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Green v. Kearney
State: North Carolina
Court: Court of Appeals
Docket No: 11-439
Case Date: 11/15/2011
Plaintiff: Green
Defendant: Kearney
Preview:NO. COA11-439
NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS
Filed:  15 November  2011
LARRY DONNELL GREEN, by and
through his Guardian ad Litem,
SHARON CRUDUP; LARRY ALSTON,
Individually; and RUBY KELLY,
Individually,
Plaintiffs,
v.                                                                   Franklin County
                                                                     No.                08 CVS  630
WADE R. KEARNEY, II; PAUL KILMER;
KATHERINE ELIZABETH LAMELL; PAMELA
BALL HAYES; RONNIE WOOD; PHILLIP
GRISSOM, JR.; DR. J.B. PERDUE,
Individually, and in his official
capacity as Medical Examiner of
Franklin County; LOUISBURG RESCUE
AND EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES,
INC.; FRANKLIN COUNTY EMERGENCY
MEDICAL SERVICES; EPSOM FIRE AND
RESCUE ASSOCIATION, INC.; and
FRANKLIN COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA, a
body politic,
Defendants.
1.                                                                   Immunity           -  EMS  providers                                                                                    -  failure  to  provide  medical
                                                                                                                             treatment  based  on  erroneous  belief  victim  dead                                              -  failure
                                                                                                                             to  show  intentional  wrongdoing  or  deliberate  misconduct                                                   -
                                                                     summary judgment
The   trial   court   did   not   err   by   granting   summary
judgment  and  dismissing  plaintiff  accident  victim’s  various
negligence  claims  against  defendant  EMS  providers  arising
from  defendants’  failure  to  determine  that  plaintiff  was
alive  and  thus  failure  to  provide  any  medical  treatment
because  they  believed  he  was  dead.    Defendants’  claims  of
immunity  under  N.C.G.S.                                            §                  90-21.14  were  not  inappropriate
since   plaintiff   failed   to   forecast   any   intentional
wrongdoing or deliberate misconduct.




2.                                                                      Evidence                              -   exclusion   of   affidavits   -   improper   legal
conclusions for gross negligence and intentional wrongdoing
The  trial  court  properly  struck  various  affidavits
filed   by   plaintiff   because   these   affidavits   sought   to
present  evidence  of  the  legal  conclusion  that  defendants
were  grossly  negligent  or  engaged  in  wanton  conduct  or
intentional  wrongdoing.    It  would  be  improper  for  a  jury  to
hear   expert   testimony   as   to   whether   a   certain   legal
standard   has   been   met.                                            Even   if   the   affidavits   were
considered,  they  did  not  present  any  new  information  as  to
the  underlying  factual  premise  or  any  facts  to  support  a
forecast of gross negligence.




NO. COA11-439
NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS
Filed:  15 November  2011
LARRY DONNELL GREEN, by and
through his Guardian ad Litem,
SHARON CRUDUP; LARRY ALSTON,
Individually; and RUBY KELLY,
Individually,
Plaintiffs,
v.                                                                    Franklin County
                                                                      No.                                                             08 CVS  630
WADE R. KEARNEY, II; PAUL KILMER;
KATHERINE ELIZABETH LAMELL; PAMELA
BALL HAYES; RONNIE WOOD; PHILLIP
GRISSOM, JR.; DR. J.B. PERDUE,
Individually, and in his official
capacity as Medical Examiner of
Franklin County; LOUISBURG RESCUE
AND EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES,
INC.; FRANKLIN COUNTY EMERGENCY
MEDICAL SERVICES; EPSOM FIRE AND
RESCUE ASSOCIATION, INC.; and
FRANKLIN COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA, a
body politic,
Defendants.
Appeal  by  plaintiff  Larry  Donnell  Green  by  and  through  his
Guardian   ad   litem,   Sharon   Crudup,   from   orders   entered   20
December                                                              2010  by  Judge  Henry  W.  Hight,  Jr.  in  Superior  Court,
Franklin  County.     Heard  in  the  Court  of  Appeals              29  September
2010.
Bell  &  Vincent-Pope,  P.A.,  by  Judith  M.  Vincent-Pope,  for
plaintiff-appellant.




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Troutman  Sanders,  L.L.P.,  by  Gary  S.  Parsons  and  Whitney  S.
Waldenburg,   for   defendant-appellees   Pamela   Ball   Hayes,
Ronnie  Wood,  and  Louisburg  Rescue  and  Emergency  Medical
Services, Inc.
Young  Moore  and  Henderson,  P.A.,  by  David  M.  Duke,  Brian  O.
Beverly,  and  Michael  S.  Rainey,  for  defendant-appellee  Wade
R. Kearney II
STROUD, Judge.
Plaintiff  appeals  the  trial  court’s  orders  granting  summary
judgment  in  favor  of  defendants.1    Because  defendants  are  immune
from liability under N.C. Gen. Stat.  §  90-21.14, we affirm.
I.    Background
This  is  the  second  appeal  before  this  Court  arising  out  of
the  treatment  of  Mr.  Larry  Green  following  his  accident  on            24
January  2005.    See  Green  v.  Kearney,  ___  N.C.  App.  ___,  ___,  690
S.E.2d                                                                         755,                                                                  758-59   (2010)   (“Green  I”).   Although  the  prior
appeal   addressed   only   the   dismissal   of   plaintiffs’   claims
against  defendant  Dr.  J.B.  Perdue,  the  factual  circumstances
1                                                                              We  will  refer  only  to  Larry  Donnell  Green,  by  and  through
his  Guardian  ad  litem,  Sharon  Crudup,  as                                 “plaintiff,”  as  the
individual  plaintiffs  did  not  appeal  the  dismissal  of  their
individual  claims.    We  will  refer  to  Wade  R.  Kearney,  II,  Pamela
Ball  Hayes,  Ronnie  Wood,  and  Louisburg  Rescue  and  Emergency
Medical  Service,  Inc.,  collectively  as  “defendants”  as  they  are
the  defendants  who  remained  in  the  case  at  the  time  of  the  trial
court’s orders which are the subject of this appeal.




