James R. Locander v. The State of Texas--Appeal from County Court at Law No 1 of McLennan County

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State: Texas

Court: Texas Northern District Court

Docket No: 10-94-00334-CR

Case Date: 07/17/1996

Plaintiff: James R. Locander

Defendant: The State of Texas--Appeal from County Court at Law No 1 of McLennan County

Preview:James R. Locander v. The State of Texas--Appeal from
County Court at Law No 1 of McLennan County
IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-94-333-CR
No. 10-94-334-CR
No. 10-94-335-CR
No. 10-94-336-CR
CHRIS W. KEYS,
JAMES R. LOCANDER,
JAMES N. PHILLIPS, and
PAUL RYAN VAUGHN
Appellants
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
From the County Court at Law
McLennan County, Texas
Trial Court Nos. 942059 CR1, 942061 CR1, 942069 CR1 & 942079 CR1
O P I N I O N
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Appellants Chris Keys, James Locander, James Phillips, and Paul Vaughn, were charged with blocking the driveway at
the Planned Parenthood abortion clinic in Waco on May 14, 1994, in violation of Tex. Penal Code Ann. 42.03 (Vernon
1994). In a trial before a jury, Appellants were found guilty and the trial court, sitting as the assessor of punishment,
fined them $1500 each and sentenced them to six months of incarceration in the McLennan County Jail, the jail term
probated for one year.
All four Appellants raise three identical points of error in which they argue: (1) the trial court improperly commented
on the weight of the evidence when it signed two of the four verdict sheets in the space reserved for the jury foreman
to sign if the jury should find the defendants guilty of the charged offense; (2) they received ineffective assistance of
counsel because their trial counsel filed an untimely election for jury punishment; and (3) the trial court improperly
relied upon evidence outside the record in assessing their punishment. Appellants Keys and Vaughn raise an additional
fourth point of error wherein they complain that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to find them indigent on
appeal, which would have entitled them to court-appointed counsel on appeal and a free statement of facts. We affirm.
In their first point of error Appellants contend that the trial court improperly commented on the weight of the evidence
by signing two of the verdict sheets. The record reveals that the trial court provided the jury with four verdict forms,
one for each of the defendants. After the jury had begun their deliberations on guilt-innocence, the jurors discovered
that the trial court had signed two of the verdict sheets in the spaces where the foreman of the jury would sign to
indicate that the jury had found the named defendants guilty. The trial court apparently mistakenly thought it was
signing the charge as opposed to the verdict sheets. Once the error was discovered, the foreman sent a note to the trial
court notifying him of the problem. The trial court, upon receiving the note, apparently decided not to notify the
defense of the problem and instead chose to remedy the situation by "whiting out" his signature. The defense,
nevertheless, learned of the improper signings through a spectator. The defense then confronted the trial court and
objected to his having signed the verdict sheets. The trial court overruled the objection and decided to have new
verdict forms printed and given to the jury.
Article 36.16 of the Code of Criminal Procedure allows a trial court to withdraw and correct its charge if convinced an
erroneous charge had been given. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.16 (Vernon 1981); Smith v. State, 898 S.W.2d
838, 854 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); Bustillos v. State, 464 S.W.2d 118, 125 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971); Gaines v. State, 710
S.W.2d 630, 633 (Tex. App. Dallas 1986, pet. ref'd).
The trial court's signing of the verdict sheets was clearly improper. It is equally clear, however, that it was a mistake.
None of the jurors could have suspected that the trial court was trying to indicate to them which way they should vote
on Appellants' charges. The presence of the trial court's signature on a space reserved for the "Presiding Juror" could
only have been perceived as a mistake. Because the jurors could only have understood from the trial court's error that
its signing of the verdict sheets was a mistake, we conclude that Appellants suffered no harm from the error. Tex. R.
App. P. 81(b)(2). Appellants' first point is overruled.
In their second point of error Appellants complain that their Sixth Amendment right to the reasonably effective
assistance of counsel was violated when their trial counsels failed to file a timely election to have the jury assess
punishment. U.S. Const. amend. V, XIV; see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07, 2(b) (Vernon Supp. 1996).
