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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present:    Chief Judge Felton, Judges Elder and Petty
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
CEPHAS LEON BLUNT
                                                                                                                               OPINION BY
v.                                                                                                      Record No. 0766-12-2   JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER
APRIL 23, 2013
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND
Bradley B. Cavedo, Judge
Joan J. Burroughs, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public
Defender, on briefs), for appellant.
Katherine Quinlan Adelfio, Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Cephas Leon Blunt (appellant) was convicted on his pleas of guilty for possessing
cocaine in violation of Code § 18.2-250 and driving after having been adjudicated a habitual
offender, a second or subsequent offense, in violation of Code § 46.2-357.  On appeal, he
challenges the punishment imposed for those convictions, contending the trial court violated his
Fourteenth Amendment due process right to confront his accusers at sentencing.1  He argues the
more stringent test set out in the recent decision in Henderson v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App.
641, 722 S.E.2d 275 (2012) (en banc), aff’d, 285 Va. 318, 736 S.E.2d 901 (2013), applies rather
than the “broad[er] rule of inclusion” previously recognized in Moses v. Commonwealth, 27
Va. App. 293, 302, 498 S.E.2d 451, 456 (1998).  We hold Moses remains applicable to an
assertion of confrontation rights at sentencing.  Applying Moses to the facts of this case, we
1 Appellant also raised a Sixth Amendment confrontation claim on brief, but he withdrew
this claim at oral argument, conceding that he did not present it to the trial court.  Appellant also
does not challenge the convictions underlying these sentences.




conclude the trial court’s admission of the challenged evidence at sentencing did not violate
appellant’s Fourteenth Amendment due process rights.  Thus, we affirm the challenged
sentences.
I.  BACKGROUND
Appellant was indicted for driving after having been declared a habitual offender and
possessing cocaine, and he pled guilty to both offenses.  Sentencing was originally scheduled for
April 19, 2011, but was continued to May 23, 2011.  Officer Kenneth Custer was in court on
April 19, 2011, although it was not clear whether he was there for appellant’s sentencing or for
some unrelated matter.  At sentencing on May 23, 2011, the Commonwealth sought to introduce
testimony from Officer Custer that appellant had been involved in a sale of crack cocaine on
April 21, 2011, about three months after entering his guilty pleas for the instant offenses and a
mere two days after the April 19 date for which his sentencing hearing was originally scheduled.
Officer Custer testified that on April 21, 2011, he and other officers were using a
confidential informant to “conduct[] a buy-walk operation at the intersection of 24th and O
Street.”  When Officer Custer testified that appellant was involved in the transaction, appellant
objected “on foundation grounds and hearsay,” noting the confidential informant was not in court
and that the testimony was “a total surprise to us.”  The trial court overruled the objection, and
Officer Custer described the transaction as follows:
The confidential informant walked up to . . . the intersection of
24th and O Street, . . . right next to 903 North 24th Street . . .
where - [appellant’s] grandmother lives.  The confidential
informant met up with an individual [and] inquir[ed] about
purchasing crack cocaine.  The individual then took the
[informant’s] money, walked over to [appellant], made the inquiry
to him.   [Appellant] replied, if you know him, you deal with him.
[Appellant] then walked into either 903 or 905 [24th Street], we
could not verify which, came back a very short time later, made a
hand-to-hand transaction with the third party in which the
individual that the CI made initial contact with handed over the
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illegal narcotic, a clear plastic baggy corner believed to be crack
cocaine.
Officer Custer indicated he was “familiar with [appellant]” prior to April 21, and when asked to
describe their prior contacts, Custer answered as follows without mentioning appellant:
In that same intersection block area, we’ve had numerous upon
numerous complaints about the 900 block of 24th Street [near O]
as well as 24th and M . . .                                                                            .  The complaints were so . . .
numerous[,] . . . [i]t actually grabbed the media’s attention.  The
residents of Union Hill actually started to campaign on twitter. . .
[T]here was a news campaign for approximately about a month-
and-a-half referencing the drug activity going on at 24th and O as
well as 24th and M. . .                                                                                [T]hat, again, grabbed our attention,
which the chief of police actually . . . did a walkthrough with some
of the residents, police officers during that time which actually
quieted both areas down for approximately one week.
Appellant again objected, but the trial court again overruled the objection, noting appellant
“[could] cross-examine.”
