THE STATE OF TEXAS AND THE TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT v. RICKY SHUMAKE AND SANDRA SHUMAKE, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF KAYLA SHUMAKE, DECEASED (Majority)

SUPREME COURT CASES

Laws-info.com » Cases » Texas » Supreme Court » 2006 » THE STATE OF TEXAS AND THE TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT v. RICKY SHUMAKE AND SANDRA SHUMAKE, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF KAYLA SHUMAKE, DECEASED (Majority)

State: Texas

Court: Supreme Court

Docket No: 04-0460

Case Date: 06/23/2006

Judge: David M. Medina

Plaintiff: THE STATE OF TEXAS AND THE TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT

Defendant: RICKY SHUMAKE AND SANDRA SHUMAKE, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF KAYL

Preview:THE STATE OF TEXAS AND THE TEXAS PARKS
AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT v. RICKY
SHUMAKE AND SANDRA SHUMAKE,
INDIVIDUALLY AND AS PERSONAL
REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF KAYLA
SHUMAKE, DECEASED (Majority)
MAJORITY | CONCURRING | DISSENTING
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
No. 04-0460
The State of Texas and the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Petitioners,
v.
Ricky Shumake and Sandra Shumake, Individually and as Personal Representative of the Estate of Kayla Shumake,
Deceased,
Respondents
On Petition for Review from the
Court of Appeals for the Third District of Texas
Argued April 12, 2005
Justice Medina delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Justice Jefferson, Justice Hecht, Justice O Neill,
Justice Green, and Justice Johnson joined.
Justice Wainwright filed a concurrence.
Justice Brister filed a dissent.
Justice Willet did not participate.
In this case we consider the effect of the recreational use statute on a premises liability claim against the state. Tex.
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 75.001-.004. The Tort Claims Act waives the state s sovereign immunity for premises defects
or injuries caused by a condition or use of . . . real property. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 101.021. The State contends
here, however, that the recreational use statute effectively reinstates immunity for premises liability claims arising on
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state-owned recreational properties. We disagree. While the recreational use statute raises the burden of proof by
classifying the recreational user of state-owned property as a trespasser and requiring proof of gross negligence,
malicious intent, or bad faith, it does not reinstate sovereign immunity but rather immunizes the state only to the
extent of the elevated standard. Although we do not agree in all respects with the court of appeals opinion, we agree
with its judgment and accordingly affirm. 131 S.W.3d 66.
I
Blanco State Park is a picnic, camping, and recreation area owned by the State of Texas and operated by the Texas
Parks and Wildlife Department. During a family visit to the park, the Shumake s nine-year-old daughter, Kayla,
drowned while swimming and tubing in the Blanco River. Kayla was allegedly sucked underwater by a powerful
undertow and trapped in a man-made culvert that diverted the water under a nearby park road.
The Shumakes later learned that only days before Kayla s death three other park patrons had encountered the same
undertow and nearly drowned due to the same conditions. These events were communicated to both a Parks
Department employee and to the Austin office of the Parks Department.
The Shumakes sued the State of Texas, claiming, among other things, that the wrongful death of their daughter was
caused by a special or premises defect. They asserted that when the river s waters were high, the culvert was
concealed, creating an dangerous undertow. They further alleged that the Parks Department was aware of this
dangerous situation, having received reports of other recent near-drownings involving the same area, but failed to
make the culvert safer or warn of the danger. The Shumakes finally alleged that the Parks Department s failure to act
involved an extreme degree of risk, considering the probability and magnitude of the potential harm to swimmers and
thus had breached even the modest duty of care owed to them as trespassers under the recreational use statute.
The Parks Department filed a plea to the jurisdiction, seeking dismissal of the Shumakes claims for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction, urging, among other things, that the recreational use statute barred their premises defect claims by
eliminating the waiver of governmental immunity provided by the Tort Claims Act for such claims. See Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code 75.001-.004. The trial court denied the plea,[1] and the Parks Department took an interlocutory
appeal. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 51.014(a)(8).
The court of appeals affirmed the trial court s denial of the plea to the jurisdiction,[2] concluding that the Shumakes
had adequately pled a premises liability claim against the state within the Tort Claims Act s waiver and that the
recreational use statute, although reducing the duty of care, did not otherwise affect that waiver. 131 S.W.3d at 73-81.
