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Supreme Court
No. 2011-99-Appeal.
(PM 08-4416)
State of Rhode Island, Department of                                  :
Corrections
v.                                                                    :
Rhode Island Brotherhood of Correctional                              :
Officers.
NOTICE:    This  opinion  is  subject  to  formal  revision  before
publication in the Rhode Island Reporter.  Readers are requested to
notify  the  Opinion  Analyst,  Supreme  Court  of  Rhode  Island,
250 Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone
222-3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that
corrections may be made before the opinion is published.




Supreme Court
No. 2011-99-Appeal.
(PM 08-4416)
State of Rhode Island, Department of                                                                  :
Corrections
v.                                                                                                    :
Rhode Island Brotherhood of Correctional                                                              :
Officers.
Present:  Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.
O P I N I O N
Justice Indeglia, for the Court.   The Rhode Island Department of Corrections  (the
DOC) is charged with “the custody, care, discipline, training, treatment, and study of persons
committed to state correctional institutions or on probation or parole * * *.”  See G.L. 1956 § 42-
56-1(b).   The Rhode Island Brotherhood of Correctional Officers (the union) is the certified
bargaining unit for correctional officers and certain other DOC employees.   The parties’ dispute
stems from the DOC’s proposal to modify the weapons qualification component of the training
program for correctional officers.   The union filed a grievance, arguing that the training program
could not be modified without the approval of a training committee that had been created under
the parties’ collective bargaining agreement (the CBA).   An arbitrator agreed and ruled in the
union’s favor.  After the Superior Court confirmed the arbitration award, the DOC sought redress
before this Court.  For the reasons stated below, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.
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I
Facts and Travel
The CBA, which was in effect at all times relevant to this appeal, contains several
provisions that are central to the parties’ dispute.   One of those provisions is Article XXXI,
section  31.1, which requires the DOC to “offer a minimum of forty (40) hours per year of
training to all uniformed Correctional Officers.”   Section 31.2 creates a training committee.
Composed of two representatives of the DOC and two representatives of the union, it is charged
with “submit[ting] a comprehensive program pertinent to the training of Correctional Officers *
* *.”
Another key provision of the CBA relates to weapons qualification.1   Section 31.3 states
that “[e]mployees who are required to engage in a weapons qualification shall do so on [s]tate
time.”   Furthermore, it provides that “[t]he time frame for qualifying shall be one (1) year from
the date of the officer’s last qualification * * *.”  This litigation, and the arbitration that preceded
it, centers on the DOC’s statutory and contractual obligations regarding weapons qualification.
In 1959, the General Assembly enacted a statute that required law enforcement officers in
Rhode Island to undergo weapons qualification prior to their appointment.   G.L. 1956 § 11-47-
17, as enacted by P.L. 1959, ch. 75, § 1.   The statute also required law enforcement officers to
“repeat this qualification at periods of not more than one year.”   Id.   In 2007, § 11-47-17 was
amended to provide that “correctional officers * * * must repeat [weapons] qualification every
two (2) years.”2  P.L. 2007, ch. 73, art. 3, § 15.
1 The term  “weapons qualification” refers to the statutorily-mandated process by which law
enforcement and correctional officers in Rhode Island earn the privilege of carrying a firearm.
See G.L. 1956 §§ 11-47-15.1, 11-47-17, 11-47-17.1.
2 The record indicates that the then-governor endorsed this amendment, which he recommended
“[i]n order to reduce overtime costs.”   A document prepared by the House Fiscal Advisory Staff
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After the Legislature amended § 11-47-17, the DOC intended to conduct live, on-range
weapons qualification every two years, instead of annually, as it had done in the past.   For the
years in which it would not conduct live weapons training, the DOC purchased a computer
system, known as Prism, for simulated weapons training.  It then sought the training committee’s
approval to implement this system.   At a meeting of the training committee held on March 12,
2008, one of the union’s representatives stated that the union was opposed to the use of the Prism
system.   Two days later, at another training committee meeting, the same union representative
reiterated this stance.   The meeting minutes from March 14, 2008, reflect that both the DOC and
the union intended to consult with counsel regarding the impasse on this issue.3   The matter then
proceeded to arbitration.
An arbitrator heard the grievance on May 28, 2008; both parties were represented by
counsel.   In a written decision submitted on June 13, 2008, the arbitrator ruled in the union’s
favor.   He framed the issue before him as follows: “Would it violate the [CBA] for the [DOC] to
change the weapons qualification component of the  *  *  * in-service training program if a
majority of the [t]raining [c]ommittee has not adopted that change?”