Following a continuance due to appellant’s claim of surprise, appellant moved the court
to reconsider its admission of Officer Custer’s testimony in the sentencing phase.  Appellant
cited the just-released panel decision in Henderson v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 363, 710
S.E.2d 482 (2011), as holding that the Fourteenth Amendment due process right to confrontation
applies to testimonial hearsay in non-trial proceedings affecting an accused’s liberty interest.  He
relied on the definition of testimonial hearsay set out in the seminal Sixth Amendment
Confrontation Clause case of Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158
L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004), in support of his argument that the out-of-court statements of the
confidential informant, introduced through Officer Custer, were improperly admitted under the
Fourteenth Amendment.2  He argued further that Henderson required the trial court to balance
the Commonwealth’s interest in denying confrontation against appellant’s right to exercise it.
2 Appellant did not raise a Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause argument in the trial
court and concedes no such argument is before this Court in this appeal.  See supra footnote 1.
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Based on this argument, the court agreed to reconsider whether Officer Custer’s testimony
should have been admitted at sentencing.
After issuance of the en banc decision in Henderson, 59 Va. App. 641, 722 S.E.2d 275,
which reached a result opposite that taken by the panel, the Commonwealth argued Henderson
dealt with a probation violation and did not apply to sentencing proceedings, in which the Court
has held that evidence of unadjudicated criminal activity may be considered.  It relied on the
pre-Crawford decision of Moses, 27 Va. App. at 303, 498 S.E.2d at 456, in which the Court held
the Confrontation Clause does not apply to sentencing proceedings and “that inclusion of
information under Code § 19.2-299(C) from confidential informants does not violate the Fifth,
Sixth or Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.”  It noted further the reliance
of the Court in Moses on the reliability of the confidential informant’s report and argued the
information in appellant’s case was proved “even more reliable” due to Officer Custer’s ability
to corroborate some of it.
When the sentencing hearing resumed on March 27, 2012, it was agreed appellant would
first cross-examine Officer Custer and that the parties would then argue appellant’s motion to
reconsider the admissibility of his testimony.  During that cross-examination, Officer Custer
testified the informant first began cooperating with police after being “charged with drugs”
several months to a year prior to the transaction involving appellant.  However, at the time of the
controlled purchase involving appellant, the man did not have any outstanding charges pending
and was, instead, “a paid informant.”  Custer did not know whether the informant was “a known
drug dealer” and knew nothing about his criminal record, such as whether he had any prior
convictions or was on probation.
Custer testified that prior to the instant transaction involving appellant, Custer had never
worked directly with the informant and had merely “spoken to him on a prior debrief which
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[had] led to an arrest,” an operation headed by someone other than Custer.  Custer explained that
Officer Brian Taylor “was using the informant on the day of the buy-walk” in which appellant
was involved and that the informant was “actually Officer Verbena’s informant.”  Custer
explained that he was merely part of “the ID team and close cover” for the operation.  Custer
testified that Detective Taylor or another officer who was with him conducted the search of the
informant prior to the controlled transaction.  Custer testified that the informant is “always
searched” “thoroughly” before and after a “buy-walk[].”
Custer testified that officers made a video recording of the event but that, for reasons not
clear from the record, the expected audio recording was unavailable.  Officer Custer did not
witness the events firsthand.  He gained his knowledge from watching the video the day the
events occurred and speaking to the informant and “a [police] tech who was listening to the
conversations” as they transpired.  Custer said what the informant told him was consistent with
what he saw in the video, and Custer identified appellant as having appeared in the video.  Custer
admitted the video was not good “as far as [showing] hand-to-hand transactions” and that “you
never can see [appellant’s] hands in the video.”  However, Custer emphasized “[i]t’s a good
recording as far as” confirming that “[appellant] was there along with another individual.”
Following additional argument, the trial court ruled the testimony of Officer Custer was
“sufficiently reliable” for it to be admissible as evidence of an unadjudicated prior bad act and
indicated that what weight it should be given was a question for the trial court as the fact finder.
On the conviction for driving after having been declared a habitual offender, a second or
subsequent offense, the trial court sentenced appellant to three years with two years suspended,
leaving him with the mandatory minimum of one year of active time.  On the conviction for
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possessing cocaine, the trial court imposed a “midpoint” sentence of five years, with three years
six months suspended.3
II.  ANALYSIS
“On appellate review, ordinarily, ‘the determination of the admissibility of relevant
evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court subject to the test of abuse of that
discretion.’”  Henderson, 285 Va. at 329, 736 S.E.2d at 907 (quoting Beck v. Commonwealth,
253 Va. 373, 384-85, 484 S.E.2d 898, 905 (1997)).  However, in determining “whether a
defendant’s [Fourteenth Amendment] due process rights [have been] violated by the admission
of evidence,” a de novo standard of review applies.  See id.