The Parks Department now urges this Court to take jurisdiction of the interlocutory appeal because of a conflict of
decisions among the courts of appeals concerning application of the recreational use statute.
II
Before reaching the merits, we must consider the issue of our own jurisdiction. Generally, a court of appeals decision
in an interlocutory appeal is final. Tex. Gov t Code 22.225(b)(3). When, however, a justice in the court of appeals
dissents on a question of law material to the decision in the interlocutory appeal, or when a prior decision of another
court of appeals conflicts with the court s decision in the interlocutory appeal, we have jurisdiction to resolve the
disagreement or conflict. Tex. Gov t Code 22.001(a)(1), (2) and 22.225(c).
The court of appeals decision in this case conflicts with those of four other courts of appeals which have held that the
recreational use statute does not permit a premises defect claim against the state. See City of Fort Worth v. Crockett,
142 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. App. Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied); Gray v. City of Galveston, 2003 WL 22908145 (Tex. App.
Houston [14th Dist.] Dec. 11, 2003, no pet.) (memo op.); City of Lubbock v. Rule, 68 S.W.3d 853 (Tex. App. Amarillo
2002, no pet.); Flye v. City of Waco, 50 S.W.3d 645 (Tex. App. Waco 2001, no pet.). Three other courts of appeals
have concluded, as did the court of appeals in this case, that such claims are available under the statute. West v. City of
Crandall, 139 S.W.3d 784 (Tex. App. Dallas 2004, no pet.); Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep t v. Morris, 129 S.W.3d 804
(Tex. App. Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.); City of Houston v. Cavazos, 811 S.W.2d 231 (Tex. App. Houston [14th
Dist.] 1991, writ dism d). We thus have jurisdiction to resolve the conflict in this interlocutory appeal. Tex. Gov t Code
22.001(a)(2).
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III
Generally, the State of Texas has sovereign immunity from suit unless waived by the Legislature. Gen. Servs. Comm n
v. Little Tex Insulation Co., 39 S.W.3d 591, 594 (Tex. 2001). We have construed that immunity to deprive the courts
of subject matter jurisdiction over suits against the state or its subdivisions. Tex. Dep t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda,
133 S.W.3d 217, 224 (Tex. 2004). The Legislature, however, has provided a limited waiver of the state s immunity
from suit for certain tort claims under the Texas Tort Claims Act. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 101.002, 101.021,
101.025.
The Texas Tort Claims Act includes, among other things, a limited waiver of the state s immunity from suits alleging
personal injury or death caused by premises defects. Id. 101.021(2), 101.022. It further provides that in premises defect
cases, the state owes the claimant only the duty that a private person owes to a licensee on private property.[3] Id.
101.022 (a). When injury or death results on state-owned, recreational land, however, the recreational use statute limits
the state s duty even further to that owed by a landowner to a trespasser. Id. 75.002; see also id. 75.003(g) ( To the
extent that this chapter limits the liability of a governmental unit under circumstances in which the governmental unit
would be liable under [the Tort Claims Act], this chapter controls. ), 101.058 (same).
The Parks Department contends that by classifying the entrant and user of state-owned recreational property as a
trespasser, the Legislature reinstated the immunity for premises defect claims waived under the Tort Claims Act. The
Department reasons that because a landowner generally has no duty to make its property safe for trespassers, or to
warn them of dangerous conditions, it should follow that a trespasser cannot complain about such things. The court of
appeals, however, disagreed.
The court concluded that neither the trespasser standard nor the recreational use statute operated to reinstate sovereign
immunity for premises defect claims. 131 S.W.3d at 80. The court reasoned that a landowner might have a duty to
warn of, or make safe, an unreasonably dangerous condition on its premises, if it were both aware of the condition and
the trespassers presence on its property. In so doing, the court followed a distinction drawn in the Restatement between
known and unknown or naked trespassers. 131 S.W.3d at 77-80 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts 335, 337).
The Department complains that the court of appeals reliance on the Restatement has created new duties for landowners,
not recognized at common law nor contemplated by the Legislature when it enacted the recreational use statute. The
Department submits that the gross negligence standard, expressed both in the statute and as part of the limited duty of
care owed to a trespasser, refers only to contemporaneous activities on the premises, and not to the condition of the
premises. See, e.g., City of Lubbock, 68 S.W.3d at 859 (citing Flye, 50 S.W.3d at 648)(duty owed a trespasser does not
encompass injury arising from the condition of realty but only injury arising from the activity or conduct of the
occupier ); see also City of Fort Worth, 142 S.W.3d at 554 (expressing disagreement with the court of appeals
reasoning in Shumake).
