WALTER STAROZYTNYK and NANETTE
STAROZYTNYK, his wife, per quod,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
DR. STEVEN M. REICH,
Defendant-Respondent,
and
DR. J. GERARD CROWLEY,
DR. TODD STEFAN, DR.
ALAN M. GRAHAM, ROBERT WOOD
JOHNSON UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL,
Defendants.
___________________________________
Argued March 16, 2005 - Decided April 25, 2005
Before Judges Newman, Axelrad and Holston, Jr.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Middlesex County,
L-10359-99.
Douglas S. Grossbart argued the cause for appellant (Prince & Portnoi and Douglas
Grossbart, attorneys; Andrew S. Prince, of counsel; Mr. Grossbart, on the brief).
Jill R. O'Keeffe argued the cause for respondent (Orlovsky, Moody, Schaaff & Gabrysiak,
attorneys; Paul F. Schaaff, Jr., on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
AXELRAD, J.T.C. (temporarily assigned).
The issue in this appeal is whether under our Supreme Court's decisions
in Perna v. Pirozzi,
92 N.J. 446 (1983), and Howard v. University of
Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey,
172 N.J. 537 (2002), a patient who
consents to a spinal fusion by one surgeon under the mistaken belief that
he is being assisted by a specific vascular surgeon, and has no proof
of injuries resulting from the substitution, has an action against the operating surgeon
for battery, breach of contract, or breach of fiduciary duty owed by a
physician to a patient. The trial judge found in the negative and granted
summary judgment in favor of the defendant-surgeon who obtained the consent and performed
the operation. We affirm.
I
In this medical malpractice action, plaintiff Walter Starozytnyk
See footnote 1
appeals from summary judgment
in favor of defendant Dr. Steven Reich, who performed his spinal fusion surgery,
dismissing his claims for battery, lack of informed consent, breach of contract and
breach of fiduciary duty. Plaintiff's claim was based on the allegation that defendant
had told him a specific vascular surgeon, Dr. Alan Graham, would perform the
vascular portion of plaintiff's surgery and the specified doctor was not the surgeon
who assisted in the operation.
Plaintiff had been a patient of Dr. Reich since l993 for lower
back pain. Dr. Reich performed back surgery on him in l994 but by
mid-1997, plaintiff had increasing pain in his lower back. At his deposition, plaintiff
testified he was very reluctant to undergo the surgery recommended by Dr. Reich,
an anterior spinal fusion at two levels, L4-L5 and L5-S1, and the implementation
of medical devices known as BAK cages. The principal factor influencing plaintiff to
change his mind and have the surgery was that "Dr. Reich told [him]
that [Dr. Reich] would be able to get the chief vascular surgeon at
Robert Wood Johnson Hospital [Dr. Graham] to perform the vascular surgery part of
the surgery." Dr. Reich also told him Dr. Graham was "the one who
taught the other doctors how to do it. That he was one of
the best surgeons in the country. And that you couldn't get anybody better.
That he was the teacher who taught the teachers." Plaintiff agreed to undergo
the surgery when, after six months of discussing the surgery and his reticence
at great length, Dr. Reich promised he would get Dr. Graham to perform
the vascular part of the surgery. Plaintiff testified he wanted Dr. Graham to
be present to ensure that he would not suffer from a condition known
as retrograde ejaculation, a potential side effect of the procedure.
Plaintiff went to the hospital on October 21, 1997 for pre-operative testing, where
he received a phone call from Dr. Reich's office stating that the surgery
was to be rescheduled because of Dr. Graham's unavailability. Prior to the surgery,
plaintiff did not speak to any physician involved in the surgery other than
Dr. Reich. Plaintiff claimed he would not have gone through with the surgery
if he had known Dr. Graham would not be present; this point was
clearly communicated to and understood by Dr. Reich. Christine Rudolph, RN, a case
manager from plaintiff's workers' compensation insurance carrier who accompanied him on his visits
to Dr. Reich, wrote in an October 2, 1997 report that "Dr. Graham
who is Director of Vascular Surgery [would] be present" at the surgery tentatively
scheduled for October 21, 1997.