Relying  on  previous  arbitration  decisions,  he  first  decided  that  the  grievance  was
arbitrable.   He characterized the dispute before him as one “involv[ing] the interpretation and
also states that                                                                                       “[t]he Governor recommended  [the amendment] to allow biennial weapons
requalification  for  correctional  officers  instead  of  annual  requalification  for  savings  of
$544,824.”   Although these documents are helpful in understanding the background against
which this dispute unfolded (and, therefore, in determining whether the dispute is arbitrable), as
we explain below, they do not bear upon our analysis of the merits of this appeal.   See Such v.
State, 950 A.2d 1150, 1158 (R.I. 2008) (“There is no recorded legislative history in Rhode Island
from which to ascertain legislative intent.” quoting Laird v. Chrysler Corp., 460 A.2d 425, 428
(R.I.                                                                                                  1983)).    Additionally, although a similar amendment was made to  §  11-47-17.1, for
simplicity’s sake, this opinion refers only to § 11-47-17.
3 Although it does not appear that a formal vote was taken, the two union representatives and the
two DOC representatives were deadlocked on this issue.
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application of [section] 31.2”—the training committee provision of the CBA.   In his view, the
dispute “[fell] squarely within the definition of an arbitrable grievance under [s]ection 18.3 [of
Article XVIII] of the [CBA].”4   He also rejected the DOC’s argument that § 42-56-10(14) gave
its  director  the  non-delegable                                                                     (and  therefore  non-arbitrable)  right  to  control  training.5
Additionally, he found that a recent amendment to that statute supported his conclusion that the
dispute was arbitrable.6
The arbitrator then considered the merits of the union’s grievance.   He explained that the
effect of a deadlock among the members of the training committee had already been settled by
prior arbitration awards between the parties.   Quoting a 2004 decision of Arbitrator Boulanger,
he stated that “[i]f the [t]raining [c]ommittee deadlocks * * * the disputed training component
does not change.”    He dismissed the DOC’s contention that it was statutorily obligated to
discontinue annual weapons qualification and therefore had to implement the Prism system to
meet its contractual obligation to provide forty annual hours of training to correctional officers.
The  arbitrator  found  that,  although  the  amendment  to                                           §  11-47-17  eliminated  the  DOC’s
obligation to conduct annual weapons qualification, it did not preclude the DOC from doing so.
4 Section 18.3 of Article XVIII provides for the arbitration of “grievances arising out of the
provisions of this contract relating to the application or interpretation thereof * * *.”
5 That statute confers upon the DOC’s director the authority to “[e]stablish training programs for
[DOC] employees.”  G.L. 1956 § 42-56-10(14).
6 That amendment reads as follows:
“Notwithstanding the enumeration of the powers of the
director                                                                                              [of  the  DOC]  as  set  forth  in  this  section,  and
notwithstanding  any  other  provision  of  the  general  laws,  the
validity  and  enforceability  of  the  provisions  of  a  collective
bargaining  agreement  shall  not  be  contested,  affected,  or
diminished, nor shall any arbitration award be vacated, remanded,
or set aside on the basis of an alleged conflict with this section or
with any other provision of the [g]eneral [l]aws.”   Section 42-56-
10(24), as amended by P.L. 2007, ch. 523, § 1.
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The arbitrator also considered the DOC’s claimed fiscal inability to pay for live, on-range
weapons qualification.   He found that, “under the reasoning of [Arbitrator Boulanger’s 2004
decision], the [DOC] was aware [that] it was contractually obligated to continue the existing
weapons  qualification  component  of  the  in-service  training  program  until  the                   [t]raining
[c]ommittee adopted an alternative * * *.”   The DOC, he wrote, “could have planned for the
contingency that a majority of the  [t]raining  [c]ommittee would be unable to agree to an
alternative.”   The arbitrator concluded that, despite the DOC’s “difficult fiscal picture,” he could
not  ignore  the  plain  language  of  the  CBA,  which  required  annual  on-range  weapons
qualification.
Finally, the arbitrator rejected the DOC’s assertion that it would be unable to satisfy the
CBA’s requirement that it offer forty hours of annual training to correctional officers (per section
31.1) unless it were allowed to implement the Prism system in lieu of on-range weapons
qualification.   Because Arbitrator Boulanger’s 2004 decision (which the DOC did not appeal)
had made it clear that the status quo would be preserved if the training committee deadlocked, he
“conclude[d] that the [DOC could] not change the content of the in-service training program,
including the weapons qualification component, unless a majority of the [t]raining [c]ommittee
first adopt[ed] that change.”   The DOC, he found, could meet the forty-hour requirement by
conducting annual on-range weapons qualification, as it had in previous years.