A.  DUE PROCESS CONFRONTATION RIGHTS AT SENTENCING
In Moses, we considered the right to confront one’s accusers in a sentencing proceeding
under both the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due
Process Clause.   27 Va. App. at 300-03, 498 S.E.2d at 455-56.  We held that the Sixth
Amendment right of confrontation was “‘a trial right’” and, thus, that it did not apply in
“post-trial sentencing proceedings.”  Id. at 300-01, 498 S.E.2d at 455 (emphasis added) (quoting
Ritchie v. Pennsylvania, 480 U.S. 39, 52, 107 S. Ct. 989, 998-99, 94 L. Ed. 2d 40, 54 (1987));
see Henderson, 285 Va. at 325, 736 S.E.2d at 905 (reaffirming that “the Sixth Amendment right
of confrontation applies only in criminal trials” (emphasis added)); Harper v. Commonwealth,
54 Va. App. 21, 22, 675 S.E.2d 841, 842 (2009) (holding that “though Crawford substantially
changed the way courts must analyze claims under the [Sixth Amendment] Confrontation
Clause, neither Crawford nor its progeny have expanded the applicable scope of the [Sixth
3 Appellant also had a suspended sentence of four years three months for a previous
conviction of cocaine possession.  The trial court found he violated the terms and conditions of
that suspended sentence but said “I’m not going to revoke any of your suspended time.”  It also
“remove[d] [appellant] from probation on that case.”  The outcome of this related probation
revocation proceeding is not before this Court on appeal.
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Amendment] right of confrontation to sentencing hearings” and reaffirming that Moses governs
the admissibility of hearsay at sentencing).  We explained further that “[t]he United States
Supreme Court has employed the [Fourteenth Amendment’s] Due Process Clause to define what
information is available during sentencing hearings.”  Moses, 27 Va. App. at 301, 498 S.E.2d at
455; see Henderson, 59 Va. App. at 648, 722 S.E.2d at 279 (holding the scope of a defendant’s
confrontation rights under the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause and the Fourteenth
Amendment’s Due Process Clause are “not . . . congruent”).
Outlining the contours of that due process right, we held a court may “use a presentence
report containing hearsay and evidence of unadjudicated crimes without offending the due
process guarantee” and that “‘most of the information now relied upon by judges to guide them
in the intelligent imposition of sentences would be unavailable if information were restricted to
that given in open court by witnesses subject to cross-examination.’”  Moses, 27 Va. App. at
301, 498 S.E.2d at 455 (quoting Williams v. New York, 337 U.S. 241, 250, 69 S. Ct. 1079, 1084,
93 L. Ed. 1337, 1343 (1949)).  We recited a more detailed list of the types of information upon
which a court may rely at sentencing, including “prior juvenile adjudications, dismissed juvenile
charges and pending charges, charges for which the accused has been indicted, but not convicted,
offenses for which the defendant has been convicted, but not sentenced, convictions on appeal,
and evidence of unadjudicated criminal activity.”  Id. at 302, 498 S.E.2d at 455-56 (quoting
Thomas v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 656, 659, 446 S.E.2d 469, 471 (1994) (en banc)); see
Code § 19.2-299(A), (C) (requiring that a presentence report for certain felony drug offenses
“include any known association of the defendant with illicit drug operations” and giving “the
accused . . . the right to cross-examine the investigating officer as to any matter contained [in the
presentence report] and to present any additional facts bearing upon the matter”); Moses, 27
Va. App. at 303, 498 S.E.2d at 456 (holding inclusion in a presentence report “of information
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under Code § 19.2-299 from confidential informants does not violate the Fifth, Sixth or
Fourteenth Amendments”).  Finally, we noted that “[t]his broad rule of inclusion is tempered by
the requirement that the information bear some indicia of reliability.”  Id. at 302, 498 S.E.2d at
456 (citing Alger v. Commonwealth, 19 Va. App. 252, 258, 450 S.E.2d 765, 768 (1994)).