See footnote 2
On November 4, 1997, plaintiff was admitted for surgery to Robert Wood Johnson
University Hospital. He signed a "Request for Operative or Procedural Intervention," a boilerplate
form which authorized Dr. Reich "and whomever [Dr. Reich] may designate as his
assistant(s) to perform the operation or procedure" identified on the form as anterior
spinal fusion. Dr. Reich performed the surgery with the assistance of Dr. Todd
Stefan and Dr. J. Gerard Crowley. Dr. Graham was not present.
Two or three days post-surgery, plaintiff felt tremendous pain in his right leg
which radiated into his foot, and his right big toe was extremely swollen.
His stomach was also distended. X-rays indicated an intestinal blockage. Plaintiff asked to
speak with Dr. Graham, thinking the vascular surgeon would be able to explain
the blockage. He was then informed that Dr. Graham had not performed the
surgery.
During his last visit with Dr. Reich, accompanied by Ms. Rudolph, plaintiff questioned
him about the identity of the surgeon who performed the vascular part of
his operation. Dr. Reich responded that it was Dr. Graham. Plaintiff recounted the
discussion in his deposition testimony:
I asked Dr. Reich who was the vascular surgeon that operated on me.
And oh, he told me it was Dr. Graham. And I said to
him, "I know it wasn't Dr. Graham. I don't know who it was,
but I know it wasn't Dr. Graham." So then Dr. Reich started looking
through his notes, going through paper after paper and he was becoming very
agitated.
And he couldn't find the name of the doctor, he slammed the book
shut and started shouting, "I know where" -- he said something to the
effect "I am not going to answer this. I was there every minute
of the time. It's not like I went out and had coffee and
came back. I am not going down this road with you." He slammed
his book shut, and said, "I will see you in three weeks," and
stormed out of the door. And then I looked at Christine and we
just couldn't believe what happened. And we got up and left.
On November 16, 2001, Dr. Graham and Dr. Crowley both testified at depositions
that they had no knowledge of the alleged agreement between Dr. Reich and
plaintiff regarding the assistance of only Dr. Graham at the surgery. Dr. Graham
testified that the doctor who assists in surgery is based upon "whoever is
available that day or if the patient is directed specifically through the offices,"
the latter part meaning if "[t]he patient comes in my office to see
me specifically, then, obviously he's my patient, but generally cases are booked from
this [Dr. Reich's] office to my office." Dr. Crowley testified that Dr. Reich's
secretary would notify him when he was needed to assist. There were never
occasions in which he was specifically requested by other physicians to assist in
spinal surgeries.
At depositions, Dr. Reich testified he never told plaintiff that Dr. Graham would
be the vascular surgeon who would assist in his surgery. He further testified
he never had a patient ask for a particular assisting surgeon to be
put on the consent form and he would not satisfy such a request.
For purposes of his summary judgment motion, however, Dr. Reich accepted plaintiff's factual
assertions that he had promised to use Dr. Graham as the vascular surgeon
in plaintiff's back surgery but instead used Dr. Crowley. Brill v. Guardian Life
Ins. Co. of Am.,
142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995); R. 4:46.
Plaintiff suffered significant residual effects from the operation. Plaintiff presented a February 10,
2004 expert report of Dr. Allan D. Tiedrich, a physician specializing in physical
medicine and rehabilitation, opining that the surgery had caused retrograde ejaculation and a
painful neurological condition known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), and that the increased
chronic back pain was an exacerbation of plaintiff's previous pain. According to Dr.
Tiedrich, these injuries were permanent and plaintiff's prognosis was poor. The expert did
not opine that these conditions resulted from physician negligence; they appear to have
been a known risk or a possible result of the surgery.
Plaintiff also presented the office notes of his treating psychiatrist,
See footnote 3
Dr. Jose Vasquez,
that on December 12, 1997, plaintiff was "depressed and anxious about his current
medical condition," "cripple and sterile," "upset about outcome of surgery" "unable to walk"
and "unable to sleep." His January l6, 1998 notation stated that plaintiff "remained
depressed and angry about his current physical condition."