IV
A negligent activity claim requires that the claimant s injury result from a contemporaneous activity itself rather than
from a condition created on the premises by the activity; whereas a premises defect claim is based on the property
itself being unsafe. See Keetch v. Kroger Co., 845 S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. 1992). We have rejected attempts to blur the
distinction between these two claims. See id. (declining to eliminate all distinction between premises conditions and
negligent activities ). The Park Department s argument here, however, does not seek so much to blur the distinction
between the two as it does to eliminate one altogether. Determining whether a trespasser on state-owned recreational
land has a claim for injuries caused by the unsafe condition of the property requires that we construe the statute along
with the common law principles the statute ostensibly incorporates.
A
When construing a statute, we begin with its language. Our primary objective is to determine the Legislature s intent
which, when possible, we discern from the plain meaning of the words chosen. City of San Antonio v. City of Boerne,
111 S.W.3d 22, 25 (Tex. 2003). If the statute is clear and unambiguous, we must apply its words according to their
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common meaning without resort to rules of construction or extrinsic aids. Fitzgerald v. Advanced Spine Fixation Sys.,
Inc., 996 S.W.2d 864, 865-66 (Tex. 1999). We may consider other matters in ascertaining legislative intent, including
the objective of the law, its history, and the consequences of a particular construction. See TEX. GOV T CODE
311.023(1), (3), (5); Union Bankers Ins. Co. v. Shelton, 889 S.W.2d 278, 280 (Tex. 1994). Statutory construction is a
question of law, and our review is accordingly de novo. In re Forlenza, 140 S.W.3d 373, 376 (Tex. 2004).
The recreational use statute limits not only the liability of the state, but also the liability of others, who open their land
for recreational purposes. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 75.001-.004.[4] The protection is extended to encourage this
type of use. The statute limits liability by providing that the owner or occupier of real property does not assure that the
premises are safe for recreational purposes and does not assume responsibility for the actions of those admitted to the
property. Id. 75.002(c)(1), (3). The statute further creates a legal fiction, classifying the invited recreational user of the
property as a trespasser, and imposing that limited standard of care upon the landowner. Id. 75.002(c)(2). The statute,
however, also provides that the recreational user s status as trespasser shall not limit the liability of an owner, lessee,
or occupant of real property who has been grossly negligent or has acted with malicious intent or in bad faith. Id.
75.002(d).
On its face, section 75.002(d) makes no distinction between injuries caused by activities and injuries caused by
conditions. The Department argues, however, that even though section 75.002(d) does not expressly limit the scope of
a gross negligence claim, the limitation is nevertheless implicit in the classification of the recreational user as a
trespasser under section 75.002(c)(2). The Department submits that gross negligence must arise, if at all, from
contemporaneous activities on the property because a trespasser has no right to expect that the property is safe or that
the owner will warn about any dangerous conditions known to it. As a general proposition this is correct, but
construing trespasser status as an absolute bar to a premises defect claim under the statute requires closer examination.
B
A trespasser at common law was one who entered upon property of another without any legal right or invitation,
express or implied. Texas Louisiana Power Co. v. Webster, 91 S.W.2d 302, 306 (Tex. 1936). At common law, the
landowner owed no duty but to refrain from injuring the trespasser willfully, wantonly, or through gross negligence.
Tex. Utils. Elec. Co. v. Timmons, 947 S.W.2d 191, 193 (Tex. 1997); Burton Constr. & Shipbuilding Co. v. Broussard,
273 S.W.2d 598, 603 (Tex. 1954). The rule is based on the principle that a landowner has no obligation to protect a
trespasser in the wrongful use of the landowner s property: trespassers, who come uninvited for purposes of their own
must take the premises as they find them; and if they fall into an unsuspected danger, the loss is their own. Tex. Cities
Gas Co. v. Dickens, 168 S.W.2d 208, 210 (Tex. 1943). Thus, as a general proposition, a landowner is entitled to the
exclusive use of his property and is not liable for injury to trespassers caused by his failure to exercise reasonable care
to put his land in a safe condition for them, or to carry on his activities in a manner which does not endanger them. W.
