83 Wn.2d 898, JIM HOUSE, Petitioner v. HAROLD ERWIN et al., Respondents
[No. 42255. En Banc. Supreme Court June 20, 1974.]
JIM HOUSE, Petitioner v. HAROLD ERWIN et al.,
Respondents.
[1] Appeal and Error - Findings of Fact - Review - In General. Findings of fact supported by substantial evidence will not be disturbed on review.
[2] Brokers - Description of Land - Subsequent Insertion. A real estate brokerage agreement may specifically authorize the broker to insert later a correct legal description of the subject property.
[3] Brokers - Frauds, Statute of - Description of Land - Necessity. A real estate brokerage agreement must be a clearly understandable written instrument signed by the party to be charged therewith in order to meet the requirements of the statute of frauds
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(RCW 19.36.010(5)). The statute, however, does not require such a contract to contain a legal description of the property involved (overruling Rogers v. Lippy, 99 Wash. 312, Heim o. Faulstich, 70 Wn.2d 688, and cases relying thereon, insofar as they are inconsistent).
Review of a decision of the Court of Appeals, November 17, 1971, 5 Wn. App. 737. Reversed.
The Court of Appeals reversed a judgment of the Superior Court for Okanogan County, No. 18208, Lawrence Leahy, J., entered December 31, 1970. The respondent (plaintiff) petitioned the Supreme Court for review.
Action to recover a real estate commission. The defendants appealed to the Court of Appeals from a judgment in favor of the plaintiff.
Kelly Hancock, for petitioner.
John Hancock, for respondents.
WRIGHT, J. -
Plaintiff, a real estate broker, brought this action in the Okanogan County Superior Court to recover a real estate commission from defendants. Plaintiff prevailed in the trial court. The matter was appealed to the Court of Appeals, Division Three, and there the judgment was reversed. House v. Erwin, 5 Wn. App. 737, 490 P.2d 883 (1971). Plaintiff petitioned this court to review and his petition was granted.
Because the designations of "appellant" and "respondent" might prove confusing, we shall refer to the parties as "plaintiff" and "defendant."
Plaintiff is a licensed real estate broker with an office in Okanogan county between Okanogan and Omak. On February 24, 1969, the defendants, Harold Erwin and Chris E. Albrecht, signed a document which was intended to be a nonexclusive real estate listing agreement. The defendant, Effie M. Albrecht, wife of Chris E. Albrecht, did not sign the agreement but was present at the signing, at several
[See Ann. 30 A.L.R.3d 935; 12 Am. Jur. 2d, Brokers 45, 46.]
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conversations, and talked to plaintiff on the telephone on a number of occasions. The trial court found that she ratified the agreement. Such finding was not challenged, and, therefore, is not now before the court.
[1] The question of whether the plaintiff was the procuring cause of the sale, likewise, is not before the court. The trial court found, "the plaintiff was the procuring cause of the sale." The Court of Appeals did not consider that matter, saying "it is unnecessary for us to decide whether plaintiff was the procuring cause of the sale." The finding of the trial court was based on substantial evidence and we are firmly committed to the rule that a finding of fact by the trial court will not be disturbed if based on substantial evidence. Thorndike v. Hesperian Orchards, Inc., 54 Wn.2d 570, 343 P.2d 183 (1959); Coy v. Raabe, 77 Wn.2d 322, 462 P.2d 214 (1969); Sylvester v. Imhoff, 81 Wn.2d 637, 503 P.2d 734 (1972).
The Court of Appeals reversed the trial court on the issue of the sufficiency of the legal description contained in the real estate broker's employment contract, commonly known as a "listing agreement." House v. Erwin, supra. That was the only matter relied upon by the Court of Appeals for reversal and it is the only question before this court.
Defendants contend the description is inadequate to comply with RCW 19.36.010. The contract is shown in the accompanying illustration.
