Juan Rios v. The State of Texas--Appeal from County Court at Law No 2 of Lubbock County

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Laws-info.com » Cases » Texas » 7th District Court of Appeals » 2005 » Juan Rios v. The State of Texas--Appeal from County Court at Law No 2 of Lubbock County

State: Texas

Court: Texas Northern District Court

Docket No: 07-04-00276-CR

Case Date: 10/19/2005

Plaintiff: Ellis, Johnny Lee

Defendant: J. E. Merit Constructors--Appeal from 148th District Court of Nueces County

Preview:Ellis, Johnny Lee v. J. E. Merit Constructors--Appeal
from 148th District Court of Nueces County
NUMBER 13-97-913-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI
JOHNNY LEE ELLIS, Appellant,
v.
J.E. MERIT CONSTRUCTORS, INC., Appellee.
On appeal from the 148th District Court
of Nueces County, Texas.
O P I N I O N
Before Chief Justice Seerden and Justices Ya ez and Chavez
Opinion by Justice Ya ez
This is an appeal by John Ellis from the dismissal of claims arising out of his termination by J. E. Merit Construction
("Merit"). Ellis's claims were disposed of by three summary judgments granted over the course of two years. We
dismiss in part, affirm in part and reverse in part.
Background
Ellis initially sued Merit after being denied unemployment benefits by the Texas Employment Commission.(1) Merit
was included as a defendant when Ellis appealed the denial of his request for benefits to the district court in a pleading
dated August 17, 1994. The trial court severed Ellis's claims against Merit from his appeal against the Employment
Commission. Ellis's petition was originally worded as a suit for wrongful termination, but over the course of the
litigation Ellis filed amended petitions raising claims of defamation and civil conspiracy. With three separate summary
judgments, each of Ellis's claims were dismissed.
While prosecuting his suit, Ellis filed motions to recuse three different judges following decisions by these judges
which were adverse to Ellis's position. Ellis also objected to the appointment of a Nueces County judge to hear his last
motion to recuse, in which he sought the recusal of Judge Hilda Tagle. Ultimately a visiting judge from Dallas, Texas
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was appointed to hear the motion to recuse Judge Tagle. The motion was denied, and Judge Tagle signed the summary
judgment dismissing the last cause of action remaining in the case. In nine points of error, Ellis challenges the granting
of the summary judgments, as well as other rulings made during the course of this litigation.
The Summary Judgments
There were three summary judgments granted in this case. The first summary judgment dismissed Ellis's wrongful
termination claim, the second dismissed defamation claims Ellis raised against Merit and Merit's attorney, and the third
summary judgment dismissed Ellis's claim of civil conspiracy against Merit and members of Merit's management
personnel who were involved in Ellis's termination.
In his first point of error, Ellis alleges that the trial court erred by granting Merit's first partial summary judgment.
Merit had filed a motion for partial summary judgment on Ellis's wrongful termination claim, arguing that Ellis had
failed to plead an exception to the employment-at-will doctrine. The trial court granted the motion for summary
judgment and severed the wrongful termination action on May 17, 1996. Ellis filed a motion for rehearing on June 7,
1996, which was denied on July 26, 1996. On December 27, 1996, Ellis filed a notice of appeal. This notice of appeal
was untimely and therefore Ellis has failed to preserve error on the wrongful termination claim.
A severance divides a single suit into two or more independent actions with each independent action resulting in an
appealable final judgment. Van Dyke v. Boswell, O'Toole, Davis & Pickering, 697 S.W.2d 381, 383 (Tex. 1985). The
appellate timetable begins running on the signing date of the order that makes a severed judgment final. Martinez v.
Humble Sand & Gravel, Inc., 875 S.W.2d 311, 313 (Tex. 1994). A notice of appeal must be filed within thirty days of
the judgment being signed. Tex. R. App. P. 26.1. The deadline to file a notice of appeal is extended to ninety days if a
party files a motion for new trial. Tex. R. App. P. 26.1 (2). "A 'motion for rehearing' is the equivalent of a motion for
new trial." Chapman v. Mitsui Eng'g & Shipbuilding, 781 S.W.2d 312, 315 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1989, writ
denied).
