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PRESENT:    Hassell, C.J., Lacy, Keenan, Koontz, Lemons, and Agee,
JJ., and Carrico, S.J.
THOMAS L. SWITZER
v.  Record No.  060554      OPINION BY JUSTICE BARBARA MILANO KEENAN
March  2,  2007
PAULA MARIE SWITZER, ET AL.
FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
In this consolidated appeal, we consider whether the Court
of Appeals abused its discretion in dismissing two appeals on
the basis that the appealing party had failed to pay a  $500
judgment that the Court of Appeals had entered against him in
another case.    The  $500 judgment was entered as a sanction under
Code  §  8.01-271.1, and was followed by a separate order barring
the sanctioned party from filing any further appeals until
satisfying the  $500 judgment.
Thomas L. Switzer  (Thomas) and Paula Marie Switzer  (Paula)
were married in  1993.    In  1996, the couple had a child, Daniel
W. Switzer  (Daniel).    Because Thomas and Paula both suffer from
mental and emotional problems and had committed acts of violence
against each other, the Department of Social Services removed
Daniel from his parents’ home at a young age.
In March  2000, the Circuit Court of Augusta County  (circuit
court) awarded permanent custody of Daniel to Samuel S. Smith
and Jodi B. Smith  (the Smiths).    The Court of Appeals affirmed
the circuit court’s judgment in an unpublished opinion.    Switzer




v. Smith, Record No.  0779-00-3  (July  31,  2001).    This Court
refused Thomas’ petition for appeal.    Switzer v. Smith, Record
No.  012108  (February  20,  2002).
While the appeal of the custody case was pending, Thomas
filed a petition pursuant to Code  §  16.1-241(A)(1) in the
Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court of Staunton
alleging that Daniel was a  “child in need of services”  (CHINS).
Upon that court’s dismissal of the CHINS petition, Thomas filed
an appeal to the Circuit Court of the City of Staunton, which
dismissed the CHINS petition stating that its allegations were
“wholly insufficient.”
Thomas appealed to the Court of Appeals from the dismissal
of his CHINS petition.    In an unpublished opinion, the Court of
Appeals held that Thomas’ arguments were not made in good faith
and that the appeal was filed  “to harass, cause unnecessary
delay, and cause a needless increase in the cost of litigation.”
Switzer v. Smith, Record No.  3025-91-3, slip op. at  9  (July  23,
2002).    Citing Code  §  8.01-271.1, the Court of Appeals imposed a
$500 sanction against Thomas to be paid within  60 days.    Id.
Thomas appealed the Court of Appeals’ judgment to this Court,
which refused his petition for appeal.    Switzer v. Smith, Record
No.  022315  (October  23,  2002).
After determining that Thomas had not paid the  $500
sanction as previously ordered, the Court of Appeals entered an
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order on May  8,  2003  (the May  2003 order), directing the circuit
court to docket a judgment against Thomas and stating that
“[u]ntil such time as the judgment is satisfied,  [Thomas] is
barred from filing further appeals to the Court of Appeals of
Virginia.”    In re: Thomas L. Switzer, slip op. at  2  (May  8,
2003).    Thomas did not appeal from this order.
After the May  2003 order, Thomas filed two separate actions
involving custody and divorce, which he ultimately appealed to
the Court of Appeals.    Thomas first filed a petition in the
Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court of Augusta County
(juvenile court) against the Smiths seeking custody of or
“liberal unsupervised visitation” with Daniel.    The juvenile
court dismissed his petition and ordered that the prior judgment
regarding custody and visitation remain in effect.    Thomas
appealed from this order to the circuit court, which dismissed
the petition upon finding  “absolutely no evidence of any
material change in circumstances” and a  “complete lack of
evidence” to support the petition.
Thomas also filed a bill of complaint in the circuit court
seeking a divorce from Paula and asking that the circuit court
reconsider the issue of Daniel’s custody.    Paula filed a cross-
bill requesting a divorce.    The circuit court awarded Paula a
divorce and refused to reconsider the custody issue.
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Thomas filed two separate appeals with the Court of Appeals
challenging the circuit court’s divorce and custody decrees.
Paula and the Smiths filed motions to dismiss the appeals,
contending that the May  2003 order barred Thomas from filing any
appeals with the Court of Appeals until he paid the  $500
sanction.1    Thomas argued in response that if he had violated an
order of the Court of Appeals, the proper remedy would be for
the Court to hold him in contempt for that violation rather than
to dismiss his appeals.
The Court of Appeals entered orders dismissing Thomas’
appeals based on his failure to pay the  $500 sanction.    Switzer
v. Switzer, Record No.  0612-05-3  (November  23,  2005); Switzer v.
Smith, Record No.  1122-05-3  (November  23,  2005).    The orders
stated,  “[t]he language contained in the May  8,  2003 order could
not have been clearer.                                                 [Thomas] was and is barred from filing
appeals in this Court until the judgment is satisfied.”    Id.
Thomas appeals to this Court.
