Court of Appeals Division II
State of Washington

Opinion Information Sheet

			

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                       DIVISION  II

COSSETTA STROUD,                                                 No.  40391-9-II

                             Petitioner,

       v.

STATE OF WASHINGTON, DEPARTMENT                            UNPUBLISHED OPINION
OF SOCIAL AND HEALTH SERVICES,

                             Respondent.

       Quinn-Brintnall, J.   --     Cossetta Stroud appeals a Department of Social and Health 

Services (DSHS) Board of Appeals (Board) December 30, 2004 final order, issued at the 

conclusion of her father's challenge to DSHS terminating her independent provider (IP) contract.  

Stroud assigns error to the DSHS Board's reviewing judge (1) assuming original jurisdiction, 

rather than appellate jurisdiction; (2) evaluating the evidence under the preponderance of the 

evidence standard; (3) reversing the administrative law judge's (ALJ) findings of fact which were 

supported by substantial evidence; (4) treating the ALJ's credibility findings as a presumption 

subject to rebuttal by preponderance of the evidence; and (5) applying the 2003 amendments to 

former RCW 74.34.020(9) (1999) retroactively.  Stroud further assigns error to the trial court 

admitting additional evidence into the record on review and denying Stroud's request for attorney  

No. 40391-9-II

fees for her "successful reversal" of a different final order.  Stroud asserts that she is entitled to 

back pay for the services she continued to provide her father after DSHS terminated her contract.  

       Because substantial evidence supports the reviewing judge's December 30, 2004 findings 

of fact and the reviewing judge's legal conclusions were proper, we affirm the Board's decision.  

We hold Stroud is not entitled to back pay or attorney fees.  

                                            FACTS

       John Stroud suffered from Huntington's disease.  In 1998, John1 moved from California to 

live with his daughter, Stroud, in Olympia, Washington.  He received Medicaid services provided 

by DSHS.  Under the Community Options Program Entry System (COPES) program, Stroud 

acted as both John's care provider and attorney-in-fact.  Stroud's IP contract with DSHS 

provided compensation for 184 hours of monthly care for John.  

       On December 16, 2002, John's DSHS case manager visited the Stroud residence to 

conduct an annual comprehensive assessment.  John deferred to Stroud to answer most of the 

questions but remained present or nearby during the visit.  Stroud informed the case manager that 

although John remained able to walk, he had experienced an increase in confusion and in the 

number of times he fell during the past year.  John did not have a wheelchair but used a wheeled 

walker.  John also suffered frequent coughing spells and remained at high risk of liquid and food 

aspiration.  

       Due to John's increasing need for care, DSHS sought an exception to allocate 48 

additional paid hours of caregiving for John.  The case manager concluded, "[I]t is not safe or 

appropriate for [John] to be left alone due to multiple health and safety risks."  Clerk's Papers 

1 For clarity, we refer to Stroud's father by his first name, John.  We intend no disrespect.

                                               2 

No. 40391-9-II

(CP) at 49.  The case manager informed Stroud that John was not to be left alone, even for brief 

periods, and that Stroud would be responsible for all times that another COPES provider was not 

present.  In light of the new 24-hour care requirement, DSHS did not reauthorize John's Lifeline 

Emergency Response Unit2 device.  

       On December 16, DSHS drafted a new service plan to guide John's caregivers.  The plan 

reiterated that John was never to be left alone.  Stroud signed the plan on January 23, 2003, after 

DSHS denied her request to remove the requirement that John always be attended.  DSHS relied 

on its own interpretation of notes written by Nancy Schuman, a University of Washington 

Medical Center ARNP, that a caregiver must be in the home within visual or hearing distance of 

John at all times.  Schuman later stated that she intended her notes to reflect her belief that a 

caregiver should be present only while John ate; she had no opinion as to whether a caregiver was 

required at all other times.  

       During the same time period, two anonymous sources -- a medical professional and a 

social worker -- contacted Adult Protective Services (APS) to report that Stroud had neglected 

John by leaving him alone in the house, showed no concern when he had serious coughing 

episodes, and failed to assist him when he fell.  On December 17, 2002, APS investigator Mary 

Galvez visited the Stroud residence and found John alone in his bed.  Stroud, by telephone, and 

John asked Galvez to leave the residence, which she did after waiting 45 minutes for a neighbor to 

arrive and stay with John.  