On November 3, 1999, plaintiff filed suit against Dr. Reich, Dr. Crowley, Dr.
Stefan, Dr. Graham and Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, alleging negligence and deviation
from the standard of medical care, lack of informed consent, battery and breach
of contract, and seeking compensatory and punitive damages. Plaintiff's wife asserted a per
quod claim. Plaintiff thereafter dismissed by stipulation his claim against the hospital and
all doctors other than Reich. Plaintiff abandoned his general malpractice claim asserting that
the surgery was performed negligently in response to defendant's prior motion to dismiss
for failure to provide an expert report as to deviation from the standard
of care.
Defendant then moved for summary judgment on the remaining counts based on plaintiff's
failure to provide an expert report on deviation and proximate cause. The court
found there was no cause of action for battery based on plaintiff's consent
to Dr. Reich operating on him. The court further found under a breach
of contract, a breach of fiduciary duty and lack of informed consent theory
that, accepting plaintiff's factual assertion that Dr. Reich had agreed to use Dr.
Graham as a vascular surgeon but did not, his claims were still deficient
due to a failure to establish a connection between the breach and damages.
More specifically, the court stated:
Since . . . Dr. Reich had the plaintiff's consent to operate on
him, there is no cause of action for battery and, therefore, [summary judgment
on that claim] is granted.
. . . .
[E]ven though there is an issue of credibility perhaps between Dr. Reich and
the plaintiff in this matter, the more central issue is any proximate cause
to any damages that the plaintiff might have suffered. And there is not
any evidence whatsoever that there is any such damage. And there is certainly
not any discussion anywhere in this discovery of this case in terms of
emotional distress that would even give rise to a punitive damage in reference
to this matter. And therefore, the matter is dismissed as to the breach
of contract, breach of fiduciary duty and lack of informed consent. . .
.
So the entire matter . . . against Dr. Reich is in fact
dismissed. . . .
II
Plaintiff raises the following issues on appeal:
POINT I
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DISMISSING THE WITHIN MATTER AS OUR CASE LAW
SUPPORTS A CLAIM BASED UPON BREACH OF CONTRACT AND BREACH OF A FIDUCIARY
DUTY OF A DOCTOR TO HIS PATIENT.
A. Moreover, Perna applies a specific theory for liability with regard to Dr. Reich
which includes that based on the deceit, defendant would be responsible for all
injuries sustained whether the result of malpractice or not.
B. Pursuant to prior Court Order, Plaintiff has provided an expert report addressing proximate
cause, damages and permanency.
POINT II
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN CONCLUDING THAT THERE WAS NOT EMOTIONAL DISTRESS AS
A RESULT OF THIS SURGICAL PROCEDURE.
POINT III
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT AS GENUINE ISSUES OF MATERIAL
FACT EXIST AND AS PLAINTIFF SHOULD HAVE THE RIGHT TO COME BEFORE A
JURY OF HIS PEERS REGARDING THE SURGICAL MISREPRESENTATION.
We affirm the court's ruling dismissing plaintiff's claim for battery as failing to
set forth a cause of action against Dr. Reich, who performed the operation
as authorized in the consent form. We also affirm the dismissal of plaintiff's
breach of contract, lack of informed consent and breach of fiduciary duty claims
because no proximately caused injury was alleged.
On appeal, as before the motion judge, plaintiff relies on Perna to
support the causes of action asserted in his complaint against Dr. Reich and
his claim that he is entitled to all damages proximately caused by the
mere performance of the operation to which he did not consent, whether or
not the result of physician negligence. Plaintiff argues that "Dr. Reich committed fraud
by basically lying to him." He further contends that by "contracting or agreeing
with Plaintiff to use a specific surgeon [Dr. Graham], who was not in
fact used, defendant permitted others to commit a battery upon Plaintiff," as a
result of which a jury could award him damages for mental anguish or
punitive damages even in the absence of injuries proximately caused by the operating
surgeon's negligence.