Appellant urges application of the more stringent balancing test for admissibility
enunciated recently in Henderson.  However, Henderson expressly applies only to probation
revocation proceedings.  Henderson, 285 Va. at 321, 736 S.E.2d at 903.  The Supreme Court of
Virginia, in deciding Henderson, simply did not address sentencing proceedings.
The contours of the Fourteenth Amendment due process right applicable to probation
revocation proceedings, set out by this Court and approved by the Virginia Supreme Court in
Henderson, are derived from two United States Supreme Court decisions.  In the first, Morrissey
v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 92 S. Ct. 2593, 33 L. Ed. 2d 484 (1972), the Court applied certain
Fourteenth Amendment due process rights, including a “limited” right of confrontation, to a
parole revocation proceeding.  See Henderson, 285 Va. at 325-27, 736 S.E.2d at 905-06
(discussing the origins of the Fourteenth Amendment right).  In this context, the Court held a
defendant has “‘the right to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses . . . unless the hearing
officer specifically finds good cause for not allowing confrontation.’”  Id. at 326, 736 S.E.2d at
905 (quoting Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 489, 92 S. Ct. at 2604, 33 L. Ed. 2d at 499).
“[E]mphasiz[ing]” the “narrow [nature of the] inquiry,” the Court held “there is no thought to
equate this . . . stage of parole revocation to a criminal prosecution in any sense” and indicated
“the process should be flexible enough to consider evidence including letters, affidavits, and
other material that would not be admissible in an adversary criminal trial.”  Morrissey, 408 U.S.
at 489, 92 S. Ct. at 2604, 33 L. Ed. 2d at 499.  In the second of these decisions, Gagnon v.
Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 93 S. Ct. 1756, 36 L. Ed. 2d 656 (1973), the Court extended Morrissey’s
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due process protections to proceedings involving the revocation of probation.  See Henderson,
285 Va. at 325, 736 S.E.2d at 905.
The United States Supreme Court had already decided Morrissey and Gagnon when we
addressed, in Moses, the impact of the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause on
sentencing proceedings, and nothing in the controlling case law of this Court, the Virginia
Supreme Court, or the United States Supreme Court indicates a defendant has a Fourteenth
Amendment due process right to confront witnesses against him at sentencing.  Although a
probation or parole revocation proceeding is not a trial at which “the ‘full panoply’ of
constitutional rights” applies, Henderson, 285 Va. at 325, 736 S.E.2d at 905 (quoting Morrissey,
408 U.S. at 480, 92 S. Ct. at 2600, 33 L. Ed. 2d at 494), such a proceeding nevertheless requires
an assessment of wrongdoing like in the guilt phase of a trial and, thus, is more akin to a trial
than a sentencing proceeding is.  Therefore, it remains appropriate that the lesser standard of
“some indicia of reliability” recognized in Moses is the standard applicable at sentencing.
B.  APPLICATION OF MOSES RELIABILITY PRINCIPLES
We hold the hearsay evidence at issue here met the lower reliability threshold required
for admissibility of hearsay in a sentencing proceeding.  Moses, which appellant points out
involved seven or eight informants said to be “reliable” by law enforcement personnel, did not
purport to set the floor for the level of reliability required for admitting evidence of
unadjudicated criminal conduct at sentencing.   27 Va. App. at 297-98, 498 S.E.2d at 453-54.
Further, Moses involved an additional layer of hearsay not present here, because the law
enforcement personnel who received the informants’ statements did not testify at defendant
Moses’s trial; instead, one or more officers made hearsay statements to the probation officer,
who in turn prepared the addendum containing the hearsay statements the informants had made
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to the officers.4  Id.  We affirmed the admission of the addendum to the presentence report based
on the trial court’s finding that the information from the confidential informants was “reliable
due to corroboration from other sources and its particularity,” but we did not examine that
evidence in any detail.  Id. at 302, 498 S.E.2d at 456.
Wolfe v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 136, 554 S.E.2d 695 (2001), relied upon by the
Commonwealth to support admission of the challenged evidence, involved both a single witness
and multiple levels of hearsay.5  In Wolfe, the defendant’s co-worker told a sheriff’s department
employee that the defendant had threatened him by holding a box cutter to his throat.  Id. at 139,
142-43, 554 S.E.2d at 697, 698.  At sentencing, the Commonwealth offered this evidence
through a probation officer who spoke to the sheriff’s department employee who performed the
investigation; the probation officer did not speak personally to the victim or any witnesses.  Id.