       Galvez interviewed John's primary physician, Dr. James Edstam, three registered nurses, 

2 A Lifeline Emergency Response Unit, typically worn around the neck or on the wrist, is a 
personal medical alert device.  A person immobilized because of a fall or other medical emergency 
pushes a button on the device to activate an emergency medical response service.

                                               3 

No. 40391-9-II

three social workers, and three of John's other COPES IPs.  Edstam opined that John could be 

alone as long as he had access to and could use a Lifeline device.  The three registered nurses 

opined that John should never be alone.  Two of the social workers agreed with the nurses, but 

one, Catherine Kendall, MSW, LICSW, stated that Huntington's disease patients could be alone 

for brief periods of time and, particularly, John could be left on his own safely if he had a 

functional wheelchair and was able to use a Lifeline device.  

       Galvez reported that leaving John alone put him at great risk of injury.  Galvez noted that 

at least three IPs had quit and refused to provide care for John because Stroud had asked them to 

leave John alone in the residence.  Galvez concluded that John "being left alone in [Stroud's] 

home for any period of time greater than an (sic) few minutes meets the legal definition of 

neglect." CP at 54.  On March 4, 2003, DSHS issued a planned action notice notifying John of its 

intention to terminate Stroud as one of his IPs, effective March 22.  

       Stroud, acting as John's power of attorney, requested an administrative hearing to contest 

the APS neglect finding and Stroud's contract termination.  The ALJ stayed DSHS's proposed 

termination and held hearings on March 14, April 2, and April 3.  The ALJ issued an initial 

decision on May 13, finding that Stroud's conduct did not amount to neglect and reversed 

DSHS's termination of Stroud's IP contract.  DSHS appealed and, on July 16, the Board3 issued 

a review decision and final order concluding that although substantial evidence supported the 

ALJ's findings, the ALJ committed an error of law because it had no authority to consider the 

validity of the APS neglect finding in issuing an initial decision regarding DSHS's contract 

3 The DSHS's hearing rules, chapter 388-02 WAC, refer to the "Board of Appeals" as the 
"review judge." We use the two terms interchangeably.

                                               4 

No. 40391-9-II

termination.  The Board accordingly reversed the initial decision and terminated Stroud's 

contract.  

       John appealed to the Thurston County Superior Court, which reversed the Board on 

August 27, 2004.  The superior court found that the ALJ could consider APS's neglect finding as 

evidence and remanded with instructions that the Board determine (1) whether Stroud's conduct 

amounted to neglect and (2) whether DSHS appropriately terminated Stroud's IP contract under 

one or more of its alleged grounds.  

       John passed away on October 18.  On December 30, the Board issued a review decision 

and final order upholding the APS neglect finding and DSHS's subsequent termination of 

Stroud's contract.  The Board's reviewing judge found that the ALJ based his initial decision on 

two erroneous assumptions.  Former WAC 388-02-0600(2)(c) (2002).  First, the ALJ assumed 

that DSHS did not have authority to make Stroud responsible for John's care 24 hours per day.  

The reviewing judge found this assumption erroneous because Stroud, although a paid IP, was 

also a "person with a duty of care" under WAC 388-71-0105.4      The reviewing judge concluded 

that because Stroud owed a duty of care to John 24 hours a day, the ALJ erred in finding that 

DSHS had attempted to impose a duty that did not already exist in the law.  

       Second, the reviewing judge concluded that the ALJ erred when he assumed DSHS was 

required to prove actual harm, or negative effect, to prove neglect.  Former RCW 74.34.020(9)(a) 

(1999) defined "neglect" as "a pattern of conduct or inaction by a person or entity with a duty of 

care to provide the goods and services that maintain physical or mental health of a vulnerable 

4 WAC 388-71-0105 provides that a "person or entity with a duty of care" includes an attorney-in-
fact or a person providing basic necessities of life to a vulnerable adult where the person 
volunteers or is employed on behalf of the vulnerable adult.  

                                               5 

No. 40391-9-II

adult, or that avoids or prevents physical or mental harm or pain to a vulnerable adult." Finding 

this definition ambiguous, the reviewing judge applied a clarifying 2003 amendment5 of the statute 

to conclude that DSHS was not required to prove actual harm but only a pattern of conduct or 

inaction by Stroud that failed to provide the goods and services that maintain physical or mental 

health of a vulnerable adult.  