The trial court found:
The Court further finds that the said agreement did have attached to it a proper legal description of the real and personal property, and that the plaintiff was authorized under the agreement to attach said description, and he did attach the same in accordance with the authority given him.
[2] The finding of the trial court is based on substantial evidence. As stated above we are firmly committed to the rule that a finding of fact of a trial court will not be disturbed if based on substantial evidence. The quoted
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finding brings this case within the rule permitting the broker to insert a correct legal description when specifically
Graphical Material Omitted
See Official Bound Volume
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authorized to so do. Edwards v. Meader, 34 Wn.2d 921, 210 P.2d 1019 (1949); Noah v. Montford, 77 Wn.2d 459, 463 P.2d 129 (1969); McKoin v. Kunes, 5 Wn. App. 731, 490 P.2d 735 (1971).
The listing agreement was signed February 24, 1969. At that time there was snow on the ground and it was difficult, if not impossible, for plaintiff to adequately view the premises. There had been telephone discussions before that date, but before February 24, 1969, it had not been possible for plaintiff even to get to the dwelling on the property. It was not until April of 1969 that plaintiff could go over the property. In April, Mrs. Albrecht telephoned plaintiff, Jim House, and stated the snow was off the ground and she property dry enough to walk over.
At the time of signing the listing agreement there was considerable discussion of various matters. It was agreed the listing would not be exclusive, which provision was inserted at the insistence of Mr. Erwin. Plaintiff told the defendants he would get the description from the courthouse or from the title company. Plaintiff also informed defendants that a description found on a tax statement often was not an adequate legal description, and carefully inquired if the property was exactly as defendants had purchased it, with nothing added or subtracted.
Defendant Erwin gave a map or maps to plaintiff showing the property, and plaintiff also drew a map to scale from the legal description. The maps were discussed with defendants and there was discussion of whether a tract of land across the road was a part of the subject property. Plaintiff informed defendants the legal description did not include the land across the road.
The map drawn by plaintiff bears a marking "4/69" and the parties placed the time they saw and discussed it as "in the spring of sixty-nine." The ultimate purchasers did not enter into the matter until late in the same year, 1969, some time after September 18, 1969, the date of plaintiff's advertisement in the Washington Farmer which was seen by the
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purchasers. The actual contract for sale of the property from defendants to the purchasers was not signed until April 2, 1970.
The facts clearly indicate the correctness of the court's finding of fact quoted above, and that not only was the plaintiff authorized to supply the legal description, but that such description was actually supplied with the knowledge and approval of defendants.
Plaintiff did not claim to have shown the actual written description to defendants, but did show them the map and aerial photographs and fully discussed the property lines with them. He even called defendants' attention to the fact they were putting water on land they did not own.
There is another reason to reverse the decision of the Court of Appeals and reinstate the decision of the trial court. Although there are cases holding a complete legal description is required by RCW 19.36.010, that is clearly not what the statute states. RCW 19.36.010 reads in pertinent part:
In the following cases, specified in this section, any agreement, contract and promise shall be void, unless such agreement, contract or promise, or some note or memorandum thereof, be in writing, and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or by some person thereunto by him lawfully authorized, that is to say:. . .
(5) An agreement authorizing or employing an agent or broker to sell or purchase real estate for compensation or a commission.
[3] This statute was enacted for the purpose of preventing fraud. The statute of frauds enacted by the legislature of Washington Territory in 1854, Laws of 1854, 2, p. 403, did not contain subsection (5) which is involved here. That was added by Laws of 1905, ch. 58, 1, p. 110.
The purpose of the enactment was well stated by Finley, J., in Miller v. McCamish, 78 Wn.2d 821, 828, 479 P.2d 919 (1971), wherein it was said:
As we have previously noted, there can be little question as to the intent of the legislature in the enactment of
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RCW 19.36.010 and RCW 64.04.010. The clear purpose and intent behind these statutes of frauds is the prevention of fraud. To apply these statutes in such a manner as to promote and encourage fraud would be to defeat the clear and unambiguous intent of the legislature in their enactment.