The right to the reasonably effective assistance of counsel does not include the right to error free assistance. Ex parte
Cruz, 739 S.W.2d 53, 58 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). Nevertheless, the Court of Criminal Appeals in Ex parte Walker, 794
S.W.2d 36 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990), held that the single error of the untimely filing of an election for jury punishment
could constitute the ineffective assistance of counsel. The record in Walker, however, was much more extensive than
what has been provided to us. In Walker, evidence was adduced at the hearing on Walker's petition for a writ of habeas
corpus that his trial counsel had recommended to him that the jury assess punishment because the trial judge had a
reputation for assessing harsh sentences; that Walker agreed to follow his trial counsel's advice; that Walker signed the
motion to have the jury assess punishment; and that the reason his trial counsel failed to file the election was simply a
mistake. Id. at 36.
In the instant case, we have a record of a pre-trial hearing in which one of Appellants' trial counsel erroneously argued
to the trial court that the election was timely filed because of the mailbox rule. Appellants' second trial counsel then
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stated that the reason the motions were not filed earlier was because he had expected to have the trial date in
Appellants' case continued to a later date due to a conflict with another scheduled trial date counsel had in Tarrant
County. Then, when the Tarrant County trial did not last as long as counsel had anticipated, he decided to proceed
with the originally scheduled trial date in Appellants' cases. This change in events caused counsel to file the election at
the last minute and, ultimately, late. Thus, the only information we have for the reason for Appellants' untimely filing
of their election for jury punishment was that it was due to a mistake by their trial counsel.
Essential to the Court of Criminal Appeals' decision in Walker were the facts that the defendant had wanted the jury to
assess punishment but his trial counsel mistakenly failed to file the necessary election. See Walker, 794 S.W.2d at 37.
Walker then at the hearing on his habeas petition put on evidence about how his counsel had advised him to elect for
jury punishment, how he agreed with this advice, and how he wanted to file the election. See id. In the record provided
to us we can find no mentioning that Appellants had been advised by their counsel to elect for jury punishment and
that they wished to have the jury assess punishment. Without such evidence in the record, and without any further
allegations that trial counsel was in any other way ineffective, we cannot conclude that Appellants received ineffective
assistance of counsel at trial. See Grim v. State, No. 11-95-292-CR, slip op. at 4-5 (Tex. App. Eastland, May 9, 1996,
no pet. h.). Appellants' second point is overruled.
In their third point of error Appellants complain the trial court, sitting as the assessor of punishment, erred in relying
upon evidence that was not adduced at trial in deciding their appropriate sentences. Appellants make three specific
allegations: (1) that the trial court improperly relied upon hearsay statements from unnamed judges officed at the
McLennan County Courthouse and unnamed courthouse personnel that Appellants and their companions engaged in
disruptive behavior while present in the courthouse; (2) that the trial court drew comparisons between them and Paul
Hill (who had been convicted of murdering an abortionist in Florida), David Koresh, and Saddam Hussein, when no
evidence was admitted at either the guilt-innocence stage or the punishment stages of the trial on these public figures;
and (3) that the trial court improperly concluded from Appellants' collective failure to file applications for probation
that Appellants believe they are not subject to civil laws and that they do not want to be supervised by the government.
We hold that we are unable to address the merits of Appellants' complaint for two reasons: (1) they failed to preserve
the complaint at trial, and (2) assuming the trial court did improperly rely upon out-of-court evidence in assessing
punishment, they failed to produce any evidence that the relied-upon evidence was adverse or detrimental to their
interests.
The trial court's comments are set out as follows:
THE COURT: Gentlemen, there are many reasons or theories that people are sentenced. Those include trying to deter
recidivism, that being people who continually violate the law; also, to deter others who might violate the law. By
example, there is a reason to rehabilitate a Defendant who continually violates the law, if that is possible to do. There
is a reason to impose restitution for those who are affected by somebody's crimes. There is a reason for just pure