       The reviewing judge found Kendall's testimony,  which the ALJ heavily relied on, 

unpersuasive.  The reviewing judge also found that there was "a great deal of evidence in the 

record to support [DSHS's] recommendation for constant supervision," particularly related to 

John's high risk of choking or falling.  Administrative Record (AR) at 225.  Then, based on the 

preponderance of the evidence in the record, the reviewing judge concluded "that 24 hour 

supervision is a service that maintains the health of [John]" and that evidence in the record 

supported DSHS's plan.  AR at 228.  The reviewing judge also concluded, again based on the 

preponderance of the evidence, that the record supported a finding that Stroud left John alone, 

contrary to the plan and her duty of care under WAC 388-71-0105.  Accordingly, the reviewing 

judge concluded that DSHS met its burden to prove Stroud exhibited a pattern of conduct of 

leaving John alone satisfying the definition of neglect in former RCW 74.34.020(9)(a) (1999).  

       Stroud, still acting as John's power-of-attorney, appealed again to the superior court.  The 

5 The 2003 amendment, which added four words to the definition of neglect, is as follows:
       (a) a pattern of conduct or inaction by a person or entity with a duty of care that 
       fails to provide the goods and services that maintain physical or mental health of a 
       vulnerable adult, or that fails to avoid or prevent physical or mental harm or pain 
       to a vulnerable adult; or (b) an act or omission that demonstrates a serious 
       disregard of consequences of such a magnitude as to constitute a clear and present 
       danger to the vulnerable adult's health, welfare, or safety.
Former RCW 74.34.020(9) (2003) (emphasis added).  

                                               6 

No. 40391-9-II

superior court dismissed the appeal on August 12, 2005, as moot in light of John's death and 

because it found that Stroud lacked standing to pursue judicial review of her father's appeal.  

Meanwhile, on June 23, 2004, Stroud had filed a request for an administrative proceeding under 

her own name to challenge the APS neglect finding and DSHS's use of that finding as a basis for 

termination.  Initially, the ALJ relied on the August 12 superior court order dismissing John's 

appeal to dismiss Stroud's appeal for lack of standing but the superior court later found she had 

standing to appeal in her own name and remanded.  

       On September 16, 2005, the superior court noted that the administrative records of 

Stroud's individual appeal and of John's appeal were consolidated for review.  It appears that 

because both John's and Stroud's appeals were based on identical facts, the parties agreed to 

consolidate the records for efficiency.  In other words, the consolidation allowed the parties to 

proceed with Stroud's appeal without having to hear witness testimony already given during the 

2003 hearings held in John's appeal.  

       On September 26, 2005, Stroud requested that DSHS reinstate her hearing to appeal the 

December 30, 2004 final order because the neglect finding affected her ability to find adequate 

employment.  On February 27, 2006, the ALJ found Stroud's request untimely and granted 

DSHS's motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.  The Board affirmed on May 23.  

       On June 20, Stroud petitioned for judicial review of the consolidated administrative 

records regarding the APS neglect finding.  On April 17, 2009, following lengthy proceedings on 

other matters, the superior court limited its review of the December 30, 2004 final order to the 

APS neglect finding and contract termination issues.  DSHS moved to dismiss, arguing that 

Stroud lacked standing as a COPES provider to contest the termination of her IP contract, or, 

                                               7 

No. 40391-9-II

alternatively, even if she had standing, she had made no claim on which relief could be granted.  

       In support of its motion, DSHS attached a declaration of Carol Sloan, an APS program 

manager and custodian of DSHS's abuse registry.6      The declaration stated that DSHS listed 

Stroud on the abuse registry on April 20, 2007, for physical abuse and neglect -- a finding made 

based on actions that occurred after Stroud's IP contract related to John had already terminated.  

DSHS attached to Sloan's declaration a December 22, 2006 initial order affirming APS's physical 

abuse and neglect findings in a separate case, and the Board's subsequent dismissal of Stroud's 

petition for review of that initial order as untimely.  