Clearly, the fraud sought to be prevented by RCW 19.36.010(5) relates to disputes as to the amount of commission or compensation, the term of the listing agreement, if exclusive or nonexclusive, and most important, if any agreement existed at all. It seems scarcely conceivable for a dispute to arise over the identity of property listed with a broker.
A better rule was stated in Pray v. Anthony, 96 Cal. App. 772, 777, 274 P. 1024 (1929), wherein it was said:
As uniformly held by numerous decisions in this state upon the subject, the essential part of a contract to employ a real estate broker, so far as the statute of frauds is concerned, is the matter of the employment and consequently need not describe the land specifically, if the terms of the employment can be made definite without it.
An even more interesting case is Central Idaho Agency, Inc. v. Turner, 92 Idaho 306, 442 P.2d 442 (1968), which involved a contract on exactly the same printed blank as is involved herein. Idaho, just as Washington, had a long line of cases holding a perfect description of the property was essential to a real estate broker's contract of employment. The Idaho court overruled several cases inconsistent with the Central Idaho Agency case, stating at page 311:
A contract employing a broker to find a purchaser of real property, is not a contract to sell, convey, or encumber real property or any interest therein. It is purely a contract of employment for services to be performed by the broker for a commission to be paid upon the occurrence of certain specified events. Ordinarily such a contract would not support an action to compel conveyance of the property involved. The present action does not seek any such relief. It was brought solely for the recovery of the commission provided for in the agreement. In such a case description in the agreement is sufficient where it is
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shown that there is no misunderstanding between the property owner and the broker as to the property to be offered for sale, and where it is sufficient to enable the broker to locate the property, show it, and point out its boundaries to the prospective purchaser. In this case both plaintiff and defendant knew from the description contained in the agreement that the property to be sold was the entire "Clara Turner farm." The farm was well known in the neighborhood. Its exact acreage and location as to county and section numbers was readily available and could be established by parol or other extrinsic evidence without varying, adding to, or subtracting from the agreement which the parties intended to make. Such evidence would apply the description to the land in harmony with the manifest intention of the parties.
We conclude that the description in the brokerage agreement involved herein was sufficient for the purposes of this action.
A real estate broker's employment contract need not contain a complete legal description of the property being listed in order to satisfy the requirements of the statute of frauds, RCW 19.36.010(5), if the contract is clearly understandable. The language of the statute requires "such agreement, contract or promise, or some note or memorandum thereof, [to] be in writing, . . ." The writing herein satisfied the requirement of the statute. The contrary holding in Heim v. Faulstich, 70 Wn.2d 688, 424 P.2d 1012 (1967), Rogers v. Lippy, 99 Wash. 312, 169 P. 858 (1918), and other cases to the same effect, is hereby overruled.
In order to avoid any possible misunderstanding, it should be absolutely clear the foregoing relates only to the real estate broker's commission provisions contained in RCW 19.36.010(5) and not with any other requirement of any statute or statutes.
The Court of Appeals is reversed and the judgment of the superior court is reinstated.
FINLEY, HUNTER, UTTER, and BRACHTENBACH, JJ., concur.
FINLEY, J. (concurring) - I have signed and fully concur in the majority opinion by Wright, J., for the reasons therein
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ted, as well as for the reasons set out in my dissenting opinion filed when this case was first before this court in House v. Erwin, 81 Wn.2d 345, 501 P.2d 1221 (1972).