Ellis had ninety days to file a notice of appeal to challenge the summary judgment dismissing his wrongful termination
claim. He filed his appeal on December 27, 1996, well after the ninety-day deadline had passed. Because Ellis failed to
timely file a notice of appeal, we do not have jurisdiction to consider the summary judgment dismissing Ellis's claims
of wrongful termination. See Tex. R. App. P. 26.1(2);Chavez v. Housing Auth. of El Paso, 897 S.W.2d 523, 526 (Tex.
App.--El Paso 1995, writ denied). Point of error number one is dismissed.
With his third point of error, Ellis challenges the trial court's granting summary judgment in favor of Merit and Merit's
attorney, Michael Dunnahoo, on Ellis's claims of defamation. On November 20, 1995, Ellis filed an amended petition,
adding a claim of defamation against both Merit and Dunnahoo. Ellis argued that Merit defamed him by firing him for
alleged theft of tools. Ellis contended that Dunnahoo had committed defamation by calling Ellis a thief following a
court hearing. Merit filed a motion for summary judgment as to the defamation claims, raising only the statute of
limitations as to the defamation claim against Merit, while arguing that anything said by Dunnahoo was privileged. The
trial court granted summary judgment with an order dated August 21, 1997.
A suit for defamation must be brought no later than one year after the day the cause of action accrues. Tex. Civ. Prac.
& Rem. Code Ann. 16.002 (Vernon 1986 & Supp. 2000). However, when a petition is filed within the statute of
limitations, a "subsequent amendment of the pleading that changes the facts or grounds of liability . . . is not subject to
a plea of limitation . . . unless the amendment . . . is wholly based on a new, distinct, or different transaction or
occurrence." Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. 16.068 (Vernon 1997). Section 16.068 is liberally construed to protect
litigants from the loss of claims. Escamilla v. Estate of Escamilla, 921 S.W.2d 723, 727 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi
1996, writ denied). "[W]e liberally read the original pleading to determine whether the claims added by the amendment
are based on transactions or occurrences which are new, distinct or different from those upon which the claims made
in the original pleading are based." Id. at 727-28.
Ellis's original petition was the pleading filed on August 17, 1994. This pleading, which claimed that Merit had
engaged in wrongful conduct in firing Ellis, was filed within the statute of limitations. Ellis's defamation claim arises
from the same occurrence that gave rise to his wrongful termination claim, because Ellis alleges that Merit defamed
him in the course of terminating him. Ellis's amended petition relates back to the original petition, and therefore, the
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statute of limitations does not bar this cause of action. Because the motion for summary judgment, insofar as it related
to the defamation claim against Merit, raised only the issue of limitations, we may only consider this ground on appeal.
Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c);McConnell v. Southside Indep. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d 337, 341 (Tex. 1993). Therefore, we
must conclude that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment for Merit on Ellis's claim of defamation against
Merit. We now address the summary judgment as it applied to Merit's attorney, Dunnahoo.
Ellis's claim of defamation against Dunnahoo arose from an incident following a hearing on November 8, 1995. There
is considerable variation between the accounts of the incident contained in the affidavit attached to Merit's motion for
summary judgment and the affidavits attached to Ellis's response. In determining whether there is a disputed fact issue
precluding summary judgment, we take all the evidence favorable to the nonmovant as true, and indulge every
reasonable inference in favor of the nonmovant. American Tobacco Co., Inc. v. Grinnell, 951 S.W.2d 420, 425 (Tex.
1997); Nixon v. Mr. Property Management Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985). Therefore, in reviewing the trial
court's ruling on the summary judgment, we will consider Ellis's account to be true. See American Tobacco Co. Inc.,
951 S.W.2d at 425.
According to affidavits filed by Ellis to oppose Merit's summary judgment motion, the incident occurred following a
hearing on Ellis's appeal from an unfavorable ruling by the Texas Employment Commission. The hearing had already
concluded and Ellis, his wife, and his attorney, David Fast, were leaving the courtroom, when Dunnahoo approached
and began speaking to Fast. Dunnahoo then turned from Fast, looked directly at Ellis, called him a thief and accused
him of having stolen tools.