punishment. As the Bible says, "an eye for an eye." Pure unadulterated punishment. The number one reason that
punishment is imposed in any case, and particularly in this case, is to hold you accountable to the people of this State
who through their elected representatives have said that the conduct that you have engaged in violates our rights to
have an orderly society.
I know, and I can tell from what you told me today, that each one of you believes very strongly in what you're doing. I
also know that many of the people that I know in the pro-life movement believe that what you are doing discredits the
message that you attempt to get across. I know you don't believe that, but many of them do. And I am sure they have
communicated that to you. Beyond that, I personally know many people whose belief in God, in my opinion, is as
genuine as yours is, and those people believe that they're doing God's will by helping these women that you have
referred to.
What troubles me most is that in your actions, not only in the street on that day, but your actions and the actions of
your supporters during this trial here in the courthouse, I get the feeling that on many occasions you feel like that this
is some sort of game to be played out in front of some stage. I have had other judges in the courthouse this week, other
courthouse personnel in their offices, come and ask me to try to control the situation in here and out in the hallway
because they can't conduct business. They can't hear what's going on in their courtrooms. I had an employee in one of
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the offices on this floor tell me that they have seen elementary school classes come through and have more respect for
the courthouse and the system than these folks have had this week.
We live under a government of laws passed by elected representatives, enforced by peace officers, interpreted and
carried out by the courts. The belief that you express in continuing to violate the law is that, as Mr. Phillips said, "If
God tells me to do what's not legal, I must do it." What is the difference between that and Paul Hill believing that God
told him to murder a doctor in Florida? In my opinion, the difference between your attitude toward the law and his is
only a difference of degree. The only difference is that you men heard God tell you to commit a Class B misdemeanor.
Mr. Hill heard God tell him to commit a first degree felony, and he did it. Our society cannot exist under a system that
depends on any one man's choice of which laws to obey.
What about David Koresh who heard God tell him to sexually abuse children, to stockpile weapons, to commit
adultery, to have six or eight wives? Can we tell society that if you want order in your society, you can depend on Mr.
Phillips' interpretation to hear God, but not Mr. Koresh's, or when does the Spirit of Christ become the spirit of
anarchy?
I do not want to live in a society where individual men interpret God's laws and say that should be the law of the land.
If I did, I would go live somewhere like where Saddam Hussein is ruler. He interprets the law, he believes that it's
God's law, and he tells people what they're going to do.
Please understand that I am not equating you gentlemen with Paul Hill, with David Koresh, or with Saddam Hussein. I
am not. What I am saying: That your belief that you are not subject to the laws that are passed by our legislature are
only different in a matter of degree, not in attitude.
I understand that you are doing what you are doing because you think that you must do so. I also understand that you
planned to be arrested in this case, that we received not we, but the people in Waco received a call that there were
going to be some people arrested, and sure enough, there were. What is the difference between that and any other
criminal conspiracy, when you plan ahead of time to violate the law with other people and then you do it? I know that
you did it because you believed in it. You have done it, not this time, but many times, because you believed in it.
I assume if you planned to come to Waco planning to violate the law, planning to get arrested so that you could have a
forum for what you wanted to say, that you also planned to go to jail when you did it. You have said By failing to file
an application for probation and through your attorney you have said, "I don't want probation, because I don't feel like
I'm subject to the government of man. I don't want to be supervised by the government."
I am not in the habit of allowing Defendants to choose their punishment in criminal cases. If I assess punishment, I do
the choosing. What I am going to do in this case is to impose punishment of six months in the county jail and a fine of
$1500.00. That is the maximum. I am further going to probate your six months jail term for a period of 12 months and
place you on probation. I will order you to pay a $1500.00 fine, for each one of you. I assume that you are going to