ROSELLINI, J. (dissenting) - The trial court granted a judgment in favor of the plaintiff. The appellate court reversed the trial court in House v. Erwin, 5 Wn. App. 737, 740, 490 P.2d 883 (1971), and recognized that the statute of frauds was an issue to be decided:
In the instant case we are unable to find any express authorization for the agent to attach or write in a legal description. In this respect this case differs from the McKoin [McKoin v. Kunes, 5 Wn. App. 731, 490 P.2d 735 (1971)] Noah [Noah v. Montford, 77 Wn.2d 459, 463 P.2d 129 (1969)] and Meader [Edwards v. Meader, 34 Wn.2d 921, 210 P.2d 1019 (1949)] cases. The trial judge in his oral remarks said that this issue was the "tightest question" he had to decide. He acknowledged the phraseology "legal to be attached" standing alone would not authorize plaintiff to attach the legal description and thereby satisfy the statute of frauds. However, he held the provision "for better description see the owner's title deed on record, now made a part hereof" granted authority to plaintiff to go to the record, secure the description and attach it to the agreement. We are unable to find such express authority from these two phrases. Neither does the attempted incorporation by reference of the owner's title deed satisfy the statute. The evidence shows defendants had a deed of record to other property in the county. Oral testimony is required to show that such deed was not the deed referred to in the listing agreement.
Moreover, defendants did not have a deed to the farm, but held only a contract interest.
This court, in House v. Erwin, 81 Wn.2d 345, 501 P.2d 1221 (1972), affirmed the appellate court. Thereafter, a petition for rehearing was granted and now the court has reversed itself and the appellate court. In doing so, it overrules 60 years of precedent. The majority does not name the cases which they sub silentio overrule but leaves this to the laborious task of future researchers.
All this comes about because the personnel of the court
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has since changed. A litigant loses or wins not upon the rule of law but upon the fortuitous event of change of personnel.
To best understand the problem, I wish to adopt Justice Neill's opinion in House v. Erwin, supra, as I cannot improve upon it:
The Court of Appeals held a real estate broker's employment contract, commonly known as a "listing" agreement, unenforceable by reason of the inadequacy of the real estate description. House v. Erwin, 5 Wn. App. 737, 490 P.2d 883 (1971). In reaching that result the Court of Appeals reversed the trial court. We granted review (80 Wn.2d 1004). We reiterate herein only such of the facts as are necessary to frame the issue brought here by the petition for review.
Plaintiff, respondent in the Court of Appeals and petitioner here, is a licensed real estate broker in Okanogan County. On February 24, 1969, defendants Harold Erwin and Chris E. Albrecht signed a listing agreement with plaintiff. The agreement is a standard printed form for farm or ranch property containing blank spaces, including spaces for insertion of the legal description. But for the defendants' signatures, all blanks on the contract were filled in by the plaintiff broker. The property description portion of the listing agreement states:
Description: 534 acres known as Albrecht-Erwin Ranch farm or ranch described as Legal to be attached. Sec......
T...N/S, R...E/W of ......M., County of Okanogan, State of Wn. for better description see owner's title deed on record, now made a part hereof. (Underlined words and figures are the handwritten portion.) In fact, defendants were purchasing the farmlands under a recorded real estate contract; so there was no "title deed" on record. There was a deed on record of other Okanogan County farmlands owned by defendant Erwin.
Under RCW 19.36.010(5) contracts of this nature must be in writing and signed by the party to be charged. There is a split of authority in this country as to the requirement of a
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specific legal description of the property which is the subject matter of a real estate broker's commission contract. See Sufficiency, Under Statute of Frauds, of Description or Designation of Property in Real-Estate Brokerage Contract, Annot., 30 A.L.R.3d 935 (1970); 12 Am. Jur. 2d Brokers 46 (1964). For nearly 60 years, in an unbroken line of cases, Washington has been aligned with the states applying the stricter rule as to the sufficiency of land description. E.g., Heim v. Faulstich, 70 Wn.2d 688, 424 P.2d 1012 (1967); Leo v. Casselman, 29 Wn.2d 47, 185 P.2d 107 (1947); Big Four Land Co. v. Daracunas, 111 Wash. 224,190 P. 229 (1920); Cushing v. Monarch Timber Co., 75 Wash. 678, 135 P. 660 (1913). We have relaxed this rule so as to alleviate any practical burden upon real estate brokers by upholding such contracts where the seller has expressly authorized the broker to subsequently attach a legally sufficient description to the brokerage contract. Noah v. Montford, 77 Wn.2d 459, 463 P.2d 129 (1969); Edwards v. Meader, 34 Wn.2d 921, 210 P.2d 1019 (1949).