       Stroud made a motion in limine to exclude the new evidence contained in the Sloan 

declaration.  Specifically, Stroud argued that because she challenged the 2004 final order 

upholding the 2003 APS neglect finding and subsequent contract termination, Sloan's declaration 

and attachments regarding events occurring in 2006 were improper as introducing new evidence 

not before DSHS in 2003.  The superior court made an oral ruling to admit the Sloan declaration 

for purposes of DSHS's motion to dismiss only; the superior court struck the attached documents 

as potentially prejudicial to Stroud.7  

       On December 11, 2009, the superior court denied DSHS's motion to dismiss, noting that 

the court had previously issued rulings finding that Stroud had standing to contest APS's neglect 

finding which affected DSHS's decision to terminate her IP contract.  The superior court then 

denied Stroud's petition for judicial review.  Because the superior court upheld the Board's final 

6 DSHS maintains an abuse registry wherein it lists APS's findings of abuse, neglect, and 
exploitation.  

7 On February 2, 2010, the superior court issued a written order reiterating its earlier oral ruling 
partially granting Stroud's motion in limine.  

                                               8 

No. 40391-9-II

order, it did not address any remedy issues, including whether Stroud was entitled to back pay or

attorney fees.  The superior court denied Stroud's motion for partial reconsideration on March 2, 

2010.  

       Stroud appeals the December 30, 2004 final order.  

                                         DISCUSSION

       In reviewing an administrative action, we sit in the same position as the superior court, 

applying the standards of the Administrative Procedures Act (APA), ch. 34.05 RCW, directly to 

the record before the agency.  Brighton v. Wash. State Dep't of Transp., 109 Wn. App. 855, 861-

62, 38 P.3d 344 (2001) (citing ch. 34.05 RCW; Tapper v. Emp't Sec. Dep't, 122 Wn.2d 397, 

402, 858 P.2d 494 (1993)).  Under the APA, we may reverse an agency adjudicative decision if 

the agency's decision is unsupported by substantial evidence, based on erroneously interpreted or 

applied law, or is arbitrary and capricious.  Brighton, 109 Wn. App. at 862 (citing Tapper, 122 

Wn.2d at 402).  The party challenging an agency's action bears the burden of demonstrating the 

invalidity of the decision.  Brighton, 109 Wn. App. at 862 (citing RCW 34.05.570(1)(a)).  

       "The findings of fact relevant on appeal are the reviewing officer's findings of fact -- even 

those that replace the ALJ's." Hardee v. Dep't of Soc. & Health Servs., 172 Wn.2d 1, 19, 256 

P.3d 339 (2011) (citing Tapper, 122 Wn.2d at 406).  In reviewing challenged findings for 

substantial evidence under RCW 34.05.570(3)(e),8 substantial evidence is a sufficient quantity of 

8 RCW 34.05.570(3) states that a reviewing court shall grant relief from an agency order in an 
adjudicative proceeding only if it determines that
              (a) [t]he order, or the statute or rule on which the order is based, is in 
       violation of constitutional provisions on its face or as applied;
              (b) The order is outside the statutory authority or jurisdiction of the agency 
       conferred by any provision of law;
              (c) The agency has engaged in unlawful procedure or decision-making 
       process, or has failed to follow a prescribed procedure;
                                               9 

No. 40391-9-II

evidence to persuade a fair-minded person of the truth or correctness of the order.  Brighton, 109 

Wn. App. at 862 (citing City of Redmond v. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hearings Bd., 136 

Wn.2d 38, 46, 959 P.2d 1091 (1998)).  As a reviewing court, we neither weigh the credibility of 

witnesses nor substitute our judgment for that of the agency.  Brighton, 109 Wn. App. at 862 

(citing US W. Commc'ns, Inc. v. Util. & Transp. Comm'n, 134 Wn.2d 48, 62, 949 P.2d 1321 

(1997)).  If substantial evidence supports the findings challenged, we review de novo conclusions 

of law to determine if the reviewing judge correctly applied the law.  Morgan v. Dep't of Soc. & 

Health Servs., 99 Wn. App. 148, 151, 992 P.2d 1023, review denied, 141 Wn.2d 1014 (2000).  

And we generally accord substantial deference to agency decisions.  Brighton, 109 Wn. App. at 

862 (citing US W., 134 Wn.2d at 56).   

