58 Wn. App. 422, THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. BRUCE ALDEN MCLEAN, Appellant.
[No. 23439-1-I. Division One. July 9, 1990.]
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. BRUCE ALDEN MCLEAN, Appellant.
[1] Courts - Stare Decisis - Plurality Opinion - Effect. A holding in a plurality opinion will be given the narrowest possible construction and such a holding cannot be construed as changing prior law.
[2] Courts - Stare Decisis - Modification of Opinion - Prospective Application - When Effective. The modification of an appellate court opinion supersedes the earlier opinion. Any prospectively applied holding in the modified opinion is effective from the date of filing the modification even though the same rationale for such holding may have existed in the superseded opinion.
[3] Criminal Law - Witnesses - Impeachment - Prior Convictions Preservation for Review - Offer of Proof Sufficiency. Under the law existing prior to Brown II (State v. Brown, 113 Wn.2d 520), an adequate offer of proof to preserve for appellate review a trial court ruling that evidence of a prior conviction is admissible for impeachment purposes has not been made when the offer attempts to exclude the use of a conviction specifically authorized for impeachment purposes under ER 609(a)(2).
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[4] Criminal Law - Witnesses - Impeachment - Prior Convictions - Harmless Error. An error in excluding or admitting evidence of previous convictions for impeachment purposes under ER 609 is not of constitutional magnitude and is harmless when, within reasonable probabilities, the outcome of the trial would not have been affected.
Nature of Action: Prosecution for first degree robbery, vehicular assault, and hit and run.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Snohomish County, No. 88-1-01165-1, Joseph A. Thibodeau, J., on December 14, 1988, entered a judgment on a verdict of guilty.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the defendant had made an inadequate offer of proof regarding testimony and impeachment by prior convictions and that any error in ruling on this issue was harmless, the court affirms the judgment.
Jesse W. Barton of Washington Appellate Defender Association, for appellant.
Seth R. Dawson, Prosecuting Attorney, and Kenneth Cowsert and Seth Aaron Fine, Deputies, for respondent.
GROSSE, A.C.J.-Bruce A. McLean appeals his conviction for first degree robbery, vehicular assault, and hit and run. He claims the trial court erred when it allowed the admission of certain of his prior felony convictions to impeach his testimony. Upon hearing the decision, McLean declined to testify. He claims the evidentiary ruling was in error under ER 609 and under the plurality decision of State v. Brown, 111 Wn.2d 124, 761 P.2d 588 (1988) (Brown 1), aff'd as modified on reconsideration, 113 Wn.2d 520, 782 P.2d 1013, 787 P.2d 906 (1989) (Brown ID. We affirm.
The State alleged that on September 9, 1988, McLean drove into a bank parking lot in Marysville, Washington. Fred Gerlach also parked his truck in the bank lot and was
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preparing to deposit a box full of coins when McLean drove up. McLean opened the passenger door of Gerlach's truck and stole the box of coins. Gerlach attempted to pursue the thief by running in front of the thief s car. Unfortunately McLean continued on, hit Gerlach, and then left the scene.
McLean was charged with first degree robbery, vehicular assault, and hit and run/injury accident. At trial, the prosecutor indicated that if McLean intended to take the stand to testify that he was not in Marysville on the day of the crime then the prosecution proposed to introduce five prior convictions for impeachment purposes. These convictions included one for taking a motor vehicle, two for first degree theft, one for first degree forgery, and one for first degree robbery. Defense counsel opposed the admission of the convictions and made an offer of proof indicating that should the court allow any of the convictions into evidence, McLean would not testify. The court ruled that four of the convictions involved "dishonesty" and would therefore be admissible under ER 609(a)(2) for impeachment purposes. The court also pointed out that to obtain a review of the ruling the defendant would be required to testify. McLean did not testify and the evidence of the prior convictions was not admitted into evidence. The jury found McLean guilty on all counts.