Thomas argues that the Court of Appeals abused its
discretion in dismissing his appeals for his failure to pay
sanctions imposed in an unrelated case.    Thomas contends that
the Court of Appeals should have imposed a less severe sanction
and that dismissal of the appeals, without a finding of bad
1 The record does not indicate how the Smiths became
involved in the appeal of the divorce case.    The Smiths were not
parties to the divorce case in the circuit court.
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faith or prejudice, was unjustified.    According to Thomas, the
May  2003 order barring him from filing any appeals before paying
the  $500 sanction was overbroad because the order prevented him
from seeking any appeal, even appeals unrelated to the custody
litigation on which the  $500 sanction was based.
In response, Paula and the Smiths  (the defendants) argue
that because Thomas failed to appeal from the Court of Appeals’
May  2003 order barring him from filing future appeals until he
paid the  $500 sanction, he cannot use the present appeals as a
vehicle for challenging the content of the May  2003 order.2    The
defendants also contend that the Court of Appeals did not abuse
its discretion in dismissing Thomas’ present custody and divorce
appeals because Thomas has litigated the custody issue for eight
years, losing on each occasion.    According to the defendants,
even if the Court of Appeals had considered the present appeals
on their merits, the Court likely would have imposed additional
sanctions against Thomas for filing two more baseless appeals.
The defendants therefore maintain that because the imposition of
monetary sanctions has not prevented Thomas from making
frivolous filings, the Court of Appeals did not have a less
2 In their brief, the defendants also contend that Thomas
failed to appeal from the Court of Appeals’ judgment dismissing
Thomas’ appeal of the CHINS petition determination, in which the
Court of Appeals originally imposed the  $500 sanction.    However,
as stated above, Thomas did note an appeal from that judgment,
which this Court refused.
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restrictive option available to curb Thomas’ misconduct.    We
disagree with this conclusion.
We first observe that the Court of Appeals’ dismissal of
the two appeals before us was the ultimate sanction that the
Court of Appeals could have imposed in the litigation of these
cases.    Thus, our inquiry focuses on the question whether
implementation of such a severe sanction was an abuse of the
Court of Appeals’ discretion.
We begin our analysis with the established principle that a
court’s imposition of a sanction will not be reversed on appeal
unless the court abused its discretion in  1) its decision to
sanction the litigant, or  2) in the court’s choice of the
particular sanction employed.    See Flora v. Shulmister,  262 Va.
215,  220,  546 S.E.2d  427,  429  (2001); Gilmore v. Finn,  259 Va.
448,  466,  527 S.E.2d  426,  435  (2000); Gentry v. Toyota Motor
Corp.,  252 Va.  30,  34,  471 S.E.2d  485,  488  (1996); Oxenham v.
Johnson,  241 Va.  281,  287,  402 S.E.2d  1,  4  (1991).    Here, the
record is undisputed that Thomas previously had filed frivolous
appeals in the circuit court and in the Court of Appeals.
Moreover, Thomas implicitly concedes that the imposition of some
lesser sanction in the present appeals may have been an
appropriate exercise of the Court of Appeals’ discretion.    Thus,
the essence of Thomas’ complaint is that the Court of Appeals
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imposed the ultimate sanction of dismissal, rather than using a
more narrowly drawn alternative.
We observe that a major purpose of the sanction remedy is
to spare victims of frivolous claims the time, effort, and
expense suffered as a result of such vexatious litigation.
Thus, the imposition of a particular sanction must be sufficient
to deter such practices when they have occurred.    See Cooter &
Gell v. Hartmarx Corp.,  496 U.S.  384,  393  (1990); Gentry,  252
Va. at  34,  471 S.E.2d at  488.    We also recognize that the Court
of Appeals applied the sanction of dismissal in the present
cases after Thomas had totally failed to comply with the Court’s
previous order imposing the  $500 judgment against him.    The
record does not show that Thomas made any attempt to pay even a
small portion of the judgment imposed.3    Therefore, the record
indicates that imposition of an additional monetary sanction
against Thomas was unlikely to have had any effect.
Our review of case law in other jurisdictions has revealed
that courts have taken various restrictive measures in dealing
with litigants who have filed repeated frivolous appeals.
Courts imposing such measures have recognized that orders
restricting a litigant’s access to the courts must be narrowly
3 We note that Thomas was proceeding pro se and in forma
pauperis at the time he initiated the underlying custody and
divorce matters, and it appears that his status had not changed
as of the time the appeals in those cases were filed.
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tailored to prevent the specific problem encountered.    See In re
Packer Ave. Assocs.,  884 F.2d  745,  748  (3d Cir.  1989); Castro v.
United States,  775 F.2d  399,  410  (1st Cir.  1985); In re:
Petitioners,  50 P.3d  910,  914  (Colo.  2002); Neunzig v. Neunzig,
766 So.2d  441,  441-42  (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.  2000); Hooker v.
Sundquist,  150 S.W.3d  406,  412  (Tenn. Ct. App.  2004).
