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State v. Sanders
State: North Carolina
Court: Court of Appeals
Docket No: 12-676
Case Date: 01/15/2013
Plaintiff: State
Defendant: Sanders
Preview:NO. COA12-676
NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS
Filed:  15 January  2013
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.                                                                     Beaufort County
No.  06 CRS  53372
RONDELL LUVELL SANDERS
Sentencing  — prior record level  — out-of-state crimes comparison
of punishments not sufficient
The  trial  court  erred  when  sentencing  defendant  for
armed  robbery  by  finding  that  defendant’s  convictions  in
Tennessee   were   substantially   similar   to   certain   North
Carolina  offenses  and  assigning  prior  record  level  points
accordingly.    At  no  point  in  its  evaluation  of  defendant’s
Tennessee   convictions   did   the   trial   court   compare   the
elements  of  the  allegedly  similar  North  Carolina  offenses
against  the  elements  of  the  Tennessee  offenses.    A  review
of  the  punishments  associated  with  a  crime  is  not  the  same
as  a  comparison  of  its  elements  and  does  not  meet  the
substantial similarity test.




NO. COA12-676
NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS
Filed:  15 January  2013
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.                                                                           Beaufort County
No.  06 CRS  53372
RONDELL LUVELL SANDERS
Appeal  by  Defendant  from  judgment  entered  14  December  2011
by  Judge  Wayland  J.  Sermons,  Jr.,  in  Beaufort  County  Superior
Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals  25 October  2012.
Attorney  General  Roy  Cooper,  by  Assistant  Attorney  General
Lora C. Cubbage, for the State.
W. Michael Spivey for Defendant.
STEPHENS, Judge.
Procedural History and Evidence
On                                                                           18   November     2009   Defendant   Rondell   Luvell   Sanders
(“Sanders”)  was  tried  on  charges  of  robbery  with  a  dangerous
weapon.  Sanders  left  the  courtroom  during  jury  selection,  did
not  return,  and  the  trial  was  therefore  held  in  his  absence.  On
19  November  2009  the  jury  returned  a  guilty  verdict.  Sanders  was
subsequently  apprehended  in  Michigan  and  brought  back  to  North
Carolina  in                                                                 2011.  On         14  December                                    2011,  Sanders  was  brought  to




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court  for  sentencing.  In  calculating  his  prior  record  level,  the
State  sought  to  have  two  sentencing  points  included  in  the
court‖s  calculus  because  of  two  prior  misdemeanor  convictions  in
Tennessee  for                                                                 “theft  of  property”  and   “domestic  assault.”  In
doing   so,   the   State   offered   evidence   consisting   of   a
computerized  printout  of  Sanders‖s  criminal  history,  a  prior
record  level  worksheet,  copies  of  judgments  against  Defendant,
online  printouts  of  the  relevant  Tennessee  statutes,  and  a  sheet
that  categorized  the  different  gradations  of  Tennessee  felonies
and  misdemeanors.  Following  a  colloquy  between  the  trial  judge
and  counsel  for  the  State  and  for  Sanders,  the  judge  stated  on
the  record  that  “for  each  out-of-state  conviction  listed  [on  the
prior    record    level    worksheet],    the    Court    finds    by    a
preponderance  of  the  evidence  that  the                                    [Tennessee]  offense  is
substantially  similar  to  a  North  Carolina  offense  .  .  .               .”  As  a
result,  the  trial  court  assigned  one  point  for  each  out-of-state
offense,  giving  Sanders  a  total  of  five  points,  the  minimum
number  of  points  required  for  a  prior  record  level  III.  Sanders
was  sentenced  to  a  minimum  of  92  and  a  maximum  of  120  months  in
prison.  Sanders  appeals  the  trial  court‖s  calculation  of  his
prior record level.
Standard of Review