Plaintiff relies on Dr. Vasquez's notes as evidence of his emotional distress
resulting from the belated knowledge that Dr. Graham had not assisted in the
surgery. Moreover, according to plaintiff, a breach of contract claim is also appropriate
because he specifically was told that a certain physician would be performing the
vascular part of his operation and he relied on this representation in consenting
to the procedure. Plaintiff additionally asserts that Dr. Tiedrich's report "connects the surgery
to injury to plaintiff" and thereby addresses proximate cause, damages and permanency so
as to withstand summary judgment.
Defendant counters that Perna does not support a battery claim against him where
there was no non-consensual touching; he had plaintiff's consent to perform the operation
and did so. Relying on Howard, he further contends that the remaining claims
available to patients in actions against their physicians - deviation from the standard
of care and lack of informed consent - both require plaintiff to establish
proximate cause. Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 548-49. Defendant urges that plaintiff cannot
establish that the injuries he sustained were related in any way to Dr.
Crowley performing the vascular part of his surgery as opposed to Dr. Graham.
Defendant further argues that Dr. Tiedrich's report did not relate any injuries sustained
by plaintiff to Dr. Crowley performing the procedure instead of Dr. Graham.
See footnote 4
We
find defendant's arguments persuasive.
In Perna, an operation was performed by a physician other than the one
named in the consent form (so-called "ghost surgery"). Perna, supra, 92 N.J. at
446. Thomas Perna consulted Dr. Michael Pirozzi, a specialist in urology who had
previously treated him, who recommended he undergo surgery for the removal of kidney
stones. Id. at 451. Dr. Pirozzi was part of a medical group which
included Dr. Del Gaizo and Dr. Ciccone. The doctors testified at trial that
their medical group customarily shared patients and operated as a "team," that it
was not their practice to inform patients which member would operate, and that
their regular practice was to decide just prior to the operation who was
to operate. Ibid. If a patient, however, requested a specific member of the
group as his surgeon, that surgeon would perform the operation. Ibid. The plaintiff,
who was unaware of the group's custom of sharing patients or methods for
assigning surgical duties, signed a consent form that named Dr. Pirozzi as the
operating surgeon and authorized him, with the aid of unnamed "assistants," to perform
the surgery. The operation was performed by Dr. Del Gaizo and assisted by
Dr. Ciccone, both of whom were unaware that only Dr. Pirozzi's name appeared
on the consent form. Id. at 452. The plaintiff became aware of the
substitution of physicians when he developed post-surgical complications. Ibid.
The plaintiff in Perna filed suit for malpractice against all three doctors, alleging
deviations from standard medical procedure. He also asserted a lack of informed consent,
contending his consent had been conditioned on his belief that Dr. Pirozzi, whom
he had specifically requested, would perform the operation. Ibid. The Court agreed that
the other two surgeons who operated on the plaintiff, the "ghost surgeons," did
not have his informed consent to perform the operation. Id. at 450. Denominating
the matter a battery, the Court held that the plaintiff was entitled to
recover against the ghost surgeons for all injuries proximately caused by the mere
performance of the operation, whether the result of negligence or not. Id. at
460-461; see also Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 551. The Court held "under
a battery theory, proof of an unauthorized invasion of the plaintiff's person, even
if harmless" entitles him at least to nominal damages and, in an appropriate
case, may entitle him to damages for mental anguish resulting from the belated
knowledge the operation was performed by a doctor to whom he had not
given consent and to punitive damages, even if the patient suffers no injuries
except those which may foreseeably follow from the operation. Perna, supra, 92 N.J.
at 460-461; see also Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 551-52.
The Court found that a different theory applied to the claim against Dr.