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surrounding  the  accident  and  Mr.  Green’s  treatment  are  the  same,
and were described in the prior opinion as follows:
The   facts   as   alleged   in   plaintiffs’
complaint  show  that  on                                                   24  January                                2005,  at
approximately                                                               8:53  p.m.,  emergency  services
were  dispatched  in  Franklin  County,  North
Carolina   to   the   scene   of   an   accident
involving   a   pedestrian—Green--and   a   motor
vehicle.  Green  suffered  an  open  head  wound
as  a  result  of  the  accident.    Defendant  Wade
Kearney                                                                     (“Kearney”)   with   the   Epsom   Fire
Department  was  the  first  to  arrive  at  the
scene  and  checked  Green  for  vital  signs.
Kearney  determined  that  Green  was  dead  and
did not initiate efforts to resuscitate him.
Several  minutes  later,  defendants  Paul
Kilmer                                                                      (“Kilmer”)    and    Katherine    Lamell
(“Lamell”)  with  Franklin  County  EMS  arrived.
Kearney  asked  Kilmer  to  verify  that  Green
did  not  have  a  pulse,  but  Kilmer  declined  to
do   so,   stating   that   Kearney   had   already
checked   and   that   was   sufficient.   Without
checking  the  pupils  or  otherwise  manually
rechecking  for  a  pulse,  Kearney  and  Kilmer
placed a white sheet over Green’s body.
At  approximately                                                           9:00  p.m.,  defendants
Pamela   Hayes                                                              (“Hayes”)   and   Ronnie   Wood
(“Wood”)   with   the   Louisburg   Rescue   Unit
arrived  at  the  scene.    After  being  informed
by  Kearney  and  Kilmer  that  Green  was  dead,
neither  Hayes  nor  Wood  checked  Green  for
vital  signs.  At  around                                                   9:31  p.m.,  Perdue,
the    Franklin    County    Medical    Examiner,
arrived  at  the  scene.    He  first  conducted  a
survey  of  the  scene,  taking  notes  regarding
the   location   of   Green’s   body   and   the
condition  of  the  vehicle  that  struck  him.
Once  the  Crime  Investigation  Unit  arrived,
Perdue  inspected  Green’s  body.    While  Perdue
was   examining   Green,   eight   people   saw
movement   in   Green’s   chest   and   abdomen.
Kearney  asked  Perdue  whether  Green  was  still




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breathing  and  Perdue  responded:  “That’s  only
air  escaping  the  body.”  Once  Perdue  finished
examining   Green,   he   directed   that   Green
should  be  taken  to  the  morgue  located  at  the
Franklin County jail.
At  approximately                                                              10:06  p.m.,  Green  was
transported  to  the  morgue  by  Hayes  and  Wood
where   Perdue   examined   him.   Perdue   lifted
Green’s   eyelids,   smelled   around   Green’s
mouth  to  determine  the  source  of  an  odor  of
alcohol  that  had  been  previously  noted,  and
drew                                                                           blood.                     During   this   particular
examination,   Perdue,   Hayes,   and   Wood   all
observed  several  twitches  in  Green’s  upper
right  eyelid.  Upon  being  asked  if  he  was
sure  Green  was  dead,  Perdue  responded  that
the  eye  twitch  was  just  a  muscle  spasm.
Plaintiffs  claim  that  Hayes  did  not  feel
comfortable  with  Perdue’s  response  and  went
outside  to  report  the  eye  twitch  to  Lamell.
Hayes  then  returned  inside  and  asked  Perdue
again  if  he  was  sure  Green  was  dead.    Perdue
reassured  Hayes  that  Green  was,  in  fact,
dead.    Green    was    then    placed    in    a
refrigeration  drawer  until  around  11:23  p.m.
when   State   Highway   Patrolman   Tyrone   Hunt
(“Hunt”)  called  Perdue  and  stated  that  he
was  trying  to  ascertain  the  direction  from
which   Green   was   struck.   To   assist   Hunt,
Perdue  removed  Green  from  the  drawer  and
unzipped  the  bag  in  which  he  was  sealed.
Perdue   then   noticed   movement   in   Green’s
abdomen   and   summoned   emergency   services.
Green  was  rushed  to  the  hospital  where  he
was  treated  from  25  January  2005  to  11  March
2005.   Green   was   alive   at   the   time   this
action   was   brought.   His   exact   medical
condition   is   unknown,   though   plaintiffs
allege   that   he   suffered   severe   permanent
injuries.
___  N.C.  App.  at  ___,  690  S.E.2d at  758-59.    There  is  no  dispute
that  Mr.  Green  was  immediately  disabled  by  his  injuries.      On  21




