60 Wn. App. 706, DEBBIE LYNN NANIA, Respondent, V. PACIFIC NORTH WEST BELL TELEPHONE COMPANY, INC., Appellant, THE CITY OF SPOKANE, Respondent.
[No. 10423-1-Ill. Division Three. March 19, 1991.]
DEBBIE LYNN NANIA, Respondent, V. PACIFIC NORTH WEST BELL TELEPHONE COMPANY, INC., Appellant, THE CITY OF SPOKANE, Respondent.
[1] Negligence - Proximate Cause - Legal Causation - In General. A finding of proximate cause is necessary for an allocation of fault with legal liability.
[2] Trial - Verdict - Special Verdict - Surplusage - Effect. Answers to a special verdict form finding that a defendant was negligent and that such negligence was a proximate cause of the injury may cause other portions of the form regarding percentages of negligence to become surplusage; under such circumstances, any inconsistency between the answers does not affect the validity of the form or of the verdict entered based on it.
[3] Appeal - Review - Invited Error - In General. A party may not obtain review of an error which it invited.
Nature of Action: Damages were sought for personal injuries.
Superior Court: The Superior Court for Spokane County, No. 84-2-01362-6, James M. Murphy, J., on November 6, 1989, entered a judgment on a verdict in favor of the plaintiff.
Court of Appeals: Holding that the special verdict form was clear and that invited error could not be reviewed, the court affirms the judgment.
James B. King, Christopher Kerley, and Keefe, King & Bowman, for appellant.
Roger A. Felice and Felice & Clayton; James C. Sloane, City Attorney, and Robert G. Beaumier, Jr., Assistant, for respondents.
SHIELDS, A.C.J.-The jury found Pacific Northwest Bell's (PNB) negligence was the proximate cause of Debbie
Mar. 1991 NANIA v. PACIFIC NORTHWEST BELL 707
60 Wn. App. 706, 806 P.2d 787
Nania's injury. The jury also found both the City of Spokane and Ms. Nania negligent but determined their negligence was not a proximate cause of the injury. From judgment entered on a unanimous verdict, PNB appeals. We affirm.
The jury returned its verdict on a special verdict form as follows:
First page:
We, the jury, make the following answers to the questions submitted by the Court:
1. Was there negligence by Pacific Northwest Bell?
ANSWER: Yes x No
2. Was the negligence of Pacific Northwest Bell a proximate cause of injury or damage to the Plaintiff?
ANSWER: Yes x No
3. Was there negligence by the City of Spokane?
ANSWER: Yes x No
4. Was the negligence of the City of Spokane a proximate cause of injury or damage to the Plaintiff?
ANSWER: Yes No x
5. What is the total amount of Plaintiffs damages?
ANSWER: $200,000.00
6. Was there negligence by the Plaintiff?
ANSWER: Yes x No
7. Was the negligence of the Plaintiff a proximate cause of injury to the Plaintiff?
ANSWER: Yes No x [This line is handwritten.]
Second page:
QUESTION NO. 8: [Hand corrected over 5] Using 100% of the total
combined negligence of the parties which
contributed to the injury or damage to the
plaintiff, what percentage of such negligence is
attributable to each
party?
U.S. WEST, INC.
(PACIFIC NORTHWEST BELL) 70%
CITY 10%
DEBBIE NANIA 20%
TOTAL 100%
708 NANIA v. PACIFIC NORTHWEST BELL Mar. 1991
60 Wn. App. 706, 806 P.2d 787
If your answer to question no. 1 is "no",
you should write zero next to defendant,
U.S. WEST (PACIFIC NORTHWEST
BELL) name. If your answer to question
no. 3 [hand corrected over 2] is "no", you
should write zero next to defendant, CITY
OF SPOKANE's name. If your answer to
question no. 6 [hand corrected over 4] is
It no" you should write a zero next to
DEBBIE NANIA'S name. Your combined
percentages of negligence must total 100
percent.
[signature]
----------------------------
FOREMAN
A special verdict form based on WPI 45.02 was proposed by Ms. Nania, but the first page combined questions 1 and 2 as question 1, questions 3 and 4 as question 2, and questions 6 and 7 as question 4, and was modified at the insistence of PNB. Separate questions were formulated for negligence and for proximate cause to replace the proposed questions. Question numbers on the second page were changed, apparently to correspond with those on the new first page. None of the parties objected to the modified special verdict form.
After the jury's verdict was read, PNB objected, claiming it was unclear whether the jury intended Ms. Nania and the City bear responsibility for the award according to their respective percentages of negligence. The trial court, when asked to do so, refused to question the jury as to its intentions, ruling the verdict was clear on who was negligent (all three) and whose negligence was a proximate cause of the injury (only PNB).
PNB contends the special verdict form was not defective, but argues the case must be remanded for a new trial because the jury's answers were irreconcilably inconsistent. Blue Chelan, Inc. v. Department of Labor & Indus., 101 Wn.2d 512, 515, 681 P.2d 233 (1984); Myhres v. McDougall, 42 Wn. App. 276, 711 P.2d 1037 (1985). We disagree.
Mar. 1991 NANIA v. PACIFIC NORTHWEST BELL 709
60 Wn. App. 706, 806 P.2d 787
[1, 2] Although the answer to question 8 on the second page of the special verdict form is arguably 1 inconsistent with the answers to question 4 and 7 on the first page, the answers to questions 1 through 7 are not inconsistent. The jury made the ultimate determination of proximate cause imposing liability upon PNB in answer to question 2. That makes question 8 and its answers surplusage. See Department of Hwys. v. Evans Engine & Equip. Co., 22 Wn. App. 202, 209, 589 P.2d 290 (1978), review denied, 92 Wn.2d 1010 (1979). A finding of proximate cause is necessary for an allocation of fault with legal liability. Ferrin v. Donnellefeld, 74 Wn.2d 283, 285, 444 P.2d 701 (1968). The court correctly entered judgment based upon the jury's resolution of these issues of proximate cause. PNB was liable; the City and Ms. Nania were not.
[3] The same result is required by the doctrine of invited error. That doctrine prohibits a party from setting up an error at trial and then complaining of it on appeal. State v. Pam, 101 Wn.2d 507, 511, 680 P.2d 762 (1984). PNB insisted on the modification of Ms. Nania's proposed special verdict form which resulted in the claimed inconsistency. The separation of one question dealing with both negligence and proximate cause into two questions also required correct modification of question 8 in one of two ways: First, to substitute "proximately caused" for "contributed to", which is apt in WPI 45.02 only when one defendant is involved or there is no issue of fact that all parties' negligence proximately caused, and thereby contributed to, the injury. Second, the handwritten corrections to question 8 could have been correctly done by referring to questions 2, 4 and 7, which were the proximate cause questions. Last minute amendments require careful checking.
1 It would be arguable if "contributed to" means the same thing as "proximately caused", which it does not. See Blasick v. Yakima, 45 Wn.2d 309, 314-15, 274 P.2d 122 (1954); see also Comment, WPI 15.01.
All counsel, however, reviewed the revised form before it was submitted to the jury and there were no objections. PNB cannot now claim error, having invited it. See also State v. Boyer, 91 Wn.2d 342, 345, 588 P.2d 1151 (1979).
We affirm the ruling and judgment of the trial court. Because retrial is not necessary, we do not reach the other issues raised by PNB and the City.
MUNSON and THOMPSON, JJ., concur.
Jan. 1991 STATE v. PARKER 719
60 Wn. App. 719, 806 P.2d 1241