Two approaches adopted by other jurisdictions appear to be
the most commonly used.    In limiting a litigant’s right to file
further court proceedings, some courts have restricted such
litigants from filing cases dealing with a particular subject or
type of proceeding.    See, e.g., Villar v. Crowley Maritime
Corp.,  990 F.2d  1489,  1499  (5th Cir.  1993)  (restriction on
future litigation based on underlying facts in case); Castro,
775 F.2d at  410  (preventing litigants from filing claims on
matters previously asserted); In re Green,  598 F.2d  1126,  1128
(8th Cir.  1979)  (en banc)  (barring litigant from filing
petitions for writ of mandamus challenging certain court
proceedings); In re Marriage of Giordano,  787 P.2d  51,  54  (Wash.
Ct. App.  1990)  (approving trial court’s imposition of moratorium
on filing of  “post-dissolution” motions pending trial on
separate issue).
Other courts facing the problem of frivolous litigation
have adopted a less restrictive  “leave of court” requirement, in
which litigants are required to obtain permission from the court
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before filing other cases or appeals.    See, e.g., In re Martin-
Trigona,  9 F.3d  226,  229-30  (2d Cir.  1993)(approving  “leave to
file” requirement with respect to future filings); In re
Burnley,  988 F.2d  1,  3-4  (4th Cir.  1992)(approving trial court
order imposing pre-filing screening on litigant); Cofield v.
Alabama Pub. Serv. Comm’n,  936 F.2d  512,  518  (11th Cir.
1991)(approving pre-filing screening of litigant’s future
claims); Mayfield v. Collins,  918 F.2d  560,  561-62  (5th Cir.
1990)(imposing requirement that litigant must receive
authorization from judge for future filings); In re Davis,  878
F.2d  211,  213  (7th Cir.  1989)(approving trial court order
requiring judicial committee to determine whether litigant may
file future documents); Stich v. United States,  773 F. Supp.
469,  471  (D.D.C.  1991), aff’d,  976 F.2d  1445  (D.C. Cir.
1992)(requiring litigant to obtain leave of court before filing
future claims); Love v. Amsler,  441 N.W.2d  555,  560  (Minn. Ct.
App.  1989)(condoning requirement that abusive litigant obtain
approval before filing claims).
Such  “leave of court” requirements have been widely
approved on appellate review because they do not automatically
preclude a litigant from filing any type of appeal but merely
subject the appeal to pre-filing scrutiny to ensure that the
appeal is not frivolous or filed for the purpose of harassing
the opposing party or the court. See Burnley,  988 F.2d at  3-4;
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Cofield,  936 F.2d at  518; Davis,  878 F.2d at  212-13; Love,  441
N.W.2d at  560.    Thus, under these  “leave of court” procedures,
the litigant retains access to the court in every type of
appeal.
Although the remedies imposed by various courts often
differ, appellate courts generally are in agreement that courts
may not completely prohibit future pro se filings by litigants
who have filed repeated frivolous cases or motions.    See Ortman
v. Thomas,  99 F.3d  807,  811  (6th Cir.  1996); Stich,  773 F.Supp.
at  471; Davis,  878 F.2d at  212-13; Procup v. Strickland,  792
F.2d  1069,  1074  (11th Cir.  1986)  (en banc); Giordano,  787 P.2d
at  54; In re Lawsuits of Carter,  510 S.E.2d  91,  94  (Ga. Ct. App.
1998); Rosenblum v. Borough of Closter,  755 A.2d  1184,  1191-92
(N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div.  2000).    In the present case, however,
the Court of Appeals dismissed Thomas’ appeals based on the
Court’s May  2003 order completely barring him from filing any
future appeals until he paid the outstanding  $500 judgment.
In essence, the Court of Appeals dismissed these two
appeals because Thomas failed to pay a monetary sanction imposed
in another case.    This sanction of dismissal, applied in
accordance with the terms of the May  2003 order, was an unduly
severe sanction and was not narrowly tailored to correct the
problem presented.    The terms of that May  2003 order barred all
future appeals, regardless of their subject matter or merit,
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until the previous monetary sanction was paid, effectively
closing the doors of the Court of Appeals to Thomas for any
appeal involving any subject.
The summary dismissal of the two present appeals pursuant
to the May  2003 order, without regard to their procedural or
substantive merit, was an abuse of the Court of Appeals’
discretion.    These appeals were  “appeals of right” under the
provisions of Code  §  17.1-405.    Thus, the Court of Appeals’
dismissal of these appeals as a sanction denied Thomas his
statutory right to have his appeals considered by a panel of
that Court.    See Code  §  17.1-410(A).
Because the Court of Appeals abused its discretion in
dismissing the appeals, we must reverse the Court of Appeals’
judgments.    We will remand the cases to the Court of Appeals for
further consideration of the motions to dismiss consistent with
the factors we have discussed.
For these reasons, we will reverse the Court of Appeals’
judgments and remand the cases to the Court of Appeals for
further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded.
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