Pirozzi, the non-operating surgeon, based on the alleged breach of his agreement and
the fiduciary duty he owed his patient to perform the medical procedure himself
after soliciting the patient's consent. Perna, supra, 92 N.J. at 463-465. According to
the Court, "an alternative cause of action could be framed as a breach
of contract between the surgeon and the patient, [but] generally the more appropriate
characterization of the cause will be for breach of the duty of care
owed by the doctor to the patient[] [although t]he absence of damages may
render any action deficient . . . ." Id. at 465. The plaintiff
in Perna did not allege a breach of contract. Ibid.
In Howard, the Court held that a fraud claim based on a neurosurgeon's
alleged misrepresentation of his experience and credentials was unavailable to a patient who
was rendered a quadriplegic from unsuccessful back surgery performed by that physician; however,
the plaintiff could avail himself of a claim for lack of informed consent.
Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 537. The Court recognized that a patient currently
has three avenues of relief against a doctor; namely, (1) deviation from the
standard of care (medical malpractice); (2) lack of informed consent; and (3) battery.
Id. at 545 (citing Colucci v. Oppenheim,
326 N.J. Super. 166, 180 (App.
Div. 1999), certif. denied,
163 N.J. 395 (2000)). Although each of these avenues
of relief is based on different theoretical approaches, "it is now clear that
deviation from the standard of care and failure to obtain informed consent are
simply sub-groups of a broad claim of medical negligence." Howard, supra, 172 N.J.
at 546 (quoting Teilhaber v. Greene,
320 N.J. Super. 453, 463 (App. Div.
1999)).
The Court traced the history of these causes of action, noting that initially
the doctrine of informed consent was tied to the tort of battery but
has evolved to become firmly established as a negligence concept. Howard, supra, 172
N.J. at 546; see also Largey v. Rothman,
110 N.J. 204, 207 (1998).
The early cases recognized a cause of action for "unauthorized touching" or "battery"
when a doctor did not obtain a patient's consent to perform a medical
procedure. Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 546; see, e.g., Mohr v. Williams,
104 N.W. 12, 14-15 (Minn. 1905) (finding doctor liable for operating on left ear
when permission was given only for surgery on right ear); Schloendorff v. Society
of New York Hosp.,
105 N.E. 92, 93 (N.Y. App. Div. 1914) ("a
surgeon who performs an operation without his patient's consent commits an assault for
which he is liable in damages."), superceded by N.Y. Public Health Law §2805-d.
"By the mid-twentieth century, as courts began to use a negligence theory to
analyze consent causes of action, the case law evolved from the notion of
consent to informed consent, balancing the patient's need for sufficient information with the
doctor's perception of the appropriate amount of information to impart for an informed
decision." Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 547 (emphasis in original) (citing Largey, supra,
110 N.J. at 208. In New Jersey, like many states, informed consent is
"a negligence concept predicated on the duty of a physician to disclose to
a patient information that will enable him [or her] to 'evaluate knowledgably the
options available and the risks attendant upon each' before subjecting that patient to
a course of treatment." Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 548 (citing Perna, supra,
92 N.J. 446 (1983) (quoting Canterbury v. Spence,
464 F.2d 772, 780 (D.C.
Cir.), cert. denied,
409 U.S. 1064,
93 S. Ct. 560,
34 L. Ed. 2d 518 (1972))).
Therefore, when bringing a claim based on lack of informed consent, "the patient
must prove that the doctor withheld pertinent medical information concerning the risks of
the procedure or treatment, the alternatives, or the potential results if the procedure
or treatment were not undertaken." Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 548 (citing Perna,
supra, 92 N.J. at 460). The plaintiff must also prove causation, which requires
a showing by plaintiff that "a reasonably prudent person in plaintiff's position would
have declined to undergo the treatment if informed of the risks that the
defendant failed to disclose." Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 548 (citing Canesi v.
Wilson,
158 N.J. 490, 504-05 (1999)). More specifically,
[t]o establish a prima facie case for medical negligence premised on a theory
of liability for lack of informed consent, a plaintiff must show "(1) the
physician failed to comply with the [reasonably-prudent-patient] standard for disclosure; (2) the undisclosed
risk occurred and harmed the plaintiff; (3) a reasonable person under the circumstances
would not have consented and submitted to the operation or surgical procedure had
he or she been so informed; and (4) the operation or surgical procedure
was a proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries.
[Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 549 (quoting Teilhaber, supra, 320 N.J. Super. at
465) (citations omitted)).]
In an informed consent case the damages analysis involves a comparison between the
condition a plaintiff would have been in had the patient been properly informed
and not consented to the risk, with the plaintiff's impaired condition as a
result of the risk occurrence. Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 549 (citing Canesi,
supra, 158 N.J. at 505). In an action based on lack of informed
consent,
the plaintiff must prove not only that a reasonably prudent person in [his
or] her position, if apprised of all material risks, would have elected a
different course of treatment or care. In an informed consent case, the plaintiff
must additionally meet a two-pronged test of proximate causation: [he] or she must
prove that the undisclosed risk actually materialized and that it was medically caused
by the treatment.
[Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 550 (quoting Canesi, supra, 158 N.J. at 505).]
A medical battery cause of action is also recognized in common law where
a doctor performs a surgery without consent, rendering the surgery an unauthorized touching.
Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 550 (citing Perna, supra, 92 N.J. at 460-61).
Battery is an intentional tort and as such "is reserved for those instances
where either the patient consents to one type of operation but the physician
performs a substantially different one from that for which authorization was obtained, or
where no consent is obtained." Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 550 (citations omitted).
"In an action for battery, a patient need not prove the physician deviated
from either the applicable standard for disclosure or the standard for performance of
the operation." Ibid. (citing Perna, supra, 92 N.J. at 460-61). Thus, "[a]n operation
undertaken without [any] consent (battery) even if perfectly performed with good medical results
may entitle a plaintiff to at least nominal and even punitive damages." Howard,
supra, 172 N.J. at 550 (quoting Whitley-Woodford v. Jones,
253 N.J. Super. 7,
11 (App. Div. 1992) (citations omitted)).
In Howard the Court classified Perna as representing "the unusual circumstance where the
consent granted was vitiated, rendering the circumstances the equivalent of an unauthorized touching
- in other words, a battery." Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 550. It
expressly found Perna to be factually inapposite because in Perna, "a different person
from the one to whom consent was given actually performed the procedure." Howard,
supra, 172 N.J. at 552. The Court concluded that "although a claim for
battery will lie where there has been 'ghost surgery' or where no consent
has been given for the procedure undertaken, if consent has been given for
the procedure only a claim based on lack of informed consent will lie."
Ibid. The Court continued,
[a] claim based on lack of informed consent properly will focus then on
the adequacy of the disclosure, its impact on the reasonable patient's assessment of
the disclosure, its risks, alternatives, and consequences of the surgery, and the damages
caused by the occurrence of the undisclosed risk.
[Ibid. (citation omitted).]
The Court declined to extend common law to allow a deceit-based cause of
action when the patient's damages from the alleged "fraud" arose exclusively from the
doctor-patient relationship involving the plaintiff's medical procedure. Id. at 553-54. The Court was
concerned that would allow the possibility of punitive damages and would "circumvent the
requirements for proof of both causation and damages imposed in a traditional informed
consent setting." Id. at 554.
III
In the case before us, Dr. Reich had consent to operate on
plaintiff and did so. Plaintiff elected to proceed solely against Dr. Reich. He
dismissed his claim against the two assisting physicians, the alleged "ghost surgeons," the
only ones against whom a claim for battery might lie,
See footnote 5
and against Dr.
Graham, who did not perform the vascular portion of the surgery. Under the
case law, a battery claim cannot lie against a primary surgeon who allegedly
promises his patient a particular assisting surgical specialist and who substitutes another similarly
qualified physician of that same surgical specialty.
Plaintiff presented no evidence of a deviation by Dr. Reich from the
standard of care or of any injuries sustained by plaintiff based on Dr.