[1] The case of State v. Brown, 113 Wn.2d 520,782 P.2d 1013, 787 P.2d 906 (1989) (Brown 11) is instructive on the law underlying the issue in the case. However, because the court was split on the question of whether a crime involving theft necessarily involves dishonesty for the purposes of ER 609(a)(2), we cannot construe the decision as changing prior law in that regard. 1 Therefore, the decision of the trial court to include the prior convictions for theft as being
1 We are constrained to give the Brown II case the narrowest reading possible due to the lack of a clear majority supporting the rationale. Lakewood v. Plain Dealer Pub's Co., 486 U.S. 750, 100 L. Ed. 2d 771, 108 S. Ct. 2138 (1988). See also Southcenter Joint Venture v. National Democratic Policy Comm., 113 Wn.2d 413, 427-28, 780 P.2d 1282 (1989).
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per se admissible under ER 609(a)(2) was incorrect. However, this error does not require reversal.
Brown II also discusses the issue of whether and how a defendant must preserve the error for review. Brown II indicates that a criminal defendant must take the stand and testify in order to preserve for appellate review a trial court ruling that the evidence of a prior conviction is admissible for impeachment purposes. Under the holding of Brown 11, appellate review is not preserved by the defendant simply stating an intent to testify if the prior convictions would be excluded and making an offer of proof specifying what his testimony would be. The Brown II court holds that the defendant must testify in order to preserve the issue for appellate review and specifically overrules State v. Pam, 98 Wn.2d 748, 659 P.2d 454 (1983); State v. Koloske, 100 Wn.2d 889, 676 P.2d 456 (1984); and State v. LeFever, 102 Wn.2d 777, 690 P.2d 574 (1984) insofar as they are inconsistent (they required only an offer of proof).
[2] The Brown II court also holds that this rule is to be applied prospectively. The State argues that since the same rationale was used in Brown I, the decision should be prospective from the date of Brown I not Brown II. The State's argument is incorrect because the opinion in Brown I was superseded by the court's opinion in Brown II. Therefore this court applies pre-Brown law to determine if McLean properly preserved the issue for review.
[3] Even under pre-Brown law, we find McLean's restrictive offer of proof to be insufficient to preserve the issue for review. Under the holding of State v. Koloske, supra, a defendant needs to ensure that the record includes a declaration of his or her intent to testify. This requirement prevents defendants who have no intention of testifying from seeking a ruling in order to obtain a new ground for appeal. Koloske, at 897. Here, defense counsel restricted this declaration by indicating the defendant would testify only if the court would not allow any of the convictions into evidence. This restrictive offer of proof is fatal to McLean's
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appeal. One of the prior convictions was for first degree forgery which is per se admissible under ER 609(a)(2). See State v. Bonefield, 37 Wn. App. 878, 683 P.2d 1129, review denied, 102 Wn.2d 1014 (1984).
In his brief, McLean indicates that he cannot quarrel with the admission of his prior forgery conviction. Because the forgery conviction was per se admissible under ER 609(a)(2), the admissibility of the other convictions is immaterial. As is conceded, the forgery conviction was admissible for impeachment purposes without a balancing by the trial court of the probative value versus any prejudice. Because the forgery conviction would have been admitted, McLean's restricted offer of proof that he would not testify if the court admitted any of his prior convictions did not properly preserve the claimed error.
[4] Additionally, as pointed out in Brown II, any error in admitting evidence of previous convictions for impeachment purposes under ER 609(a) is not of constitutional magnitude and is harmless unless, within reasonable probabilities, the outcome of the trial would have been materially different had the error not occurred. Here, although McLean did not testify and the prior convictions were not admitted into evidence, the jury convicted him on evidence that was more than sufficient. The outcome of the trial would not have been materially different.
The decision of the trial court is affirmed.
FORREST and BAKER, JJ., concur.
July 1990 THOMAS v. DSHS 427
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