Page Keeton et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts 58 at 393-94 (5th ed. 1984). This rule is grounded in the
common law s traditional regard for the rights of private ownership of property and the assumption that landowners
normally have no reason to expect trespassers or know about them, and thus no liability for creating a dangerous
condition on their own property. Id. at 395. This general proposition is subject to a number of qualifications, however.
See id. at 395-99 ( Once the foregoing general rule of nonliability has been stated, the rest of the law of trespassers is
a list of exceptions to it. ).
A number of jurisdictions, motivated by more pressing considerations for human safety, have balanced such
considerations against the traditional rule favoring property rights. As one authority has observed, if the landowner s
burden is very slight, and if the risk of harm to trespassers is correspondingly very great, there may be good reason to
hold the defendant liable. Id. at 395. Under this exception to the general rule, a landowner, who has actual knowledge
that a trespasser is coming and will encounter a known dangerous condition created by the landowner, may owe a duty
to warn or take some other action for the trespasser s protection.[5] This is also the Restatement s position, adopted
here by the court of appeals. 131 S.W.3d at 77-78.
The Parks Department argues, however, that before this case Texas law had not recognized such a distinction, and thus
the principle could not have been contemplated by the Legislature when it enacted this statute. But whether Texas
common law has, or should, distinguish between different types of trespassers does not control our decision in this
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statutory construction case. Neither this distinction nor any other disagreement about the common law s treatment of
trespassers is controlling here because the Legislature did not purport to adopt these common law principles as its
liability standard in section 75.002(d). In fact, it intended something else entirely.
Section 75.002(d) quite plainly provides that the classification of a recreational user as a trespasser was not intended to
limit the liability of [a landowner] who has been grossly negligent or has acted with malicious intent or in bad faith.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 75.002(d). Had the Legislature merely intended to adopt the trespasser standard, this
limitation would not have been necessary. The standard of section 75.002(d) and the trespasser standard are therefore
not the same.
This is immediately apparent when the language of subsection (d) is compared to that consistently used by Texas
courts to describe the common law duty of care owed to trespassers: to refrain from injuring the trespasser willfully,
wantonly or through gross negligence. Tex. Dept. of Parks & Wildlife, 133 S.W.3d at 225; City of Bellmead v. Torres,
89 S.W.3d 611, 613 (Tex. 2002); Tex. Util. Elec. Co., 947 S.W.2d at 193; Burton Constr. & Shipbuilding Co., 273
S.W.2d at 603. While the statute and the common law both share a gross negligence component, construing them to
mean the same thing in each context would render subsection (d) s reference to gross negligence redundant. In
construing a statute, we give effect to all its words and, if possible, do not treat any statutory language as mere
surplusage. Cont l Cas. Ins. Co. v. Functional Restoration Assocs., 19 S.W.3d 393, 402 (Tex. 2000). Thus, the
Department s argument concerning the limitations inherent in gross negligence under the trespasser standard,
subsection (c) of the statute, does not inform our understanding of subsection (d).
The recreational use statute does not define gross negligence; it merely provides that trespasser status shall not limit
the liability of a landowner who has been grossly negligent. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 75.002(d). This language
does not suggest that the Legislature was only concerned about a landowner s contemporaneous and active conduct as
the Department has argued. Nothing in the language indicates that the Legislature intended that gross negligence
should have such a special or limited meaning. Because it is not defined otherwise, we conclude that the Legislature
must have intended for gross negligence to have its commonly-accepted legal meaning.
Both this Court and the Texas Legislature have defined gross negligence as an act or omission involving subjective
awareness of an extreme degree of risk, indicating conscious indifference to the rights, safety, or welfare of others.
Transp. Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 21 (Tex. 1994); Missouri Pac. Ry. Co. v. Shuford, 10 S.W. 408, 411 (Tex.
1888); Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 41.001(11). And we have previously applied this definition to the recreational use
statute. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 225 (governmental unit waives sovereign immunity under statute only if it is
grossly negligent). Because gross negligence may result from acts or omissions, and section 75.002(d) does not
distinguish between injuries caused by conditions and activities, we conclude that section 75.002(d) permits a premises
defect claim for gross negligence.