In the motion for summary judgment, Merit argued that Dunnahoo's statements were protected under the privilege
afforded to communications made in the course of a judicial proceeding. SeeJames v. Brown, 637 S.W.2d 914, 916
(Tex. 1982);Rose v. First Am. Title Ins. Co., 907 S.W.2d 639, 641 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1995, no writ).
Communications made in the course of judicial proceedings will not serve as the basis for a defamation claim. James,
637 S.W.2d at 916; Rose, 907 S.W.2d at 641. This privilege has been extended to cover "communications made in
contemplation of and preliminary to judicial proceedings." Thomas v. Bracey, 940 S.W.2d 340, 343 (Tex. App.--San
Antonio 1997, no writ); Darrah v. Hinds, 720 S.W.2d 689, 691 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Russell
v. Clark, 620 S.W.2d 865, 868 (Tex. Civ. App.--Dallas 1981, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Statements made which "bear some
relation" to proposed or existing litigation have also been held to be privileged. Bennet v. Computer Assoc., Inc. 932
S.W.2d 197, 201 (Tex. App.--Amarillo 1996, writ denied). Whether an allegedly defamatory communication is related
to a proceeding is a question of law to be decided by the court. Thomas, 940 S.W.2d at 343. "All doubt should be
resolved in favor of the communication's relation to the proceeding." Id. Public policy favors the recognition of such a
privilege in order to allow attorneys to represent their clients zealously. Id.
In the case now before this Court, the trial court was correct in granting summary judgment in favor of Dunnahoo.
Dunnahoo's remarks related directly to Ellis's litigation against Merit and were made immediately following a hearing
as the parties were leaving the courtroom. To impose liability on an attorney under the circumstances described by
Ellis would greatly hinder the ability of an attorney to zealously represent his client. Dunnahoo's remarks were
privileged. The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment for Merit on Ellis's defamation claims. Point of
error number three is overruled insofar as it complains of the summary judgment in favor of Merit on the claim of
defamation against Dunnahoo. Point of error number three is sustained insofar as it complains of the summary
judgment for Merit on the defamation claim. The summary judgment in favor of Merit on the claims of defamation was
improper and is reversed.
With his fifth and eighth points of error, Ellis argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on his
claim of civil conspiracy against Merit. The order granting the summary judgment states that the court found Ellis's
claim to be barred by the statute of limitations, and that Ellis had "failed to state a proper cause of action for civil
conspiracy."
The elements of civil conspiracy are: (1) a combination of two or more persons; (2) an unlawful purpose, or a lawful
purpose to be accomplished through unlawful means; (3) a meeting of minds on the object or course of action; (4) one
or more unlawful, overt acts; and (5) damages as the proximate result. Insurance Co. of N. Am. v. Morris, 981 S.W.2d
667, 675 (Tex. 1998). Pleadings are construed liberally in favor of the pleader, unless special exceptions are filed. City
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of Alamo v. Casas, 960 S.W.2d 240, 251 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1997, pet. denied).
In the case now before this Court, Merit filed special exceptions to Ellis's petition, which were granted. The trial court
ordered Ellis to "specify each unlawful, overt act which [Ellis] claims was committed by [Merit]." Ellis replead, listing
actions taken by Merit employees and supervisors which, Ellis contends, support a claim of civil conspiracy. Ellis
alleges that he and another employee were asked by a Merit foreman to open a toolbox that appeared to have been
abandoned. At some point after the toolbox was opened another foreman complained that he owned the toolbox, and
that Ellis had broken into it and was using tools belonging to the foreman. Merit fired Ellis and the other employee
who had opened the toolbox; however Merit chose not to fire the supervisor who had allegedly asked Ellis and the
other employee to open the toolbox.
We find that, although Ellis has alleged conduct by Merit which could be construed as unfair, he failed to allege any
illegal conduct. The trial court properly dismissed this cause of action. See McCaskell v. Methodist Hosp., 856 S.W.2d
519, 521 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, no writ) (trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing suit after
plaintiff amended petition to respond to special exceptions). Points of error number five and eight are overruled.