Crowley assisting rather than Dr. Graham. Nor did he present any evidence of
medical negligence premised on a theory of lack of informed consent, i.e. that
a reasonably prudent patient in the plaintiff's position would not have consented to
undergo the spinal surgery. Howard, supra, 172 N.J. at 558. All Dr. Tiedrich
opined was that the spinal surgery performed by Dr. Reich "exacerbated [plaintiff's] previous
pain and condition" and "resulted in significant pain in the lower extremity, including
the diagnosis of reflex sympathetic dystrophy" and the "development of retrograde ejaculation." The
record is devoid of any evidence linking these conditions to negligence by Dr.
Reich. The only condition involving vascular surgery was retrograde ejaculation which plaintiff knew
was a risk of surgery regardless of which surgeons were involved in the
operation. This fact was clearly acknowledged by plaintiff in his deposition:
Q: What did you believe the role of the vascular surgeon was such
that you wanted Dr. Graham to be present?
A: To make sure I wouldn't have the condition of retrograde ejaculation.
. . . .
Q: And at the time that you had surgery you understood, did you
not, that one of the risks of the surgery regardless of who did
that, was that you would or could end up with retrograde ejaculation, whether
Dr. Graham was involved or any other doctors?
A: Yes, that was proposed to me.
Q: And when you consented to the surgery, did you understand that you
were consenting -- when you consented you had an understanding that that was
a risk, that you may have had retrograde ejaculation?
A: Yes.
That this condition was a known risk of the spinal fusion is further
corroborated by Dr. Reich's instructions to plaintiff regarding donation of sperm prior to
the procedure.
Even if plaintiff were entitled to damages flowing from breach of a fiduciary
duty of good faith and fair dealing, the record is devoid of evidence
that he suffered emotional distress resulting from belatedly learning that Dr. Graham had
not performed the vascular surgery. Plaintiff's deposition testimony of his last office visit
with Dr. Reich when he confronted him with this knowledge, merely recites Dr.
Reich's angry response and concludes that plaintiff "then looked at Christine [the case
manager] and we just . . . couldn't believe what happened. And we
got up and we left." Dr. Vasquez's post-surgery notes dealt with plaintiff's medical
condition resulting from the known risks of surgery: he was "depressed and anxious
about his current medical condition" "cripple and sterile," "upset about outcome of surgery,"
"unable to walk," "unable to sleep," and "depressed and angry about his current
physical condition. (emphasis added)." The notes contain no reference to emotional distress relating
to a feeling of betrayal by Dr. Reich or in any way relating
to the substitution of vascular surgeons, and plaintiff presented no report by Dr.
Vasquez elaborating upon these notes. Plaintiff had the opportunity to put forward his
best case in opposition to summary judgment and cannot now assert that "at
their depositions and subsequently at [t]rial, [his] relatives and others would be able
to further describe his emotional distress."
In considering defendant's summary judgment application, the court properly accepted plaintiff's version of
the facts and assumed the existence of a promise by Dr. Reich for
Dr. Graham to assist in the surgery. The court also properly concluded as
a matter of law that plaintiff could not avail himself of an action
for battery against Dr. Reich, as there was no non-consensual touching, and thus
he is not entitled to bring his case to the jury for nominal
or punitive damages. The court also reached the correct legal conclusion in dismissing
the balance of plaintiff's claims based on lack of proximately caused injury.
Affirmed.
Footnote: 1
"Plaintiff" refers to Walter Starozytnyk and "plaintiffs" includes his wife, Nanette Starozytnyk, who
asserted a per quod claim.
Footnote: 2
At the case management conference on November 17, 2003, plaintiff was given time
to attempt to locate Ms. Rudolph. It is unknown whether he was successful.
Footnote: 3
According to a notation in Ms. Rudolph's October 2, 1997 report, plaintiff had
been under Dr. Vasquez's care since July l995 for treatment of depression and
anxiety relating to an accident he suffered at work on July l, l993.
Footnote: 4
Dr. Tiedrich's report was submitted after the December 1, 2003 deadline provided in
the trial court's case management order but was considered by the motion judge.
Footnote: 5
We do not comment on the merits of such a claim as that
issue is not before us.