V
Recreational use statutes have been enacted in nearly every state and uniformly provide that landowners do not extend
to recreational users any assurance that the property is safe, nor confer upon the recreational user the legal status of an
invitee or licensee to whom an ordinary duty of care is owed. See 62 Am. Jur.2d Premises Liability 118 (1990). These
statutes, however, also generally retain liability for a willful or malicious failure to guard or warn against a dangerous
condition, use, structure, or activity. Id. at 479. Because these statutes generally immunize landowners from liability
unless they are guilty of gross negligence, willful or malicious conduct, it is important to understand under what
conditions a failure to guard or warn against a dangerous condition may be considered grossly negligent, malicious or
willful.
Contrary to the Dissent s suggestion, we do not hold, or even imply, that a landowner may be grossly negligent for
failing to warn of the inherent dangers of nature. ___ S.W.3d at ___ (Brister, J. dissenting) (suggesting that State must
now warn that it is dangerous for a nine-year-old child to go tubing in a rushing river during high water ). A landowner
has no duty to warn or protect trespassers from obvious defects or conditions. Thus, the owner may assume that the
recreational user needs no warning to appreciate the dangers of natural conditions, such as a sheer cliff, a rushing river,
or even a concealed rattlesnake. But a landowner can be liable for gross negligence in creating a condition that a
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recreational user would not reasonably expect to encounter on the property in the course of the permitted use. See, e.g.,
Golding v. Ashley Cen. Irrigation Co., 902 P.2d 142, 145 (Utah 1995) ( If [] a landowner has knowledge of an
uncommon, hidden peril or danger on the land that is not inherent in the use to which the land is put and that would
not be reasonably discovered or avoided by a trespasser, the landowner s failure to warn or guard against such a
danger could amount to willful, wanton, or malicious inaction. ); City of Houston v. Cavazos, 811 S.W.2d 231 (Tex.
App. Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, writ dism d) (knowledge that numerous people had drowned over a period of years at
the same artificially created, but hidden, hazard without any action by city to warn or remedy the hazard was some
evidence of gross negligence); see also Burnett v. City of Adrian, 326 N.W.2d 810 (Mich. 1982) (reaching same
conclusion under Michigan s recreational use statute); cf. Smither v. Tex. Utilities Elec. Co., 824 S.W.2d 693, 696
(Tex. App. El Paso 1992, writ dism d) (landowner s use of signs warning of dangerous waters created by company s
discharge canal demonstrated conscious concern of landowner for the safety even of trespassers ). Gross negligence
requires that the landowner be subjectively aware of, and consciously indifferent to, an extreme risk of harm. See Tex.
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 41.001(11); Louisiana Pacific Corp. v. Andrade, 19 S.W.3d 245, 246-47 (Tex. 1999) ( what
separates ordinary negligence from gross negligence is the defendant s state of mind; in other words, the plaintiff must
show that the defendant knew about the peril, but his acts or omissions demonstrate that he did not care ). This is
consistent with our approach in Texas Department of Parks and Wildlife v. Miranda that a premises defect claim might
be brought under the recreational use statute as long as there existed a factual dispute regarding the landowner s gross
negligence with respect to the alleged defect. 133 S.W.3d at 230-31. The recreational use statute limits the state s
liability for premises defects, but its effect is not to reinstate the state s immunity from suit.
We conclude that the Shumakes pleadings were sufficient to state a premises liability claim under the recreational use
statute. The judgment of the court of appeals is accordingly affirmed.
David M. Medina
Justice
Opinion delivered: June 23, 2006
[1] The trial court denied the plea to the jurisdiction, concluding that the Shumakes had adequately alleged a cause of
action under the Tort Claims Act and that the recreational use statute was unconstitutional as applied to them. The trial
court further concluded that the Shumakes had established a waiver of immunity for their alternative claims of
nuisance and attractive nuisance.
[2] The court of appeals disagreed with some of the trial court s reasons for denying the plea. The court of appeals
concluded that the Shumakes had not established the state s waiver of immunity for claims of nuisance and attractive
nuisance. 131 S.W.3d at 72-73. The court also concluded that the recreational use statute was not unconstitutional as
applied to the Shumakes. Id. at 81.
[3] This classification does not apply if the claimant pays for the use of the premises or in cases of special defects. See
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 101.022.