The Recusal Motion and Challenges to the Impartiality of the Trial Court
Ellis's sixth point of error is a generalized complaint about alleged bias towards his attorney by several judges in
Nueces County and a more specific complaint that his motion to recuse Judge Tagle was improperly denied because
the judge who heard the motion was not impartial. A denial of a motion to recuse is reviewed under an abuse of
discretion standard. Tex. R. Civ. P. 18a(f); Vickery v. Vickery, 999 S.W.2d 342, 349 (Tex. 1999)(opinion on motion
for rehearing); Lueg v. Lueg, 976 S.W.2d 308, 310 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1998, pet. denied). A trial court abuses
its discretion when its actions are arbitrary and unreasonable. Lueg, 976 S.W.2d at 310 (citing Downer v. Aquamarine
Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985)). We find no evidence in the record that the judge who heard the
recusal was biased, or that the recusal motion was improperly denied.
The record contains several documents in which Ellis opposed the appointment of a judge from Nueces County to
preside over the hearing on his motion to recuse Judge Tagle. Ellis and his attorney, David Fast, felt that several
members of the Nueces County judiciary might harbor ill feelings towards Fast, because of encounters between these
judges and Fast. Ellis's motion to recuse Judge Tagle was ultimately heard before Judge Pat McDowell, a visiting
judge from Dallas, Texas. Ellis alleges in his brief that Judge McDowell is biased against granting recusals, and was a
"hired gun" appointed specifically to deny his motion to recuse Judge Tagle. There is nothing in the record to support
this statement, nor did Ellis challenge the appointment of Judge McDowell at any time prior to this appeal.(2) We find
nothing to support any attack on Judge McDowell's impartiality.
Ellis argues that the form used for the order on the motion to recuse demonstrates that Judge McDowell was
determined to deny Ellis's motion to recuse prior to any hearing on the motion. An examination of the recusal order
demonstrates that this allegation is unfounded. The judge used a blank form which contained spaces in which to insert
the cause number and parties' names, the words "granted" and "denied" both shown, and blank spaces to allow for the
ordering of attorneys' fees. A judge using the form would fill in the blanks and strike through either "granted" or
"denied" to reflect his ruling. In this case, Judge McDowell struck through the word "granted" and filled in the
necessary blanks to charge attorneys' fees to be paid to Merit by Ellis's attorney. The form is completely neutral and
does not demonstrate any prejudice on the part of Judge McDowell.
Ellis failed to present evidence at the recusal hearing which would have justified the recusal of Judge Tagle. One of
Ellis's reasons, as set out in his motion to recuse and attached affidavits, was that Judge Tagle limited the time which
the parties had to argue motions and that an attorney from Dunnahoo's firm had spoken to another judge about the
case.
A recusal requires extrajudicial bias by a judge, and should not be based upon in-court rulings. Grider v. Boston Co.,
Inc., 773 S.W.2d 338, 346 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1989, writ denied) (citing United States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563,
583(1966)); see also Ludlow v. DeBerry, 959 S.W.2d 265, 271 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th. Dist.] 1997, no writ). Judge
Tagle's placing time limits on the parties, which applied to Merit as well as Ellis, were in-court rulings, and would not
support her recusal.
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Ellis's affidavit verifying the motion to recuse states "Judge Tagle has allowed Mr. Dunnahoo to communicate with
another court, Hermasson" without further explanation. Based on arguments made by Ellis at the motion to recuse, it
appears that Ellis was complaining that a member of the firm which employs Dunnahoo had contact with Judge
Klager(3) and complained about Fast's conduct. The exact nature of this contact is not explained, nor did Ellis explain
how any contact with Judge Klager would have affected Judge Tagle's impartiality. Judge Klager had no involvement
in the suit now before this Court. Ellis has failed to explain how this contact shows any bias on Judge Tagle's part.
We find no support for Ellis's claim that he was denied a fair and impartial hearing on his motion to recuse Judge
Tagle, nor do we find an abuse of discretion by Judge McDowell in denying Ellis's motion to recuse Judge Tagle.