On August 20, 2008, the DOC filed a petition in the Superior Court seeking to vacate, or,
in the alternative, modify, the arbitration award, pursuant to G.L. 1956 §§ 28-9-18(a) and 28-9-
20.   The union responded on September 8, 2008, by filing a motion to confirm the arbitration
award, pursuant to § 28-9-17.   The parties then filed memoranda in support of their respective
positions.
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The DOC characterized the parties’ dispute as “outside the purview of the arbitrator’s
jurisdiction.”   In the DOC’s view, § 11-47-17 set forth a clear employment requirement that
correctional officers undergo weapons qualification every two years.   Citing to a prior decision
of this  Court,  it  asserted  that  this  statutory requirement  directly conflicted  with  the CBA
provision regarding weapons qualification and, therefore, could not be arbitrated.   See State
(Department of Administration) v. Rhode Island Council 94, A.F.S.C.M.E., AFL-CIO, Local
2409, 925 A.2d 939, 945 (R.I. 2007) (“[A] valid employment requirement prescribed by state
law cannot be negotiated and is not a proper subject for arbitration.” quoting Town of West
Warwick v. Local 2045, Council 94, 714 A.2d 611, 612 (R.I. 1998) (mem.)). The DOC also
claimed that its director had a statutory duty to train correctional officers that was non-delegable
and therefore non-arbitrable.   Furthermore, it contended that § 42-56-10(24) did not preclude the
court from vacating the arbitration award.   It argued that the union’s interpretation of that statute
violated the principle of separation of powers and was therefore unconstitutional.
In  opposition,  the  union  cited                                                                       §  42-56-10(24)  in  support  of  its  argument  that  the
grievance was indeed arbitrable.   It also asserted that the grievance was not rendered inarbitrable
by virtue of any provision of § 42-56-10 or the management rights clause of the CBA.7  It argued
that                                                                                                     §                                                            11-47-17  did  not  directly  conflict  with  the  CBA  provision  regarding  weapons
qualification.   Finally, it urged the court to confirm the arbitration award, as it represented a
rational interpretation of the CBA based on the decisions of previous arbitrators.
After reviewing the parties’ memoranda, a justice of the Superior Court issued a written
decision on August 18, 2010.   Rejecting the DOC’s argument that § 42-56-10(14) prevented the
7 That provision of the CBA, section 4.1 of Article IV, vests management rights solely with the
DOC,  “except as limited, abridged, or relinquished by  [other] terms and provisions of  [the
CBA].”
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arbitration of the dispute, he first concluded that the dispute was arbitrable.   He noted that § 42-
56-10(24) specifically states that “[no] * * * arbitration award [shall] be vacated, remanded, or
set aside on the basis of an alleged conflict with this section or with any other provision of the
[G]eneral [L]aws.”
Reaching the merits of the dispute, and relying on Hart Engineering Co. v. Pawtucket
Water Supply Board, 560 A.2d 329, 330 (R.I. 1989), the justice found that “the award draws its
essence from [section 31.2 of] the contract.”  He also found that the arbitrator’s conclusion—that
proposed  changes  to  the  training  program  could  not  be  implemented  without  the  training
committee’s approval—was “based upon a ‘passably plausible’ interpretation of the contract.”
See id.   Finally, he found that the arbitrator had not exhibited a manifest disregard for the law in
concluding that  §  11-47-17 did not preclude annual weapons qualification for correctional
officers.  Accordingly, the Superior Court confirmed the arbitration award in its entirety.
Final judgment was entered on September 13, 2010.   On October 18, 2010, the DOC
moved for an extension of time to file its notice of appeal.   After that motion was granted on
November 1, 2010, it filed its notice of appeal on the same day.
II
Issues on Appeal
On appeal, the DOC first argues that ensuring appropriate weapons training is a non-
delegable and non-arbitrable statutory duty of its director.   Second, it contends that § 11-47-17
sets forth a valid employment requirement that directly conflicts with the CBA.   Although the
CBA requires annual weapons qualification, the DOC asserts that the CBA is trumped by § 11-
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47-17, which mandates biennial weapons qualification for correctional officers.8    Finally, it
maintains that § 42-56-10(24) does not preclude this Court from vacating the arbitration award.
