’s claim, including a medical examination of plaintiff.
Plaintiff met each of NJM’s requests. In fact, NJM’s last request was dated August 21, 2001, nine days before the expiration of the statute of limitations. At that time, NJM asked for the complete workers’ compensation file, plaintiff’s employer’s “policy language regarding their UM limits and exposure to his loss,” and the original MRI films. Plaintiff’s counsel responded with most of the requested information on September 20, 2001, and thereafter continued to forward, upon receipt, information relative to the claim. It was not until October 28, 2002, more than a year after the statute would have otherwise run, that NJM notified plaintiff that the statute of limitations barred his claim.
We have declared that every insurance contract contains an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Sears Mortgage Corp. v. Rose, 134 N.J. 326, 347 (1993); Griggs v. Bertram, 88 N.J. 347, 360-61 (1982). “The insurance company, as the dominant party, however, has an even greater obligation than the insured to act in good faith. It must not put ‘technical encumbrances or hidden pitfalls’ in the way of unsophisticated customers that would undermine their ‘reasonable expectations.’” Rose, supra, 134 N.J. at 347 (quotation omitted).
In dealing with plaintiff, NJM was required to act in a fair manner and inform plaintiff if there were any deficiencies in his claim or if he needed to file a request for arbitration by a certain date. It was not reasonable for NJM to sit back, request and receive various documents over a three and one-half year period, and then deny plaintiff’s claim because he failed to file a complaint in Superior Court or request arbitration prior to the running of the six-year statute of limitations. We agree with the Appellate Division majority that NJM had a duty of good faith to notify plaintiff if it disagreed with his understanding that NJM was duly acting upon his filed claim. See Rose, supra, 134 N.J. at 354; Clients’ Sec. Fund of the Bar of New Jersey v. Sec. Title & Guar. Co., 134 N.J. 358, 372 (1993). We conclude that NJM violated the duty of good faith and fair dealing.
Moreover, Mortara v. Cigna Property & Casualty Insurance Co., 356 N.J. Super. 1 (App. Div. 2001), aff’d, 174 N.J. 566 (2002), does not suggest a different result. In Mortara, supra, the plaintiff was injured while driving a school bus. 356 N.J. Super. at 2. The alleged tortfeasor had maximum liability coverage of $50,000, the same as the plaintiff’s personal liability and UIM coverage. Ibid. The plaintiff’s employer’s policy had a $1,000,000 UIM limit. Ibid. After receiving the tortfeasor’s policy limits, the plaintiff sought UIM coverage under both her own policy and her employer’s policy. Id. at 3. Both carriers expressly denied coverage and the plaintiff failed to file a complaint in Superior Court until eleven months after the six-year statute of limitations expired. Ibid.
The Appellate Division held, and we agreed, that when the carrier denies coverage within the statute of limitations period, “[a] claim must be commenced by filing a complaint and is not commenced by writing letters or negotiating with one’s adversary.” Id. at 3-4. Under those circumstances, the Court found no reason to invoke estoppel. Id. at 4. Here, unlike the defendants in Mortara, despite having received all requested medical records and other requested documentation, NJM never disclaimed or even questioned coverage until after the statute of limitations expired.
To summarize, the record amply supports the trial court’s finding that NJM’s conduct lulled plaintiff and his counsel into believing that the uninsured motorist claim had been properly filed. Plaintiff reasonably relied on NJM’s conduct in failing to file a complaint or to request arbitration within the statute of limitations period. That limitations period “should not become a[n] instrument of injustice.” Procanik by Procanik v. Cillo, 97 N.J. 339, 351 (1984). The fair resolution of this matter is to permit plaintiff to arbitrate his claim. NJM acknowledged that it was not prejudiced and there is no suggestion otherwise. Most importantly, the result here is not repugnant to the policies served by the statute of limitations. W.V. Pangborne & Co., Inc., supra, 116 N.J. at 563. We conclude the trial court properly rejected NJM’s statute of limitations defense.
IV.
NJM argues that the trial court should have held a plenary hearing for plaintiff to demonstrate that his reliance on NJM’s conduct caused him to fail to timely file a complaint. We disagree.
Plaintiff filed an Order to Show Cause pursuant to Rule 4:67-1 and -2. Our court rules provide that the trial court, “if satisfied with the sufficiency of the application, shall order the defendant to show cause why final judgment should not be rendered for the relief sought.” R. 4:67-2(a).
Here, the parties disagreed over the legal implications of their interactions between February 12, 1998, and September 2002. However, they did not disagree on the material facts. The trial court heard oral argument and applied the law to the undisputed facts. Because the parties did not dispute the material facts, there was no need for a plenary hearing.
Finally, we do not read the Appellate Division opinion as requiring a notice requirement in all cases where the insurer intends to raise a statute of limitations defense. Rather, the majority essentially found that NJM was equitably estopped from raising a statute of limitation defense because during its investigation NJM acted as though plaintiff’s claim had been filed, and it failed to inform plaintiff that its investigation did not toll the running of the applicable statute of limitations. That finding merely reflects a desire for the fair exchange of information between the insured and the insurer to satisfy the covenant of good faith and fair dealing implicit in every contract. The result here will not unduly interfere with the contractual relationship between the insurer and its insured, but instead will promote fair dealing.
That conclusion is not new. More than twenty years ago we declared that
[u]pon the receipt from its insured of a claim or notification of an incident that may give rise to a claim, an insurer is entitled to a reasonable period of time in which to investigate whether the particular incident involves a risk covered by the terms of the policy. But once an insurer has had a reasonable opportunity to investigate, or has learned of grounds for questioning coverage, it then is under a duty promptly to inform its insured of its intention to disclaim coverage or of the possibility that coverage will be denied or questioned.
Unreasonable delay in disclaiming coverage, or in giving notice of the possibility of
such a disclaimer, even before assuming actual control of a case or a
defense of an action, can estop an insurer from later repudiating responsibility under
the insurance policy.
[Griggs, supra, 88 N.J. at 357 (internal citations omitted).]
VI.
The judgment of the Appellate Division is affirmed.
CHIEF JUSTICE PORITZ and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, ZAZZALI, ALBIN, and RIVERA-SOTO join in JUSTICE WALLACE’s opinion. JUSTICE LONG did not participate.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
NO. A-26 SEPTEMBER TERM 2004
ON REMAND FROM Appellate Division, Superior Court
THEODORE PRICE,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
NEW JERSEY MANUFACTURERS
INSURANCE COMPANY,
Defendant-Appellant.
DECIDED March 10, 2005
Chief Justice Poritz PRESIDING
OPINION BY Justice Wallace
CONCURRING OPINION BY
DISSENTING OPINION BY
CHECKLIST