Point of error number six is overruled.
Ellis alleges, in his seventh point of error, that the trial court engaged in ex parte communications with Dunnahoo, and
that the trial court erred in awarding attorney's fees to Merit when the court denied Ellis's motion to recuse Judge
Tagle. We first address the alleged ex parte communications.
Ellis alleges that Judge Schuble initially denied Merit's motion for summary judgment on the issue of defamation but,
following ex parte communications with Dunnahoo, Judge Schuble changed his ruling. Ellis brought forth no evidence
to support his allegations of such misconduct on the part of Judge Schuble. Furthermore, Merit's motion for summary
judgment on the defamation claims was granted not by Judge Schuble, but rather by Judge Tagle. We have searched
the entire record on appeal, and find no evidence that any of the judges involved in this litigation ever engaged in ex
parte communication with any of the parties to this suit.
Ellis also complains, in point of error number seven, that his attorney was improperly sanctioned following the recusal
hearing. At the end of the hearing, Judge McDowell stated that he was going to order Fast to pay sanctions in the
amount of $350.00. The order denying the motion to recuse states that the court found the motion to have been brought
"solely for delay and was without sufficient cause" and orders Fast to pay $350.00 in attorneys' fees to Merit.
Under the rule of procedure governing the recusal of judges, the judge hearing a motion to recuse may impose
sanctions "in the interest of justice" if it is determined that the motion was brought without sufficient cause and solely
for the purpose of delay. Tex. R. Civ. P. 18a. The sanctions which may be imposed are those "authorized by Rule
215(2) (b)." Id. These sanctions include attorneys' fees. Tex. R. Civ. P. 215.2(b)(8). Trial courts have broad discretion
in assessing sanctions.Spellmon v. Collins, 970 S.W.2d 578, 580 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.).
Awards of sanctions are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Id. We review the record in the light most
favorable to the trial court's actions when determining whether the trial court abused its discretion in levying sanctions.
Spellmon, 970 S.W.2d at 580. When attorneys' fees are assessed as sanctions, proof of the expenditure of the fees is
not required. In re Braden, 960 S.W.2d 834, 836 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1997, no pet.); Stites v. Gillum, 872 S.W.2d 786,
797 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1994, writ denied); Allied Assoc., Inc. v. INA County Mut. Ins. Co., 803 S.W.2d 799
(Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, writ denied).
Ellis's allegations in his motion to recuse included accusations that counsel for Merit engaged in ex parte
communications with the trial court. At the recusal hearing, Ellis produced no evidence to support this allegation.
During the hearing, Ellis wholly failed to demonstrate any validity to his motion to recuse. Ellis filed the motion to
recuse in the afternoon, before Judge Tagle could rule on the remaining motions before the court, after Judge Tagle had
ruled against Ellis on a summary judgment in the morning. The court was within its discretion to conclude that the
motion was brought without sufficient cause and solely to cause delay in bringing the litigation to a conclusion.
Having found that the trial court was within its discretion to sanction Fast, we also conclude that the amount of the
sanctions was reasonable. Ellis's motion to recuse resulted in a lengthy delay in the prosecution of the lawsuit, required
a response by Merit, and resulted in Merit expending money to pay its counsel to appear at the hearing. A $350
sanction is not an abuse of discretion based on the record before us. Point of error number seven is overruled.
In his ninth point of error, Ellis complains that Dunnahoo engaged in improper conduct in the course of this litigation,
and that the trial court demonstrated bias by "condoning" this conduct. We will briefly address the allegedly improper
actions of which Ellis complains in this point of error.
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Ellis alleges that Dunnahoo used a poster-sized exhibit which had not been properly admitted in evidence at hearings
before Judge Schuble, on July 23, 1996 and July 30, 1996. To present a complaint for appellate review, the record must
show that a complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion. Tex. R. App. P. 33.1 The
records for the hearings show that Ellis made no objections at either hearing concerning any exhibit or poster being
used by Merit's attorney.(4) Therefore, Ellis has not preserved this complaint for appellate review.