In response, the union argues that the grievance is arbitrable and that § 11-47-17 cannot
excuse the DOC from its obligations under the CBA.   It denies that a direct conflict exists
between section 31.3 of the CBA and §§ 11-47-17 or 42-56-10(14).   The union urges us to
uphold the arbitration award, which it describes as  “rational” and  “based upon a passably
plausible interpretation of the CBA.”
III
Standard of Review
“Public  policy  favors  the  finality  of  arbitration  awards,  and  such  awards  enjoy  a
presumption of validity.”   Cumberland Teachers Association v. Cumberland School Committee,
45 A.3d 1188, 1191 (R.I. 2012) (quoting City of East Providence v. International Association of
Firefighters Local 850, 982 A.2d 1281, 1285 (R.I. 2009)).   The judiciary thus has an “extremely
limited” role to play in the process of arbitration.   Id. (quoting Aponik v. Lauricella, 844 A.2d
698, 703 (R.I. 2004)).
Under § 28-9-18(a), an arbitration award must be vacated if (1) it was procured by fraud;
(2) the arbitrator exceeded his or her powers or failed to make a mutual, final, and definite award
upon the subject matter submitted; or (3) there was no valid submission or contract and the
objection has been raised under certain conditions.   Otherwise, “[t]he court has no authority to
vacate the arbitrator’s award absent a manifest disregard of a contractual provision, a completely
irrational result, a decision that is contrary to public policy, or an award that determined a matter
8 “Biennial” means “[h]appening every second year.”   The American Heritage Dictionary of the
English Language 177 (4th ed. 2009).
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that was not arbitrable in the first place.”   Cumberland Teachers Association, 45 A.3d at 1192
(quoting Fleet Construction Co. v. Town of North Smithfield, 713 A.2d 1241, 1243 (R.I. 1998)).
We have also held that  “an  [arbitration] award may be vacated if  ‘the award was
irrational  or  if  the  arbitrator  manifestly  disregarded  the  law.’”                              Cumberland  Teachers
Association, 45 A.3d at 1192 (quoting North Providence School Committee v. North Providence
Federation of Teachers, Local 920, American Federation of Teachers, 945 A.2d 339, 344 (R.I.
2008)).                                                                                                “[A] manifest disregard of the law occurs when an arbitrator understands and correctly
articulates the law, but then proceeds to disregard it.”   Id. (quoting City of East Providence, 982
A.2d at 1286).
Moreover, a court has no authority to vacate an arbitration award based upon a mere error
of law.   See Cumberland Teachers Association, 45 A.3d at 1192.   If the award “‘draws its
essence’ from the contract” and reflects a “‘passably plausible’ interpretation of the contract,” a
reviewing court must confirm the award.   Id. (quoting City of East Providence, 982 A.2d at
1285).
IV
Discussion
A
Arbitrability
Before we consider the merits of the parties’ dispute, we must first decide whether it is
arbitrable.                                                                                            “This Court reviews de novo the legal question of whether a dispute is arbitrable.”
City of Newport v. Local 1080, International Association of Firefighters, AFL-CIO, 54 A.3d
976, 980 (R.I. 2012).   Our decision in North Providence School Committee, 945 A.2d at 346, is
instructive on this issue.   In that case, we considered whether the school committee’s decision to
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discontinue a portion of the academic schedule gave rise to an arbitrable dispute.   Id.   The
arbitrator found that this decision “did not constitute a matter of educational policy, which would
be committed to the sole discretion of the school committee.”  Id.  Rather, in his view, the school
committee’s decision  “was based on budgetary and teaching load concerns—*  *  * matters
affecting the terms and conditions of employment—which he considered to be arbitrable * * *.”
Id.  We concluded that the arbitrator had correctly deemed the dispute to be arbitrable.  Id.
Here,  as  in  North  Providence  School  Committee,  the  parties’  dispute  stems  from
budgetary concerns.   In his decision, the arbitrator explained that, “in early 2007, * * * the
[g]overnor asked the [DOC] to propose cost[-]saving measures to address the [s]tate’s fiscal
problems.   In response, the [DOC] proposed that the annual weapons qualification requirement
for  [correctional officers] be changed to require  [correctional officers] to qualify every two
years.”   Additionally, the arbitrator noted that the DOC “contend[ed] that it simply ha[d] no
money to pay for weapons qualification [in 2008].”   It is clear to us that the DOC’s proposal to
abandon yearly on-range weapons qualification was based on budgetary concerns.