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February                                                                     2005,   Mr.   Larry   Alston,   Mr.   Green’s   father,   was
appointed  as  Mr.  Green’s  Interim  General  Guardian.                     “On                                                               22  May
2008,  Green,  through  his  guardian  ad  Litem,  and  Green’s  parents,
Larry  and  Kelly  Alston,  brought  this  action  in  Franklin  County
Superior Court.”    See id. at  ___,  690 S.E.2d at  759.
The   complaint   alleges   the   factual   circumstances   as
summarized  above,  and  based  upon  those  facts,  five  claims  for
relief.    Only  the  first,  third,  and  fourth  claims  are  applicable
to  defendants  in  this  case.     The  first  claim  alleges  general
negligence   on   the   part   of   defendants   Wade   R.   Kearney   II
(“Kearney”),  Pamela  Ball  Hayes                                            (“Hayes”),  Ronnie  Wood                                          (“Wood”),
and   Louisburg   Rescue   and   Emergency   Medical   Services,   Inc.
(“Louisburg  Rescue”).    The  third  claim  is  against  defendants  for
negligent  infliction  of  emotional  distress  upon  Mr.  Green’s
parents.     The  fourth  claim  is  against  defendants  for                “Willful
and  Wanton  Negligence[;]”  this  claim  states  that  the  negligent
acts  already  described  constitute                                         “willful  and  wanton”  conduct
which                                                                        “entitles  Green  to  punitive  damages.”     Defendants  filed
motions   for   partial   summary   judgment   as   to   the   claim   for
negligent  infliction  of  emotional  distress,  and  on                     12  March
2009,  the  trial  court  granted  the  motions  for  partial  summary
judgment as to this claim.




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On  15  November  2010,  defendants  Hayes,  Wood,  and  Louisburg
Rescue  filed  a  motion  for  summary  judgment  as  to  “all  remaining
claims  against  them[.]”     Defendants  Hayes,  Wood,  and  Louisburg
Rescue  alleged,  inter  alia,  they                                          “are  immune  from  liability  to
Plaintiff  pursuant  to  G.S.                                                 §                                   90-21.14.”     On                       16  November   2010,
defendant  Kearney  filed  a  motion  for  summary  judgment  as  to  “all
claims   remaining   against   him,”   also   alleging,   inter   alia,
immunity.     On                                                              13  December                        2010,  defendants  filed  motions  to
strike  various  affidavits  on  the  grounds  that  each  affidavit
“improperly    attempt[ed]    to    offer    the    witnesses’    legal
conclusions  purportedly  drawn  from  underlying  evidence,  and  that
except   the   Affidavit   of   George   Wittenburg,   MD,   PhD,   these
Affidavits  fail  to  state  that  the  affiants  are  familiar  with  the
standard   of   care   in   Franklin   County   or   similarly   situated
communities[;]”  that  same  day,  the  trial  court  heard  the  motions
to  strike  and  the  motions  for  summary  judgment.    On  20  December
2010,   the   trial   court   struck   the   contested   affidavits   and
granted  summary  judgment  in  favor  of  defendants.    Upon  entry  of
the  20  December  2010  orders,  all  claims  as  to  all  defendants  had
been  dismissed.    Plaintiff  filed  notices  of  appeal  from  the          20
December  2010 orders.
II.   Immunity




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Plaintiff  argues  that  the  trial  court  erred  by  granting
summary   judgment   dismissing   his   claims   against   defendants
because                                                                     “[d]efendants’                 [c]laims  of                                [i]mmunity  on  the                                             [g]rounds
                                                                            of  N.C.  Gen.  Stat.          §                          90-21.14  are                                          [i]nappropriate,  since
[p]laintiffs  have                                                                                         [e]stablished  that  the                                          [i]njuries                                [s]ustained
by                                                                          [p]laintiff    were                                       [c]aused    by                         [d]efendants’                                           [g]ross
[n]egligence, and  [w]illful and  [w]anton  [c]onduct[.]”
This  Court’s  standard  of  review  is  de
novo,  and  we  view  the  evidence  in  the  light
most   favorable   to   the   non-movant.   The
standard  of  review  for  an  order  granting  a
motion for summary judgment
requires   a   two-part   analysis   of
whether,                                                                    (1)                            the                        pleadings,
depositions,                                                                                               answers                    to
interrogatories,  and  admissions  on
file,                                                                       together                       with                       the
affidavits,  show  that  there  is  no
genuine  issue  as  to  any  material
fact;  and                                                                  (2)  the  moving  party  is
entitled  to  judgment  as  a  matter
of law.
Honeycutt  v.  Honeycutt,  ___  N.C.  App.  ___,  ___,  701  S.E.2d  689,
694  (2010)  (citations and quotation marks omitted).
N.C.  Gen.  Stat.  §  90-21.14  grants  immunity  as  to  first  aid
or emergency treatment rendered under certain circumstances:
(a)  Any  person,  including  a  volunteer
medical   or   health   care   provider   at   a
facility  of  a  local  health  department  as
defined  in  G.S.                                                           130A-2  or  at  a  nonprofit
community   health   center   or   a   volunteer
member  of  a  rescue  squad,  who  receives  no