December 30, 2004 Final Order

       Our review of the sparse and piecemeal record presented to us for review suggests that 

the correct order for review is the May 23, 2006 final order affirming the ALJ's dismissal of

              (d) The agency has erroneously interpreted or applied the law;
              (e) The order is not supported by evidence that is substantial when viewed 
       in light of the whole record before the court, which includes the agency record for 
       judicial review, supplemented by any additional evidence received by the court 
       under this chapter;
              (f) The agency has not decided all issues requiring resolution by the 
       agency;
              (g) A motion for disqualification under RCW 34.05.425 or 34.12.050 was 
       made and was improperly denied or, if no motion was made, facts are shown to 
       support the grant of such a motion that were not known and were not reasonably 
       discoverable by the challenging party at the appropriate time for making such a 
       motion;
              (h) The order is inconsistent with a rule of the agency unless the agency 
       explains the inconsistency by stating facts and reasons to demonstrate a rational 
       basis for inconsistency; or
              (i) The order is arbitrary or capricious.

                                               10 

No. 40391-9-II

Stroud's appeal as untimely.  Although the record is confusing, both parties assert that the final 

order presented for our review in this case is that entered on December 30, 2004, which upheld 

the APS finding that Stroud neglected her father by leaving him alone without a wheelchair or 

Lifeline device.  Here, because the parties agree, and in the interest of judicial economy, we grant 

the parties' request that we review the merits of the arguments based on the December 30, 2004 

final order issued at the conclusion of John's case.  

       Stroud assigns error to the reviewing judge (1) assuming original jurisdiction, rather than 

appellate jurisdiction; (2) evaluating the evidence under the preponderance of the evidence 

standard, substituting its own view of the evidence for that of the ALJ; (3) reversing findings of 

fact that were supported by substantial evidence; (4) treating the ALJ's credibility findings as a 

presumption subject to rebuttal by preponderance of the evidence; and (5) applying the 2003 

amendments to former  RCW 74.34.020(9) (1999)  retroactively.  Because DSHS presented 

substantial evidence supporting the APS neglect finding to both the ALJ and the reviewing judge, 

we affirm.  

       A.     Findings of Fact

       Stroud argues that the reviewing judge erred by assuming "original jurisdiction" rather 

than  "appellate jurisdiction" in reviewing the ALJ's May 13, 2003 initial decision.  Br. of 

Appellant at 14.  Specifically, Stroud argues that the December 30, 2004 final order on remand is 

in error because the reviewing judge added and amended essential findings of fact rather than 

deferring to the ALJ's credibility findings and because the reviewing judge found, as it did in the 

July 16, 2003 final order, that substantial evidence supported the ALJ's findings of fact.  DSHS 

contends that the reviewing judge acted within authority provided by statute, agency rule, and by 

                                               11 

No. 40391-9-II

the superior court's remand order.  We agree with DSHS.  

       RCW 34.05.464(4) provides that a reviewing judge "shall exercise all the decision-making 

power that the reviewing [judge] would have had to decide and enter the final order had the 

reviewing [judge] presided over the hearing, except to the extent that the issues subject to review 

are limited by a provision of law." And, "[i]n reviewing findings of fact by [ALJs], the reviewing 

[judge] shall give due regard to the [ALJ's] opportunity to observe the witnesses."        RCW 

34.05.464(4).  

       The reviewing judge is justified in substituting its factual findings for those of the ALJ only 

if the ALJ's findings of fact are unsupported by substantial evidence based on the entire record, 

the decision includes errors of law, or findings of fact must be added because the ALJ failed to 

make an essential factual finding.  Former WAC 388-02-0600(2)(a), (c), (e); Costanich v. Dep't 

of Soc. & Health Servs., 138 Wn. App. 547, 556, 156 P.3d 232 (2007), rev'd on other grounds, 

164 Wn.2d 925, 194 P.3d 988 (2008).  Substantial evidence must support the reviewing judge's 

additional findings and these findings must be consistent with the ALJ's findings supported by 

substantial evidence.  Former WAC 388-02-0600(2)(e).  Substantial evidence is that which is 

"'sufficient to persuade a reasonable person that the declared premise is true.'"  Costanich, 138 

Wn. App. at 556 (quoting Alberton's, Inc. v. Emp't Sec. Dep't, 102 Wn. App. 29, 36, 15 P.3d 

153 (2000)).  The reviewing agency or court must accept the fact finder's "'views regarding the 

credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given reasonable but competing inferences.'"  