Ellis complains that Dunnahoo made gestures while Fast was speaking at a hearing before Judge Schuble, on July 26,
1996. The record shows that Fast did state to Dunnahoo that he "would rather you not make those gestures while I'm
speaking." No objection was made to the trial court at that hearing; therefore this complaint has not been preserved for
appeal. Id.
Ellis also complains that during a hearing before Judge Tagle on September 26, 1996, Dunnahoo, who had laryngitis at
the time, turned away from Fast, who was suffering from an earache, thus preventing Fast from hearing what
Dunnahoo was saying. The record shows that after Fast complained that he was having trouble hearing, Dunnahoo
suggested that Fast sit next to him in order to facilitate his hearing what was being said. Fast apparently relocated as
suggested. The next time Fast complained of being unable to hear, Dunnahoo repeated the statement that Fast missed.
In this point of error, Ellis again raises allegations of ex parte communications. As stated previously, we find no
evidence whatsoever to support these allegations. Ellis argues that improper conduct is demonstrated by Judge
Schuble's ruling on Merit's second motion for summary judgment. As discussed above, Judge Schuble did not rule on
Merit's second motion for summary judgment: this motion was granted by Judge Tagle.
Ellis has wholly failed to demonstrate that any of the trial judges who presided over the various hearings involved in
the case engaged in or condoned any misconduct directed at Ellis or his attorney. The record before this court reflects
that the trial judges involved in the case presided over the hearings with impartiality and patience. Point of error
number nine is overruled.
The Remaining Points of Error
In his second point of error, Ellis argues that the trial court erred in striking his motion for deemed admissions. Ellis
had served Merit with ten requests for admission, which, Ellis argues, were not answered in a timely fashion, and
therefore must be deemed as true. These requests all pertain to Ellis's wrongful termination claim, over which we do
not have jurisdiction because it was not timely appealed. Therefore, this point of error is not dispositive of the appeal,
and we do not address it. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.
Ellis contends, in his fourth point of error, that the trial court erred by striking Ellis's motion for default judgment
against Dunnahoo. Ellis filed a "motion for leave of the court to implead added defendant seeking damages for
defamation" on June 25, 1996. In the motion, Ellis requested that the court grant him leave to add Dunnahoo as a
defendant. In response, Merit filed a motion to strike Ellis's motion to implead. Ellis filed a motion for default
judgment on July 29, 1996. At the hearing on September 6, 1996, in which the court also heard Merit's motion for
summary judgment on the defamation claims, Dunnahoo argued that he was not served with anything which would
qualify under the rules as a petition requiring an answer, and thus he was not subject to default judgment.
The proper way to add a party to a suit is with an amended pleading. Moody-Rambin Interests v. Moore, 722 S.W.2d
790, 792 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, no writ); Hatley v. Schmidt, 471 S.W.2d 440, 442 (Tex. Civ. App.--
San Antonio 1971, writ ref'd n.r.e). Ellis's pleading was not a pleading requiring an answer by Dunnahoo. Therefore,
the trial court did not err by striking Ellis's motion for default judgment. Point of error number four is overruled.
The appeal from the granting of summary judgment on the issue of wrongful termination is DISMISSED for lack of
jurisdiction. The summary judgment for Merit on the cause of civil conspiracy is AFFIRMED. The summary judgment
for Merit on the claim of defamation against Merit's attorney, Dunnahoo, is AFFIRMED. The summary judgment for
Merit on the claim of defamation is REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
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LINDA REYNA YA EZ
Justice
Do not publish.
Tex. R. App. P. 47.3.
Opinion delivered and filed this
the 7th day of December, 2000.
1. The Texas Employment Commission is now known as the Texas Workforce Commission. See Tex. Lab. Code Ann.
Chapter 301 (Vernon 1996).
2. Ellis attached to his appellate brief an article from the Texas Lawyer magazine, in which Judge McDowell discusses
a recent trend to file motions to recuse as a litigation tactic. Documents attached to an appellate brief are not part of
the appellate record. See Tex. R. App. 34.1.
3. Judge Klager is judge of Nueces County Court at Law No. 4.
4. The reporter's records for the hearings do not indicate that Dunnahoo used, or referred to, any exhibit.
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