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compensation    for    his    services    as    an
emergency  medical  care  provider,  who  renders
first  aid  or  emergency  health  care  treatment
to   a   person   who   is   unconscious,   ill   or
injured,
(1)   When the reasonably apparent
circumstances require prompt
decisions and actions in
medical or other health care,
and
(2)   When                                                               the                               necessity                                            of
immediate                                                                                                  health                                               care
treatment   is   so   reasonably
apparent   that   any   delay   in
the                                                                      rendering                         of                                                   the
treatment    would    seriously
worsen  the  physical  condition
or  endanger  the  life  of  the
person,
shall  not  be  liable  for  damages  for  injuries
alleged  to  have  been  sustained  by  the  person
or  for  damages  for  the  death  of  the  person
alleged  to  have  occurred  by  reason  of  an  act
or   omission   in   the   rendering   of   the
treatment  unless  it  is  established  that  the
injuries  were  or  the  death  was  caused  by
gross    negligence,    wanton    conduct    or
intentional  wrongdoing  on  the  part  of  the
person rendering the treatment.
N.C.                                                                     Gen.  Stat.                                                                            §      90-21.14                                                                      (2005).    Plaintiff’s  brief                          does  not
                                                                                                           dispute  the  applicability  of  N.C.  Gen.  Stat.                                                                                                                        §   90-21.14(1)  and
(2).                                                                                                                                                                              Thus,   in   order   to   prevail,   plaintiff   must   forecast
evidence  that  his  injuries  were                                      “caused  by  gross  negligence,
wanton  conduct  or  intentional  wrongdoing  on  the  part  of  the
person   rendering   the   treatment[,]”   specifically,   defendants.
Id.




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Considering                                                                                                         “the  evidence  in  the  light  most  favorable”  to
plaintiff,   Honeycutt   at                                              ___,                                       701   S.E.2d   at                                      694,   we   must
determine  whether  the  evidence  forecasts  negligence  which  rises
to   the   level   of                                                    “gross   negligence,   wanton   conduct,   or
intentional wrongdoing.”    N.C. Gen. Stat.  §  90-21.14.
In    determining    or    defining    gross
negligence,  this  Court  has  often  used  the
terms  willful  and  wanton  conduct  and  gross
negligence    interchangeably    to    describe
conduct    that    falls    somewhere    between
ordinary  negligence  and  intentional  conduct.
We  have  defined  gross  negligence  as  wanton
conduct   done   with   conscious   or   reckless
disregard   for   the   rights   and   safety   of
others.    An  act  is  wanton  when  it  is  done  of
wicked   purpose,   or   when   done   needlessly,
manifesting  a  reckless  indifference  to  the
rights   of   others.   Our   Court   has   defined
willful    negligence    in    the    following
language:
An  act  is  done  wilfully  when
it                                                                       is                                         done                                                   purposely          and
deliberately  in  violation  of  law
or  when  it  is  done  knowingly  and
of  set  purpose,  or  when  the  mere
will    has    free    play,    without
yielding   to   reason.                                                  The   true
conception   of   wilful   negligence
involves  a  deliberate  purpose  not
to  discharge  some  duty  necessary
to  the  safety  of  the  person  or
property   of   another,   which   duty
the  person  owing  it  has  assumed  by
contract,  or  which  is  imposed  on
the person by operation of law.
It  is  clear  from  the  foregoing  language
of  this  Court  that  the  difference  between
ordinary  negligence  and  gross  negligence  is
substantial.    As this Court has stated:




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An  analysis  of  our  decisions
impels   the   conclusion   that   this
Court,   in   references   to   gross
negligence,  has  used  that  term  in
the    sense    of    wanton    conduct.
Negligence,  a  failure  to  use  due
care,   be   it   slight   or   extreme,
connotes                                                                      inadvertence.
Wantonness,   on   the   other   hand,
connotes   intentional   wrongdoing.
Where  malicious  or  wilful  injury
is   not   involved,   wanton   conduct
must   be   alleged   and   shown   to
warrant  the  recovery  of  punitive
damages.  Conduct  is  wanton  when  in
conscious                                                                     and             intentional
disregard  of  and  indifference  to
the rights and safety of others.
Thus,  the  difference  between  the  two  is
not  in  degree  or  magnitude  of  inadvertence
or  carelessness,  but  rather  is  intentional
wrongdoing                                                                    or              deliberate    misconduct
affecting  the  safety  of  others.     An  act  or
conduct   rises   to   the   level   of   gross
negligence  when  the  act  is  done  purposely
and  with  knowledge  that  such  act  is  a  breach
of   duty   to   others,   i.e.,   a   conscious
disregard  of  the  safety  of  others.     An  act
or   conduct   moves   beyond   the   realm   of
negligence  when  the  injury  or  damage  itself
is intentional.
Yancey  v.  Lea,  354  N.C.  48,  52-53,  550  S.E.2d  155,  157-58  (2001)
(citations and quotation marks omitted).
We  have  no  prior  cases  under  N.C.  Gen.  Stat.  §  90-21.14  to
provide   guidance   as   to   factors   which   may   elevate   ordinary
negligence  by  a  volunteer  emergency  medical  provider  to  gross
negligence,  and  thus  we  turn  to  other  types  of  cases  which  have