Costanich, 138 Wn. App. at 556 (quoting Freeburg v. City of Seattle, 71 Wn. App. 367, 371-72, 

859 P.2d 610 (1993)); Hardee, 172 Wn.2d at 19 n.11 (suggesting that when a "'reviewing officer 

ignores or reverses the credibility findings of the hearing officer, heightened scrutiny should apply 

                                               12 

No. 40391-9-II

to substantial evidence review of any substituted findings of fact'" (quoting Tapper, 122 Wn.2d at 

405 n.3)).

       Here, the superior court remanded to the Board with instructions that it resolve whether 

Stroud's conduct amounted to neglect and whether the alternative reasons DSHS  suggested 

justified terminating her contract.9 On remand, the reviewing judge determined that the ALJ had 

failed to make essential findings necessary to resolve the two issues.  The reviewing judge noted 

that substantial evidence supported the modifications to the findings of fact relating to John and 

they were consistent with the findings in the initial decision as required under former WAC 388-

02-0600(2)(e).  

       The reviewing judge modified the findings of fact as follows:  (1) because Schuman 

limited her evaluation to John's swallowing problems, her opinion that a caregiver be present 

when John ate was not a recommendation with respect to John's need for a caregiver at other 

times; (2) when Galvez entered the Stroud residence during a routine unannounced home visit, 

she heard a television and a "gurgling" sound; (3) Kendall opined that John could be left alone 

safely if he had a functional wheelchair and was able to use a Lifeline device; (4) John choked 

daily, frequently causing Stroud to use the Heimlich maneuver, and Stroud reported an increase in 

falls, at least one of which led to hospitalization; (5) the leading causes of death for Huntington's 

9 Specifically, the superior court remand order stated,
       Because the Board of Appeals ruled that the petitioner did not have a right to 
       contest the APS finding of neglect, the Board did not consider whether Ms. 
       Stroud's conduct met the definition of neglect under WAC 388-71-0540(4) and 
       chapter 74.34 RCW.  Nor did it consider any of the six alternative grounds under 
       WAC 388-71-0546(4), 388-71-0551(1), (3), (4), (6), and (7), and chapter 74.39A 
       RCW that were asserted below for terminating Ms. Stroud's contract.
AR at 689.

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No. 40391-9-II

disease patients are aspiration pneumonia and choking; (6) there is no evidence in the record

indicating John had a wheelchair or Lifeline device; (7) Lynn Weinacht, RN, reported that during 

a home visit on March 5, 2003, she saw John make several attempts to get through a door into a 

hallway and that he was not wearing his Lifeline device; (8) John was alone approximately 50 

percent of the time when Crystal Scull, one of John's IPs, arrived at the Stroud residence; (9) 3 

other caregivers reported to DSHS that Stroud asked that they leave John home alone; and (10) 

on January 13, 2003, Stroud told APS investigators that John could be left alone for 1 or 2 hours 

at a time.  

       The reviewing judge explained that the additional findings of fact were necessary to clarify 

that (1) Schuman did not mean to imply that John did not require 24-hour care; (2) John was not 

compliant with eating recommendations, increasing his choking risk; (3) Galvez observed facts 

essential to evaluate the possible risks John faced when left alone; (4) Kendall qualified her 

recommendation that John did not require 24-hour care based on John having access to a 

wheelchair and Lifeline device; (5) the primary risks John faced were choking and falling; and (6) 

Weinacht's personal observations formed the basis for her recommendation that John not be left 

alone.  

       Stroud did not include a transcript of Schuman, Scull, or Galvez's testimony in the record 

for our review as RAP 9.2(b) requires.10 Accordingly, we could decline to address her challenges 

regarding those testimonies.  RAP 10.3(a)(6).  We note that Stroud's failure to provide us with a 

complete record limits our review to the clerk's papers, administrative records, and the reviewing 

10 RAP 9.2(b) provides that "[i]f the party seeking review intends to urge that a verdict or finding 
of fact is not supported by the  evidence, the party should include in the record all evidence 
relevant to the disputed verdict or finding."

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No. 40391-9-II

judge's findings of fact and conclusion of law.  See Allemeier v. Univ. of Wash., 42 Wn. App. 

465, 472-73, 712 P.2d 306 (1985), review denied, 105 Wn.2d 1014 (1986).

       Here, an APS report in the record supports the finding that Galvez heard a television and a 

"gurgling" sound during a routine unannounced visit.  A joint letter written by Kendall and Dr. 