We noted “[t]he probation officer reported that the victim had not pressed charges because he
was frightened” but that “Wolfe was fired after this incident,” and we concluded “[t]hese
circumstances provide[d] the requisite ‘indicia of reliability.’”  Id. at 143, 554 S.E.2d at 698.
In appellant’s case, the indicia of reliability were at least as strong as in Moses and
Wolfe.  Here, Officer Kenneth Custer testified at sentencing, explaining that he participated as
part of “the ID team and close cover” in the “buy-walk operation” which used the confidential
informant.  Custer testified the informant would have been thoroughly searched immediately
before and after the controlled transaction to be sure he had no contraband in his possession and
4 The trial court gave the defendant in Moses the opportunity to subpoena and
cross-examine the officers who gathered the information contained in the report, but the
defendant declined that offer.  Moses, 27 Va. App. at 298, 498 S.E.2d at 454.
5 In Wolfe, the defendant challenged the admission of three unrelated episodes of prior
violent or threatening conduct.   37 Va. App. at 142-43, 554 S.E.2d at 698-99.  We focus on the
one incident considered by the Commonwealth, on brief, to be “[m]ost pertinent to the instant
case.”
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that the informant returned from the transaction with a clear plastic baggy corner of what was
believed to be crack cocaine.  Although Officer Custer was unable to observe the drug
transaction live, he watched a video recording of it the same day it occurred.  When he
discovered that audio expected to accompany the video was unavailable, he spoke to “a [police]
tech who was listening to the conversations” as they transpired and obtained the technician’s
verbal report of those conversations.6  Officer Custer also spoke personally to the informant.
Although Officer Custer was not familiar with the informant’s record,7 he knew the
informant had previously worked with a different police officer and was receiving a small
payment for his participation in the buy-walk operation rather than working for a reduction in
any pending charges.  Further, Custer testified that the information he received from the
informant was consistent with what he saw on the video and heard from the police technician
who monitored the conversations on the audio feed.  Thus, the record contains evidence
corroborating the informant’s statements to Officer Custer.
The fact that neither appellant’s hands nor the hands of the third party from whom the
informant said he received the drugs were visible in the video as they conducted the transaction
did not render the evidence of the unadjudicated act insufficiently reliable to support their
admission.  Officer Custer’s testimony expressly confirmed that the informant, the third party,
6 Appellant had the opportunity to cross-examine Officer Custer concerning what he
learned from the police audio technician, but he did not do so.  Appellant also posed no specific
objection at trial to the admission of Officer Custer’s testimony based on the technician’s report.
Finally, on brief on appeal, appellant does not challenge the admissibility of this evidence and, in
fact, makes no mention of it.  We therefore conclude this unchallenged evidence is available on
appeal for purposes of corroborating the challenged information from the informant.
7 The informant was not available for cross-examination, but the Commonwealth, at
appellant’s request, later furnished the trial court with a copy of the informant’s record.  Thus,
the trial court knew when it sentenced appellant that the informant had prior convictions for
“[h]abitual offender, possession of a controlled substance and possession with intent to
distribute,” as well as convictions for two misdemeanors involving lying, cheating or stealing.
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and appellant all appeared in the video and that the informant returned with drugs.  Officer
Custer also testified the audio technician’s report of what transpired corroborated the informant’s
report.  We therefore hold, under the totality of the circumstances, that the challenged evidence
met the “requirement that the information [from the non-testifying informant] bear some indicia
of reliability.”  Moses, 27 Va. App. at 302, 498 S.E.2d at 456 (emphasis added).
To the extent appellant contends Officer Custer’s reliability was suspect because “[he]
was a police officer and thereby had an adversarial relationship with [appellant], an alleged drug
dealer,” the reliability of Officer Custer is irrelevant to the admissibility issue because Officer
Custer testified live at sentencing and was available for cross-examination.  Appellant’s
arguments concerning the reliability of Officer Custer’s testimony and his statements about what
the informant said go to the weight of the evidence rather than to its admissibility.  See Code
§ 19.2-299(A) (providing that when a sentencing court receives a presentence report, “the
accused . . . shall . . . be given the right to cross-examine the investigating officer as to any
matter contained therein and to present any additional facts bearing upon the matter”).
II.
Thus, we hold appellant’s Fourteenth Amendment claim lacks merit, and we affirm the
challenged sentences.
Affirmed.
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