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addressed   this   issue.                                                  In   the   context   of   motor   vehicle
accidents, our Supreme Court has noted that
[o]ur  case  law  as  developed  to  this  point
reflects  that  the  gross  negligence  issue  has
been   confined   to   circumstances   where   at
least  one  of  three  rather  dynamic  factors  is
present:                                                                   (1)  defendant  is  intoxicated;            (2)
defendant  is  driving  at  excessive  speeds;  or
(3)   defendant   is   engaged   in   a   racing
competition.   In   some   of   these   cases,   a
combination    of    the    above    factors    are
present.
Id. at  53-54,  550 S.E.2d at  158  (citations omitted).
Cases  dealing  with  pursuits  by  law  enforcement  officers  are
also  instructive  in  our  consideration  of  gross  negligence  as
those  cases  address  immunity  conferred  on  officers  who  are
responding  to  emergency  situations  in  a  manner  quite  similar  to
emergency medical responders:
Our  Supreme  Court  has  held  that  in  any
civil  action  resulting  from  the  vehicular
pursuit   of   a   law   violator,   the   gross
negligence  standard  applies  in  determining
the  officer’s  liability.     Gross  negligence
has  been  defined  as  wanton  conduct  done  with
conscious   or   reckless   disregard   for   the
rights  and  safety  of  others.                                           An  act  is
wanton  when  it  is  done  of  wicked  purpose,  or
when  done  needlessly,  manifesting  a  reckless
indifference to the rights of others.
Our    Courts    have    discussed    several
factors  as  relevant  to  the  issue  of  whether
the  conduct  of  a  law  enforcement  officer
engaged   in   pursuit   of   a   fleeing   suspect
meets  the  grossly  negligent  standard.    These
factors,  although  not  dispositive  standing




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alone,   include:                                                               (1)   the   reason   for   the
pursuit;                                                                        (2)  the  probability  of  injury  to
the  public  due  to  the  officer’s  decision  to
begin   and   maintain   pursuit;   and                                         (3)   the
officer’s conduct during the pursuit.
Lunsford  v.  Renn,                                                             ___  N.C.  App.                         ___,                               ___,   700  S.E.2d   94,   98
(2010)  (citations,  quotation  marks,  and  footnote  omitted),  disc.
review denied,  365 N.C.  193,  707 S.E.2d  244  (2011).
Here,  the  factual  situation  is  complicated  by  the  fact  that
each  defendant  is  subject  to  various  rules  and  protocols  which
set  forth  the  standards  for  the  medical  care  which  should  be
provided  to  a  person  in  plaintiff’s  situation  and  the  delegation
of  authority  to  particular  types  of  responders.    In  other  words,
the  situation  presented  to  each  defendant,  upon  arrival  at  the
scene  of  the  accident,  was  somewhat  different.    From  the  facts
as  provided  in  Green  I,  we  know  that  Kearney  responded  to  a
dispatch  made  at                                                              8:53  p.m.;  by                         9:00  p.m.  Hayes  and  Wood  of
Louisburg  Rescue  had  arrived,  and  at  some  point  within  this
seven  minutes  “Paul  Kilmer  .  .  .  and  Katherine  Lamell  .  .  .  with
Franklin  County  EMS  arrived.”    Green,  ___  N.C.  App.  at  ___,  690
S.E.2d  at  758.    Furthermore,  “[a]t  around  9:31  p.m.,  Perdue,  the
Franklin  County  Medical  Examiner,  arrived  at  the  scene.”    Id.  at
___,  690 S.E.2d at  759.




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Plaintiff  correctly  notes  that  “[t]here  is  a  lack  of  North
Carolina  case  law  on  what  constitutes  gross  negligence  and
willful  and  wanton  conduct  for  EMS  providers”  and  thus  urge  us
to  consider  Illinois  law,  as  Illinois  courts  have  dealt  with
these  issues  many  times.    In  considering  Illinois  law,  we  find
                                                                           Fagocki  v.  Algonquin  Fire  Protection  Dist.,                                                                                                                               496  F.3d   623             (7th
Cir.                                                                                                                                  2007),  to  be  extremely  instructive  on  the  issue.                                                                                         In
                                                                                                                                      Fagocki,  the  Seventh  Circuit  United  States  Court  of  Appeals
                                                                                                                                      considered  the  defendant’s  appeal  of  a  jury  verdict  in  favor  of
                                                                           the  plaintiff  who  alleged  a  claim  based  upon  the                                                                                                                                   “willful  and
                                                                                                                                      wanton  misconduct”  of  the  emergency  medical  providers                                                                                     under
Illinois  law.                                                                                                                        Id.  at                                                                     624-26      (citation  and  quotation                               marks
omitted).
Illinois’s   Emergency   Medical   Services
Systems    Act    provided    that    a    licensed
emergency  medical  services  provider,  such  as
the  defendant  paramedic  service,  who  in  good
faith  provides  emergency  medical  services  in
the   normal   course   of   conducting   their
activities,  or  in  an  emergency,  shall  not  be
civilly  liable  as  a  result  of  their  acts  or
omissions  in  providing  such  services  unless
such  acts  or  omissions  constitute  willful
and  wanton  misconduct.    The  purpose  of  thus
exempting  emergency  medical  providers  from
liability    for    mere    negligence    is    to
encourage   emergency   response   by   trained
medical                                                                    personnel                                                  without                                                                     risk        of
malpractice  liability  for  every  bad  outcome
or                                                                         unfortunate                                                occurrence.                                                                 Emergency
situations  are  often  fraught  with  tension,