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“The  standard  of  review  relating  to  the  sentence  imposed  by
the  trial  court  is  whether  the  sentence  is  supported  by  evidence
introduced   at   the   trial   and   sentencing   hearing.”   State   v.
Fortney,                                                                     201  N.C.  App.                                                           662,                    669,   687  S.E.2d   518,   524   (2010)
(citation  omitted).                                                         “[T]he  question  of  whether  a  conviction
under  an  out-of-state  statute  is  substantially  similar  to  an
offense  under  North  Carolina  statutes  is  a  question  of  law
requiring  de  novo  review  on  appeal.”  Id.                               (internal  quotation
marks and citation omitted).
Discussion
On  appeal,  Sanders  argues  (1)  that  the  trial  court  erred  by
improperly  comparing  the  punishments  for  Sanders‖s  Tennessee
convictions   with   the   punishments   for   his   North   Carolina
offenses,  instead  of  comparing  the  elements  of  those  offenses,
and  (2)  that,  in  either  circumstance,  the  Tennessee  convictions
and  the  North  Carolina  offenses  are  not  substantially  similar
and,  thus,  should  not  have  been  considered  when  determining
Sanders‖s  prior  record  level.  For  the  following  reasons,  we
remand for resentencing.
                                                                             “The  prior  record  level  of  a  felony  offender  is  determined
                                                                             by  calculating  the  sum  of  the  points  assigned  to  each  of  the
offender‖s  prior  convictions  .  .  .                                                                                                                .”  N.C.  Gen.  Stat.   §      15A-




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1340.14(a)(2011).  The  State  must  prove                                     “by  a  preponderance  of
the  evidence[]  that  a  prior  conviction  exists  and  that  the
offender  before  the  court  is  the  same  person  as  the  offender
named   in   the   prior   conviction.”   N.C.   Gen.   Stat.                  §                                                       15A-
1340.14(f).   A   prior   conviction   shall   be   proved   by                                                                        (1)
stipulation  of  the  parties;  (2)  an  original  or  copy  of  the  court
record  of  the  prior  conviction;  (3)  a  copy  of  records  maintained
by  the  Division  of  Criminal  Information,  the  Division  of  Motor
Vehicles,  or  of  the  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts;  or  (4)
any   other   method   found   by   the   court   to   be   reliable.   Id.
Substantial  similarity  is  a  question  of  law,  and  the  defendant
cannot  validly  stipulate  to  the  State‖s  characterization  of  the
laws  being  compared.  State  v.  Palmateer,  179  N.C.  App.  579,  581-
82,  634 S.E.2d  592,  593-94  (2006).
Generally,                                                                     “a  conviction  occurring  in  a  jurisdiction  other
than  North  Carolina  .  .  .  is  classified  as  a  Class  3  misdemeanor
if  the  jurisdiction  in  which  the  offense  occurred  classifies  the
offense  as  a  misdemeanor.”  N.C.  Gen.  Stat.  §  15A-1340.14(e).  No
sentencing   points   are   assigned   for   Class                             3   misdemeanor
convictions. See N.C. Gen. Stat.  §  15A-1340.14(b). However,
[i]f  the  State  proves  by  the  preponderance
of  the  evidence  that  an  offense  classified
as  a  misdemeanor  in  the  other  jurisdiction
is   substantially   similar   to   an   offense




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                                                                             classified   as   a   Class   A1   or   Class                                          1
misdemeanor                                                                  in                                                North   Carolina,                    the
conviction  is  treated  as  a  Class  A1  or  Class
1   misdemeanor   for   assigning   prior   record
level points.
N.C. Gen. Stat.  §  15A-1340.14(e)  (emphasis added).
In   determining                                                             “whether   the   out-of-state   conviction   is
substantially  similar  to  a  North  Carolina  offense,”  the  trial
court  must  compare  “the  elements  of  the  out-of-state  offense  to
those  of  the  North  Carolina  offense.”  Fortney,  201  N.C.  App.  at
671,                                                                         687  S.E.2d  at                                   525     (emphasis  added)            (citation  omitted).
“[T]he  requirement  set  forth  in  N.C.  Gen.  Stat.  §  15A-1340.14(e)
is  not  that  the  statutory  wording  precisely  match,  but  rather
that  the  offense  be  ―substantially  similar.‖”  State  v.  Sapp,  190
N.C.  App.  698,  713,  661  S.E.2d  304,  312  (2008),  appeal  dismissed
and disc. review denied,  363 N.C.  661,  685 S.E.2d  799  (2009).
We   emphasize   that                                                        “copies   of   the
statutes   from   another   jurisdiction,   and
comparison   of   their   provisions   to   the
criminal    laws    of    North    Carolina,    are
sufficient  to  prove  by  a  preponderance  of
the   evidence   that   the   crimes   of   which
defendant  was  convicted  in  those  states  were
substantially  similar  to  classified  crimes
                                                                                                                                                                    in  North  Carolina  for  purposes  of  G.S.                     §
                                                                                                                                       15A-1340.14(e).”
                                                                             State  v.  Burgess,                                       __  N.C.  App.               __,                                            __,               715  S.E.2d            867,   870
(2011)                                                                                                                                 (quoting  State  v.  Rich,                                                  130  N.C.  App.   113,                   117,   502
S.E.2d                                                                       49,                                               52      (1998)                       (emphasis   added))                                              (internal   brackets