The  DOC  contends  that,  pursuant  to  §  42-56-10(14),  its  director  has  the  statutory
authority and duty to “establish training programs” for its employees.   However, the statute does
not specify that this authority and duty is exclusive.   As in North Providence School Committee,
the union is  “statutorily entitled to negotiate over matters that directly affect the work and
welfare of [its] members * * *.”   See 945 A.2d at 346; § 28-9-1 (“controversies respecting terms
and conditions of employment” are arbitrable).   Thus, the statute does not prevent the DOC’s
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director from exercising this power in consultation with the union.   This dispute is therefore
arbitrable.9  We now turn to the merits of the arbitration award.
B
Merits
In determining that the DOC lacked the authority to implement the Prism system without
the training committee’s approval, the arbitrator based his reasoning upon the award of a
previous arbitrator who had decided a similar dispute between the parties.    He stated that
Arbitrator Boulanger’s  2004 decision  “could not have been any clearer on” the effect of a
deadlock among the members of the training committee.  Quoting that prior award, he stated that
“[i]f the                                                                                             [t]raining   [c]ommittee deadlocks  *  *  * the disputed training component does not
change.”10
The arbitrator then rejected the DOC’s argument that  §  11-47-17 prohibited it from
complying with the CBA’s requirement of annual weapons qualification.   He determined that
this statute did not directly conflict with that provision of the CBA, explaining that he read this
statute “to create an exception to the required annual weapons qualification for other kinds of
law enforcement officers.”   He found that, although the DOC was no longer statutorily obligated
to have correctional officers complete weapons qualification on an annual basis, it was not
statutorily precluded from doing so.
9 In concluding that the dispute was arbitrable, the Superior Court justice based his decision on §
42-56-10(24), which purports to limit the judiciary’s review of arbitration awards involving the
DOC.   Because our conclusion on arbitrability has a different basis, and because of the well-
settled doctrine of constitutional avoidance, we need not decide whether § 42-56-10(24) violates
the principle of separation of powers.   See In re Brown, 903 A.2d 147, 151 (R.I. 2006) (“Neither
this Court nor the Superior Court should decide constitutional issues unless it is absolutely
necessary to do so.”).
10 In its brief, the DOC states that it “has struggled considerably with the challenge of making
this [prior] award workable,” but admits that it did not seek to have that award modified or
vacated.  The present dispute, then, is something of a self-inflicted wound.
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A close examination  of  §  11-47-17 demonstrates  that  the arbitrator’s  decision was
passably plausible.   That statute provides that law enforcement officers must “repeat [weapons]
qualification at periods of not more than one year, except for correctional officers who must
repeat this qualification every two (2) years.”   Section 11-47-17, as amended by P.L. 2007, ch.
73, art. 3, § 15.  The arbitrator read that statute to mean that correctional officers were required to
undergo weapons qualification at least every two years.   He found that the statute prescribed a
maximum time period, rather than a minimum or fixed time period, within which correctional
officers must complete weapons qualification.  Such an interpretation was passably plausible.
We emphasize that, in reviewing the arbitration award, we do not engage in our usual de
novo review of statutes and contracts.  Rather, precedent dictates that our task is merely to decide
whether his interpretation of the CBA was passably plausible and did not manifestly disregard
the law.   See Cumberland Teachers Association, 45 A.3d at 1192.   Given the limited scope of
our review of arbitration awards, we cannot disturb the arbitrator’s determination that the DOC
could not modify the weapons qualification component of the training program without the
training  committee’s  approval  and  that  it  was  not  statutorily precluded  from  fulfilling  its
contractual obligation to conduct annual weapons qualification.    Because we hold that the
arbitrator’s interpretation of the CBA was passably plausible, did not reflect a manifest disregard
for the law, and was not irrational, the arbitration award must stand.
V
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court, to
which we remand the record in this case.
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RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S OFFICE
Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet
TITLE OF CASE:                                          State of Rhode Island, Department of Corrections v. Rhode Island
Brotherhood of Correctional Officers.
CASE NO:                                                No. 2011-99-Appeal.
                                                        (PM 08-4416)
COURT:                                                  Supreme Court
DATE OPINION FILED:   April 25, 2013
JUSTICES:                                               Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.
WRITTEN BY:                                             Associate Justice Gilbert V. Indeglia
SOURCE OF APPEAL:    Providence County Superior Court
JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:
Associate Justice Jeffrey A. Lanphear
ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:
For Plaintiff:  Kathleen M. Kelly
Office of Legal Counsel Department of Corrections
For Defendant:  Carly Beauvais Iafrate, Esq.

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