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confusion,  and  as  here,  difficult  physical
locations                                             for                         giving     medical   care.
Emergency  personnel  must  not  be  afraid  to  do
whatever   they   can   under   less   than   ideal
circumstances.
At   common   law,   rescuers   were   fully
liable  for  any  negligence  committed  by  them
in  the  course  of  the  rescue.                     This  made
sense    when    the    intervention    of    an
incompetent  worsened  the  patient’s  condition
or   precluded   intervention   by   a   competent
rescuer.                                              But  it  had  a  tendency   (as  the
Illinois   cases   emphasize)   to   deter   even
competent  rescuers  from  volunteering  their
services,  since  if  the  rescue  failed  they
might   face   a   lawsuit.                           The   problem   is
especially  acute  if,  as  in  a  case  such  as
this,  the  rescuer  cannot  seek  restitution
for  the  benefit  conferred  by  a  successful
rescue.    Nevertheless    if    the    negligence
system  operated  with  a  zero  error  rate,  and
if  a  successful  defendant  could  recoup  his
attorney’s  fees,  the  rescuer  would  have  no
fear  about  having  to  defend  against  such  a
suit.    But    these    conditions    are    not
satisfied.    Judges,  jurors,  and  lawyers  make
mistakes   and   litigants   in   ordinary   civil
litigation   bear   their   litigation   expenses
even   when   they   win.                             In   addition,   an
employer   is   liable,   by   virtue   of   the
doctrine   of   respondeat   superior,   for   the
negligent  acts  of  an  employee  even  if  there
was  no  way  the  employer  could  have  prevented
them.
So  Illinois  has  decided  to  restrike  the
balance  by  exempting  licensed  providers  of
emergency  medical  treatment  from  liability
for  negligence.  They  remain  liable  if  they
are  willful  and  wanton,  but  what  does  that
doublet    mean?    The    definitions    in    the
Illinois  cases  are  not  very  helpful,  in  part
because  general  statements  often  make  a  poor
match   with   specific   facts   and   in   part
because the definitions are not uniform.




-15-
Id. at  626-27.
The  Court  in  Fagocki  went  on  to  discuss  the  definitions  of
“willful  and  wanton”  conduct  under  Illinois  law.     Id.  at        627.
In   particular,   one   Illinois   case   states   that                  “willful   and
wanton”  conduct  exhibits  “an  utter  indifference  to  or  conscious
disregard  for  safety[,]”  while  another  case  notes  that  “willful
and  wanton  may  be  synonymous  with  gross  negligence[.]”  Id.
(citations   and   quotation   marks   omitted).                          The   Court   then
analyzed  Illinois  cases                                                 “in  which  paramedics  are  accused  of
willful  and  wanton  misconduct”  and  noted  that  there  is  a         “high
threshold  for  liability”  but  nonetheless  there  are  at  least
three cases in which  “the paramedics lost.”    Id.
One  of  these  three  cases  is  the  sole  Illinois  case  cited  in
plaintiff’s brief, wherein paramedics
responded  to  a  911  call  by  a  woman  who  told
the                                                                       911  operator  that  she  was  having  an
asthmatic  attack  and  thought  she  was  dying.
The   paramedics   arrived   at   the   woman’s
apartment,   knocked   on   the   door,   heard
nothing,  and  left.  The  door  was  unlocked,
but   they   had   not   bothered   to   turn   the
doorknob.    She died.
Id. at  627-28.
In another case,
The   paramedics   knew   that   the   plaintiff’s
decedent,  killed  when  the  stretcher  she  was




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on   collapsed   was   not   secured   to   the
stretcher,  that  the  stretcher’s  legs  were
not  locked,  that  the  paramedics  placed  the
stretcher  on  a  pothole,  making  it  highly
unstable,  and  that,  despite  their  knowledge
of  the  instability  of  the  stretcher,  they
did  not  maintain  physical  contact  with  the
stretcher.
Id. at  628  (citation, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).
In  the  third  case  .  .  .  the  court  ruled  that
a  complaint  was  sufficient  to  state  a  claim
against   paramedics   when   it   alleged   that
despite  defendants’  knowledge  prior  to  their
arrival   on   the   scene   that   decedent   was
having  difficulty  breathing  and  her  throat
was  closing  due  to  an  allergic  reaction,  and
despite    their    training    and    standard
operating  procedures  and  accepted  emergency
practices,   they   waited   between   seven   and
eight   minutes   to   administer   two   of   the
necessary  medications  and  never  administered
the third.
Id.
The  Court  then  analyzed  the  evidence  presented  in  the  case
before   it,   in   which   the   plaintiff’s   decedent   suffered
“irreversible  brain  damage”  and  ultimately  died.     Id.  at          626.
The  plaintiff’s  decedent  suffered  from  anaphylactic  shock  due  to
a  food  allergy  and  then  was  subjected  to  a  series  of  medical
errors.     Id.  at                                                        625-26.     The  paramedics  repeatedly  failed  to
administer  the  proper  medications,  allowed  the  decedent  to  fall
off  of  the  gurney,  failed  to  secure  her  oral  airway,  and  made
multiple  attempts  at  intubation,  ending  with  the  endotracheal




-17-
tube  in  her  esophagus  instead  of  her  trachea,  although  the
paramedics  failed  to  realize  that  the  tube  was  not  properly
placed.    Id.    The  Court  ultimately  determined  that  there  was  no
evidence  that  some  of  the  medical  errors  would  have  made  any
difference  to  the  causation  of  the  decedent’s  injuries,  and
those  errors  which  may  have  contributed  to  her  injuries              “would
not    amount    to    willful    and    wanton    misconduct    without
circumstances of aggravation.”    Id. at  628-29.
Thus,  Illinois  cases  addressing  immunity  of  providers  of
emergency  medical  services  appear  to  be  in  accord  with  North
Carolina’s   law   regarding   gross   negligence   in   other   factual
contexts, where
the   difference   between                                                   [ordinary
negligence  and  gross  negligence]  is  not  in
degree   or   magnitude   of   inadvertence   or
carelessness,   but   rather   is   intentional
wrongdoing                                                                   or          deliberate   misconduct
affecting  the  safety  of  others.  An  act  or
conduct   rises   to   the   level   of   gross
negligence  when  the  act  is  done  purposely
and  with  knowledge  that  such  act  is  a  breach
of   duty   to   others,   i.e.,   a   conscious
disregard  of  the  safety  of  others.     An  act
or   conduct   moves   beyond   the   realm   of
negligence  when  the  injury  or  damage  itself
is intentional.
Yancey,  354 N.C. at  53,  550 S.E.2d at  158.
There  is  no  doubt  that  the  acts  or  omissions  of  defendants
which  resulted  in  plaintiff’s  being  erroneously  declared  dead