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omitted);  see  also  State  v.  Hanton,  175  N.C.  App.  250,  254,  623
S.E.2d                                                                       600,                                                   604                        (2006)   (noting  that,  when  considering  out-of-
state  offenses,  the  determination  of  a  defendant‖s  prior  record
level  involves                                                              “comparing  the  elements  of  a  defendant‖s  prior
convictions  under  the  statutes  of  foreign  jurisdictions  with  the
elements  of  crimes  under  North  Carolina  statutes”)                     (citation,
internal quotation marks, and internal brackets omitted).
The  trial  court  in  this  case  stated  that  Sanders‖s  prior
Tennessee  misdemeanor  convictions  for  theft  and  domestic  assault
were   substantially   similar   to                                          “a   North   Carolina   offense.”
Accordingly,  Sanders  received  two  points  which,  together,  moved
him  from  a  prior record  level  II to  a  prior record  level  III.  In
arguing  for  such  a  determination,  the  State  provided  the  trial
court  with  an  exhibit                                                     (“State‖s  Exhibit                                     1”),  which  included  a
prior  conviction  worksheet  compiled  by  the  State,  evidence  of
Sanders‖s  criminal  history  in  North  Carolina,  two  photographs  of
Sanders,   an   explanation   of   Tennessee   sentencing   gradations,
copies  of  the  judgments  at  issue  from  the  State  of  Tennessee,
and  copies  of  the  relevant  Tennessee  statutes  for  assault  and
theft.  State‖s  Exhibit  1  did  not  include  copies  of  the  relevant
North  Carolina  statutes  to  which  the  Tennessee  convictions  were
being  compared  or  the  elements  of  those  North  Carolina  crimes.




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Sanders  did  not  stipulate  to  the  State‖s  compilation  of  his
prior  record  and  at  no  point  during  the  hearing  did  the  State
offer  further  evidence  of  the  similarity  between  Sanders‖s  prior
Tennessee  convictions  and  those  North  Carolina  crimes  which  it
alleged  were  substantially  similar.  Indeed,  the  State  did  not
even  identify  by  name  or  statute  number  the  North  Carolina
offenses   it   contended   were   substantially   similar   to   the
Tennessee convictions.
In   considering   the   State‖s   evidence,   the   trial   court
alluded  to  State‖s  Exhibit  1,  stating  “I‖m  getting  ready  to  look
at                                                                           [a  document]  that  indicates  you  were  convicted  of  Theft  of
Property  in  2009  in  Tennessee  and  Domestic  Assault  in  2009  on  a
separate  date  in  Tennessee,  each  of  which  are  Class                  1  or  A-1
misdemeanors    in    North    Carolina    is    what    the    State
contends  .  .  .                                                            .”  The  court  then  proceeded  with  the  following
faulty comparison:
So  the  ones  in  question  are  a  conviction  in
2009  of  misdemeanor  Theft  of  Property,  and
so   I‖m   looking   at   the                                                —   a   Class   A
misdemeanor  is  what  the  materials  contain  in
Exhibit                                                                      [1].  A  Class  A  misdemeanor  if  the
value  of  the  property  or  services  obtained
is                                                                           $500  or  less.  A  Class  A  misdemeanor  is
punished  in  Tennessee  by  not  greater  than  11
months  and  29  days  in  jail,  or  a  fine  not  to
exceed                                                                       $2,500,  or  both,  and  the  State  would
contend  that  that‖s  substantially  similar  to
our Class  1 misdemeanor.