appeal these convictions[.]
The record reveals that after the trial court made its comments, Appellants offered no objection to its supposed
improper reliance upon evidence outside the record. Without having done so, Appellants failed to preserve the
complaint for our review. Tex. R. App. P. 52(a); see Green v. State, 912 S.W.2d 189, 192 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995);
Woods v. State, 653 S.W.2d 1, 6 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982) (on rehearing).
Appellants also failed to preserve their complaint for our review because they did not make a record of any evidence
that they were harmed by the trial court's alleged reliance upon out-of-court evidence in assessing punishment.
Appellants apparently were unable to cite any authority directly on point when the trial court, sitting in place of the
jury either as the trier of fact or the assessor of punishment, relied upon evidence outside the record in making its
decision. Consequently, they analogize to cases of improper jury argument where the prosecution refers to facts not in
evidence. Appellants' theory is that the prosecution, by introducing to the jury new facts during its closing argument,
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denies the defendant a fair and impartial trial because the defendant has no opportunity to contest or challenge the new
evidence presented. Appellants argue that their right to a fair and impartial punishment hearing was violated in the
same manner.
We find the case before us to be more akin to cases of jury misconduct where the jury considers evidence outside the
record either in determining guilt or in assessing punishment. The law is well-settled that a defendant is entitled to a
new trial if the jury considered evidence other than what was adduced at trial if the evidence was (1) received by the
jury and (2) adverse or detrimental to his case. Cruz v. State, 838 S.W.2d 682, 687 (Tex. App. Houston [14th Dist.]
1992, pet. ref'd); see Tex. R. App. P. 30(b)(7). // The proper method by which to preserve error from jury misconduct
is for the defendant to file a motion for new trial requesting a hearing where evidence may be taken for the trial court
to consider whether the jury received adverse or detrimental evidence. Matthews v. State, 803 S.W.2d 347, 350 (Tex.
App. Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, no pet.). Without such a hearing, no evidence can be presented to the court on appeal
to demonstrate that the trial court erred in failing to grant the requested motion for new trial. See Tex. R. App. P. 50(a);
see also Jordan v. State, 883 S.W.2d 664, 665 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (purpose of hearing on motion for new trial is
for a defendant to fully develop the issues raised in the motion); Bruno v. State, 916 S.W.2d 4, 8 (Tex. App. Houston
[1st Dist.] 1995, no pet. h.).
In the instant case, Appellants did file a motion for new trial, but they made no allegation that the trial court, in
assessing punishment, improperly considered evidence that went outside the record. As indicated above, the record
from the punishment hearing does include the statements upon which Appellants rely in requesting a new trial from
this court, and undeniably, the trial court referred to facts not in evidence when it lectured Appellants. But Appellants,
to preserve the complaint for our review, were required to demonstrate to the trial court that the court, as the assessor
of punishment, had not only referred to these facts, but that these facts were "adverse or detrimental" to them. See Tex.
R. App. P. 52(a); see also Drone v. State, 906 S.W.2d 608, 617 (Tex. App. Austin 1995, no pet. h.); Avalos v. State,
850 S.W.2d 781, 783 (Tex. App. Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, no pet.); Cruz, 838 S.W.2d at 687. // No record was made
on the allegedly adverse or detrimental nature of the comments made by the trial court. Therefore, Appellants'
complaint was not preserved for our review, and we overrule their third point.
Appellants Keys and Vaughn raise a fourth point of error that the trial court erred in refusing to find them indigent so
that they could obtain court-appointed counsel on appeal and a free statement of facts. The record reveals, however,
that Keys and Vaughn both benefitted on their appeals by the assistance of Glen W. Wood as their counsel and that a
statement of facts was filed for both of them. Because Keys and Vaughn both received the assistance of counsel and a
statement of facts was filed for both of them, their complaints in their respective fourth points of error are moot.
Richardson v. State, 690 S.W.2d 22, 25-26 (Tex. App. Beaumont 1985, pet. ref'd). The judgments are affirmed.
BOBBY L. CUMMINGS
Justice
Before Justice Cummings and
Justice Vance
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed July 17, 1996
Do not publish
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