-18-
and  thus  denied  attempts  at  resuscitation  could  be  characterized
as                                                                          “inadvertence  or  carelessness”  of  a  very  high   “degree  or
magnitude[,]”   but   plaintiff   has   not   forecast   evidence   of
“intentional  wrongdoing  or  deliberate  misconduct[,]”  or  what  the
Seventh  Circuit  referred  to  as                                          “circumstances  of  aggravation.”
Id;  Fagocki,                                                               496  F.3d  at                                         628.          In  each  of  the  Illinois  cases
discussed   which   found   that   claims   of                              “willful   and   wanton”
conduct  had  been  stated,  the  courts  stressed  the  knowledge  of
the  emergency  personnel  and  their  actions  which  were  not  in
accord   with   that   knowledge:                                           knowledge   that   a   person   was
suffering  a  potentially  fatal  asthma  attack  but  failing  even  to
attempt  to  open  an  unlocked  door;  knowledge  that  a  person  was
unsecured  on  a  stretcher  with  unstable  legs  placed  on  a  pothole
and   leaving   the   person   unattended   despite   this   knowledge;
knowledge  that  a  person  was  having  an  allergic  reaction  and
difficulty  breathing  but  still  waiting  seven  to  eight  minutes  to
administer  medication.    Fagocki,  496  F.3d  at  627-28.    Here,  the
problem  was  defendants’  lack  of  knowledge:     they  did  not  know
that  plaintiff  was  alive.    Even  if  their  lack  of  knowledge  was
caused  by  a  negligent  failure  to  conduct  a  sufficiently  thorough
examination   to   establish   whether   plaintiff   was   living   or
deceased,  this  is  still  ordinary  negligence.     See  Yancey,          354




-19-
N.C.  at  53,                                                               550  S.E.2d  at  158.    Plaintiff  has  not  forecast  any
“intentional  wrongdoing  or  deliberate  misconduct”  as  to  these
defendants.    Id.
Another  issue  raised  on  appeal  is  whether  the  trial  court
properly  struck  various  affidavits  filed  by   plaintiff.               We
conclude  that  the  trial  court  did  not  err,  as  these  affidavits
sought   to   present   evidence   of   the   legal   conclusion   that
defendants  were                                                            “gross[ly]  negligen[t]  or  engaged  in                      “wanton
conduct  or  intentional  wrongdoing[.]    See  N.C.  Gen.  Stat.  §  90-
21.14.    It would be improper for a jury to hear expert testimony
as  to  whether  a  certain  legal  standard  has
been met.
The  rule  that  an  expert  may  not
testify   that   such   a   particular
legal  conclusion  or  standard  has
or   has   not   been   met   remains
unchanged   by   the   new   Evidence
Code,  at  least  where  the  standard
is   a   legal   term   of   art   which
carries  a  specific  legal  meaning
not    readily    apparent    to    the
witness.
Opinion  testimony  may  be  received  regarding
the  underlying  factual  premise,  which  the
fact  finder  must  consider  in  determining  the
legal  conclusion  to  be  drawn  therefrom,  but
may  not  be  offered  as  to  whether  the  legal
conclusion should be drawn.
                                                                                                                                          Norris  v.  Zambito,  135  N.C.  App.  288,  292,  520  S.E.2d  113,  115-
16                                                                          (1999)                                                        (citations  omitted)                                                         (determining  that   “[w]hether  the
                                                                                                                                          officers’  conduct  in  pursuing  Zambito  was  “grossly  negligent”  or




-20-
“showed  reckless  disregard  for  the  safety  of  others”  are  legal
conclusions  to  be  drawn  from  the  evidence;  Mr.  Gormley's  opinion
testimony   drawing   such   conclusions   was,   therefore,   properly
excluded”                                                                    (citation   omitted)).      Much   of   the   information
contained   in   the   excluded   affidavits   could   properly   be
considered  as  to  the  issues  of  the  standards  of  care  applicable
to  each  defendant  and  how  defendants  failed  to  meet  those
standards,  but  to  the  extent  that  any  affiant  states  a  legal
conclusion, the affidavits were properly excluded.    See id.
But  even  if  we  were  to  consider  the  affidavits,  they  did
not  present  any  new  information  as  to  the                             “underlying  factual
premise”  or  any  facts  to  support  a  forecast  of  gross  negligence.
Id.  at                                                                      292,                        520  S.E.2d  at                 116.   These  affidavits  review  the
facts,  as  summarized  above,  and  review  the  applicable  standards
of  care,  stating  how  various  defendants  failed  to  comply  with
the   applicable   standards   of   care.                                    In   this   regard,   the
affidavits  would  support  claims  for  ordinary  medical  negligence.
But  the  affidavits  fail  to  identify  any  factors  which  would
elevate  the  actions  of  defendants  to  gross  negligence.    Although
the  affidavits  make  generous  use  of  phrases  such  as                  “conscious
and   reckless   disregard   for   the   rights   and   safety   of   Mr.
Green[,]”  the  factual  bases  for  these  averments  are  simply  the