The main thrust of plaintiff's argument on appeal is that the language of the listing agreement brings the contract within the rule of Edwards v. Meader, supra. We are in accord with the holding of the Court of Appeals on this issue. The language of the agreement, unbuttressed by parol evidence, does not constitute express authorization for the agent to procure and attach the complete description of the realty. We adopt the analysis of the Court of Appeals on this point. House v. Erwin, supra at 740.
However, although the property description in the listing agreement in the case at bench does not satisfy our established rule, it is suggested that we overturn 6 decades of established precedent, align ourselves with those states taking a contrary view in the mentioned split of authority, and thereby uphold the enforceability of the contract before us.
The judicial process once may have been regarded more as a search for precedent than as a logical, rational development of principles and rules which respond to the needs and mores of a changing society. If stare decisis is imposed
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merely out of reverence to the past, it may result in blind adherence to unworkable and harmful precedent or, just as undesirably, serve as a label to camouflage the subjective conclusions of prior judges. So applied, the doctrine has properly been subject to criticism.
But as properly viewed, the doctrine retains vital importance. A basic function of any legal system is to provide rules by which people may guide their conduct in society. To fulfill this purpose, it is essential that the law be reasonably certain, consistent and predictable. In this respect, stare decisis serves an Important and valid function. As we observed in In re Stranger Creek, 77 Wn.2d 649, 653, 466 P.2d508 (1970):
Stare decisis is a doctrine developed by courts to accomplish the requisite element of stability in court-made law, but is not an absolute impediment to change. Without the stabilizing effect of this doctrine, law could become subject to incautious action or the whims of current holders of judicial office. But we also recognize that stability should not be confused with perpetuity. If the law is to have a current relevance, courts must have and exert the capacity to change a rule of law when reason so requires. The true doctrine of stare decisis is compatible with this function of the courts. The doctrine requires a clear showing that an established rule is incorrect and harmful before it is abandoned. We have no objection to changing a rule of law provided that, consonant with the above principle, we are convinced that the existing rule is incorrect and harmful and that a less harmful alternative is available. The integrity of the legal system--and the basic function that people rightfully expect it to perform--demand these prerequisites to change. These considerations are especially important in an area such as transactions involving realty, where there is particular reliance on the certainty of the applicable legal rules.
With the foregoing in mind, we consider the suggestion that we overturn our long-standing rule as to the
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sufficiency of subject matter description in real estate broker's employment contracts.
We see no harm or undue inconvenience in the existing rule. In cases involving real estate brokers' contracts, we are not dealing With an unsophisticated or overreached party. Brokers in this state must be licensed after successfully taking a comprehensive real estate brokers' examination.
The rule in this state regarding the sufficiency of the description of the real estate in a broker's contract has been firmly established for several decades, and is well known by every licensed broker. In practically all cases, the brokers prepare the commission contract. If the detailed legal description is not available at the time of the execution of the contract, the broker may provide in the agreement for its subsequent attachment--a simple matter. See Noah v. Montford, supra. In our view, a less stringent rule would open the door to uncertainty, ambiguity and disputes in an area of endeavor where definiteness is of particular importance, thereby contradicting the purpose for which section 5 was added to our statute of frauds. Laws of 1905, ch. 58, 1, p. 110; RCW 19.36.010(5).
The Court of Appeals reached the correct result herein, following long established and relied upon precedent. We are not convinced that the existing rule is incorrect and harmful. Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court should be reversed.
HALE, C.J., and HAMILTON and STAFFORD, JJ., concur with ROSELLINI, J.