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[T]he  next  charge  is  .  .  .  Domestic  Assault,
for  which  you‖ve  assigned  an  A-1  which  would
still  be  one  point,  and  the  defendant  was
convicted  of  that  in                                                      2009,  and  the  statute
shows  that  Domestic  Assault  again  is  a  Class
A  misdemeanor  under  Tennessee  law,  and  again
is  punishable  by  no  greater  than                                        11  months
29  days,  or  a  fine  not  to  exceed  $2,500.  The
State  contends  that  that  is  similar  to  our
Class  1 misdemeanor level[.]
Based  on  that  assessment,  the  court  found  that  “for  each  out-of-
state  conviction  listed  in  Section                                       4                                                  [of  the  worksheet]  .  .  .
the  offense  is  substantially  similar  to  a  North  Carolina  offense
and  that  the  North  Carolina  classification  assigned  to  this
offense  in  Section                                                         4  is  correct.”  Based  on  that  finding,  the
court  added  two  extra  points  to  Sanders‖s  prior  record  level,
totaling five points and equaling a prior record level III.
It  bears  repeating  that                                                   “[d]etermination  of  whether  the
out-of-state  conviction  is  substantially  similar  to  a  North
Carolina  offense  is  a  question  of  law  involving  comparison  of
the  elements  of  the  out-of-state  offense  to  those  of  the  North
Carolina  offense.”  Fortney,  201  N.C.  App.  at  671,  687  S.E.2d  at
525                                                                          (citation  omitted)                                (emphasis  added).  At  no  point  in  its
evaluation  of  Sanders‖s  Tennessee  convictions  did  the  trial
court   compare   the   elements   of   the   allegedly   similar   North
Carolina   offenses   against   the   elements   of   the   Tennessee




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offenses.   Indeed,   as   previously   noted,   the   North   Carolina
offenses  were  neither  named  nor  presented  in  State‖s  Exhibit  1.
There  is  no  evidence  in  the  record  before  this  Court  that  the
trial  court  compared  the  elements  of  the  Tennessee  crimes  with
the  elements  of  any  North  Carolina  crimes  when  reviewing  State‖s
Exhibit                                                                      1  during  the  sentencing  hearing.  On  the  contrary,  it
appears  that  the  trial  court  simply  accepted  at  face  value  the
State‖s    contention    that    the    Tennessee    offenses    were
substantially  similar  to  Class  A1  or                                    1  misdemeanors  in  North
Carolina.   When   the   trial   court   orally   evaluated   Sanders‖s
Tennessee  convictions,  the  transcript  indicates  that  it  focused
solely  on  the  punishment  aspects  of  those  crimes,  not  their
substantive  elements.  A  review  of  the  punishments  associated
with  a  crime  is not  the  same  as a  comparison  of its  elements  and
does  not  meet  the  substantial  similarity  test.  Therefore,  we
hold  that  the  trial  court  erred  in  finding  that  Defendant‖s
convictions  in  Tennessee  were  substantially  similar  to  certain
North Carolina offenses.
Because  we  have  concluded  that  the  trial  court  erred  in  its
comparison   of   the   Tennessee   punishments   to   certain   North
Carolina   offenses,   we   need   not   address   Defendant‖s   second
argument   that   the   Tennessee   convictions   were   not   actually




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substantially   similar   to   certain   North   Carolina   offenses.
Accordingly,  we  remand  this  case  to  the  trial  court  for  a  proper
comparison  of  the  elements  of  those  North  Carolina  crimes,  if
any,   that   the   State   contends   are   substantially   similar   to
Sanders‖s Tennessee convictions.
REMANDED for resentencing consistent with this opinion.
Judges GEER and MCCULLOUGH concur.





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