-21-
failures  of  defendants  to  comply  with  the  applicable  standards
of  care,  which  are,  without  more,  still  ordinary  negligence,
despite  the  adjectives  an  affiant  may  have  used  in  stating  the
opinion.
We  also  note  that  this  Court  considered  in  Green  I  whether
Dr.  Perdue’s  actions  as  alleged  by  plaintiffs’  complaint  rose
beyond  a  claim  of  ordinary  negligence.    Green,  ___  N.C.  App.  at
___,                                                                         690  S.E.2d  at   765.              Although  some  of  the  legal  issues
raised  in  the  prior  case  were  different  from  those  raised  in
this  appeal,  some  were  essentially  the  same.    See  id.,  ___  N.C.
App.                                                                         ___,              690  S.E.2d       755.                                     This  Court  addressed  plaintiffs’
claims   against   Dr.   Perdue   in   his   individual   capacity,
“alleg[ing]  that  his  actions  were  in  bad  faith,  or  willful,
wanton,  corrupt,  malicious  or  recklessly  indifferent,  and  that
Perdue  acted  outside  the  scope  of  his  duties  as  a  public
officer.”    Id.  at                                                         ___,              690  S.E.2d  at   765                                      (quotation  marks  and
brackets omitted).    This Court noted:
A   defendant   acts   with   malice   when   he
wantonly  does  that  which  a  man  of  reasonable
intelligence  would  know  to  be  contrary  to
his   duty   and   which   he   intends   to   be
prejudicial  or  injurious  to  another.    An  act
is  wanton  when  it  is  done  of  wicked  purpose,
or   when   done   needlessly,   manifesting   a
reckless   indifference   to   the   rights   of
others.




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Id.  (citations and quotation marks omitted).
The    specific    acts    which    plaintiffs    alleged              “were
perpetrated  outside  and  beyond  Perdue’s  duties  and  authority”
were the following:
a.    failing  to  determine  if  he  was  dealing
with  someone  who  was  dead  prior  to  beginning
a forensic examination of that person;
b.    failing,    upon    three    separate    and
specific  inquiries,  to  determine  if  Green
was dead or alive at the scene;
c.    directing  that  Green  be  removed  from
the  scene  to  the  morgue  when  Green  was  not
in fact dead;
d.    attempting  to  determine  the  cause  of
death of someone who was not dead;
e.    disregarding    evidence    of    breathing
while examining Green’s exposed chest;
f.    concluding    that    the    twitching    in
Green’s  right  upper  eyelid  was  because  of
muscle  spasms  “like  a  frog  leg  lumping  in  a
frying pan” when Green was in fact alive;
g.    holding  on  to  his  erroneous  conclusion
that  Green  was  dead  when  questioned  whether
Green   was   alive   after   he,   himself,   and
others  observed  Green’s  right  eyelid  twitch
several times;
h.    dissuading   the   paramedics   and   first
responders  from  checking  or  rechecking  Green
for  vital  signs  or  otherwise  reevaluating
Green’s condition;
i.    handling  Green  as  if  he  were  a  corpse
when Green was, in fact, alive; and




-23-
j.    failing    to    provide    any    medical
treatment.
Id.    We  note  that  the  essence  of  the  allegations  is  the  same  as
the  allegations  against  defendants  in  this  appeal:    they  failed
to  determine  that  plaintiff  was  alive  and  thus  failed  to  provide
any medical treatment because they believed he was dead.
This Court determined that
the  allegations  establish  that  Perdue
acted  under  the  assumption  that  Green  was
deceased  and  that  he  disregarded  signs  that
Green  was  still  alive;  however,  we  find  that
these  allegations  do  not  support  plaintiffs’
assertion  that  Perdue’s  actions  were  in  bad
faith,    or    willful,    wanton,    corrupt,
malicious or recklessly indifferent.
Id.  (quotation  marks,  ellipses,  and  brackets  omitted).    Although
there   are   some   differences   between   the   legal   duties   of
defendants  herein  and  Dr.  Perdue  and  some  factual  differences  as
to   when   and   how   each   defendant   encountered   plaintiff,   the
similarities   between   this   case   and   Dr.   Perdue’s   case   far
outweigh  any  differences.     See  id.,                                      ___  N.C.  App.   ___,        690
S.E.2d  755.    Thus,  we  too  conclude  that  plaintiff’s  forecast  of
evidence  fails  to  demonstrate  that  defendants  acts  or  omissions
rose  to  a  level  beyond  ordinary  negligence.     The  trial  court
properly  granted  summary  judgment  in  favor  of  the  defendants
pursuant  to  N.C.  Gen.  Stat.                                                §                 90-21.14.   This  argument  is




-24-
overruled.
III. Conclusion
As  we  have  concluded  that  the  trial  court  properly  granted
defendants’  motions  for  summary  judgment,  we  need  not  address
plaintiff’s  other  issue  on  appeal  regarding  the  taxing  of  costs
against  plaintiffs  as  this  argument  was  based  upon  plaintiff’s
argument  that  he  should  have  prevailed  on  the  summary  judgment
motions.
AFFIRMED.
Judges GEER and THIGPEN concur.





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