[4] The part of the statute relevant to this case provides:
(c) If an owner, lessee, or occupant of real property other than agricultural land gives permission to another to enter the
premises for recreation, the owner, lessee, or occupant, by giving the permission, does not:
1) assure that the premises are safe for that purpose;
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2) owe to the person to whom permission is granted a greater degree of care than is owed to a trespasser on the
premises; or
3) . . .
(d) Subsection . . . (c) shall not limit the liability of an owner, lessee, or occupant of real property who has been
grossly negligent or has acted with malicious intent or in bad faith.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 75.002(c), (d).
[5] See, e.g., Copeland v. Pike Liberal Arts, 553 So.2d 100, 102 (Ala. 1989) (duty owed to trespasser is not to
wantonly or intentionally injure him and to warn him of dangers known by [landowner] after it was aware of danger to
[trespasser] ); Parzych v Branford, 136 A.2d 223, 225 (Conn. 1957) ( [I]n Connecticut a landowner is not liable to a
trespasser for failure to use care to safeguard him from injury due to conditions on the land. However, when the
presence of a trespasser becomes known, a duty to use ordinary care to avoid injury then arises. ); Wood v. Camp, 284
So. 2d 691, 693, 694 (Fla. 1973) ( The unwavering rule as to a trespasser is that the property owner is under the duty
only to avoid willful and wanton harm to him and upon discovery of his presence to warn him of known dangers not
open to ordinary observation. ); Bremer v. Lake Erie & W. R. Co., 148 N.E. 862, 864 (Ill. 1925) ( The distinction is
clearly made that a defendant owes the duty of ordinary care to a trespasser known to be in danger, to avoid injuring
him. If by the exercise of ordinary care injury can be avoided, the defendant is liable for the failure to use such care,
but to a trespasser, whose presence or whose danger is unknown, there is no duty to exercise ordinary care, though
there is a duty not to injure him willfully or wantonly, or by such gross negligence as evidences willfulness. );
Reasoner v Chicago, Rock Island & Pac. R.R. Co., 101 N.W.2d 739, 741 (Iowa 1960) ( It is uniformly stated that the
owner or holder of the premises owes no duty to the unknown trespasser upon his property save that of not injuring
him willfully or wantonly, and to use such reasonable and ordinary care as the circumstances demand, after his
presence on the premises and his peril are known, to avoid injuring him. ); Louisville & Nashville R.R. Co. v.
Vanderpool, 496 S.W.2d 349, 351 (Ky. 1973) ( [T]he only duty one owes a trespasser (as was Vanderpool) is to
exercise ordinary care to avoid injuring him after his position of peril is discovered. ); Pridgen v. Boston Housing
Authority, 308 N.E.2d 467, 474 (Mass. 1974) ( [A]lthough an owner or occupier of land owes a trespasser only the
duty to refrain from wilful, wanton or reckless conduct, where a trespasser is in a position of peril or in a helpless
situation and his presence becomes known, the owner then has a duty to use reasonable care to avoid injuring him, or,
as sometimes stated, a duty of reasonable care in the circumstances. ); Hanson v. Bailey, 83 N.W. 2d 252, 257 (Minn.
1957) (Sections 333 and 335 of the Restatement of Torts correctly enunciate the applicable law ); Imre v Riegel Paper
Corp., 132 A.2d 505, 508 (N.J. 1957) ( The standard of duty is the protection of others against an unreasonable risk of
harm; and the principle is operative in favor of trespassers on land if the presence of the particular trespasser be
discovered, or the possessor of the land be aware of constant trespassing upon a particular place or a limited area and
the act is likely to cause death or serious bodily harm. ); Maple v Tennessee Gas Transmission Co., 201 N.E.2d 299,
300 (Ohio Ct. App. 1963) ( The duty not to injure a trespasser after he is known to be upon the premises is the same
duty as is owed in that respect to an invitee. ); Lavallee v Pratt, 166 A.2d 195, 198 (Vt. 1960) ( The fact that the
plaintiff was a trespasser will not excuse the actor from the duty of reasonable care for his safety if his presence was
known or should reasonably have been anticipated. ); Brown v. Carvill, 527 S.E.2d 149, 153-54 (W.Va. 1998) ( We
have held that when a landowner creates a dangerous condition upon his property that is likely to cause serious bodily
injury or death, and the landowner is aware that trespassers intrude into the area where the dangerous condition exists,
that the landowner must then exercise due care towards the trespassers. ).
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