Thomas D. Bird supports the finding that the leading causes of death for Huntington's disease 

patients are aspiration pneumonia and choking.  Stroud did not present evidence to rebut the 

finding that John had no wheelchair and no access to a Lifeline device.  Weinacht's consultation 

summary report supports the finding that she saw John without access to a wheelchair or a 

Lifeline device struggling with mobility issues.  Galvez's report supports the finding that Stroud 

directed IPs to leave John alone and three IPs refused to continue John's care.  And the record 

shows that Stroud admitted to Galvez on January 13, 2003, that she had left John alone and that

she believed he could be alone for an hour or two at a time.  

       We hold that the reviewing judge was justified in making additional findings essential to 

resolve the APS neglect determination and contract termination issues and that substantial 

evidence in the record presented for our review supports each of the reviewing judge's 

modifications and additional findings.  Former WAC 388-02-0600(2)(e);  Costanich, 138 Wn. 

App. at 556; Hardee, 172 Wn.2d at 19 ("the review judge meticulously reviewed the evidence, as 

well as the ALJ's factual findings, and appropriately substituted her own findings when 

warranted").  Moreover, the additional findings are consistent with the ALJ's initial factual 

findings.  Accordingly, we hold that Stroud's claim that the reviewing judge improperly assumed 

"original jurisdiction" fails. 

       B.     Conclusions of Law

                                               15 

No. 40391-9-II

       Stroud next assigns error to the reviewing judge's retroactive application of the 2003 

amendment to former RCW 74.34.020(9) (1999).  First, we analyze whether former RCW 

74.34.020(9)(a) (1999) is ambiguous as the reviewing judge determined.  In order to ascertain the 

meaning of former RCW 74.34.020(9) (1999), we look first to its language.  Cerrillo v. Esparza, 

158 Wn.2d 194, 201, 142 P.3d 155 (2006).  If the language is not ambiguous, we give effect to 

its plain meaning.  Cerrillo, 158 Wn.2d at 201.  In ascertaining the "plain meaning" of a statute, 

we look not only to the ordinary meaning of the language at issue but also to the general context 

of the statute, related provisions, and the statutory scheme as a whole.  Belleau Woods II, LLC v. 

City of Bellingham, 150 Wn. App. 228, 240, 208 P.3d 5, review denied, 167 Wn.2d 1014 (2009).  

But if a statute is ambiguous, we employ tools of statutory construction to ascertain its meaning.  

Cerrillo, 158 Wn.2d at 201.   A statute is ambiguous if it is  "'susceptible to two or more 

reasonable interpretations, but a statute is not ambiguous merely because different interpretations 

are conceivable.'"   Cerrillo, 158 Wn.2d at 201 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 

Agrilink Foods, Inc. v. Dep't of Revenue, 153 Wn.2d 392, 396, 103 P.3d 1226 (2005)).  

       Former RCW 74.34.020(9)(a) (1999) provides that "neglect" is "a pattern of conduct or 

inaction by a person or entity with a duty of care to provide the goods and services that maintain 

physical or mental health of a vulnerable adult, or that avoids or prevents physical or mental harm 

or pain to a vulnerable adult."  This broad language encompasses any pattern of conduct or 

inaction performed by a person with a duty of care to a vulnerable adult regardless of whether the 

pattern of conduct or inaction harmed the vulnerable adult.  Indeed, former RCW 74.34.020(9)(a)

(1999)'s definition of "neglect" includes every pattern of conduct or inaction performed by a 

person with a duty of care to a vulnerable adult even if the pattern of conduct or inaction has no 

                                               16 

No. 40391-9-II

effect whatsoever on the vulnerable adult.  The statute fails to limit which patterns of conduct or 

inaction amount to neglect of a vulnerable adult.  See generally City of Seattle v. Buchanan, 90 

Wn.2d 584, 605, 584 P.2d 918 (1978) (due process requires that the legislature describe 

prohibited conduct with sufficient clarity to give fair warning of what is forbidden (citing State v. 

Galbreath, 69 Wn.2d 664, 667-68,  419 P.2d 800 (1966))).  Accordingly, we hold that the 

reviewing judge correctly determined the statute was ambiguous.

       Second, we determine whether the reviewing judge properly applied the 2003 amendment.  

The presumption favoring prospective application of statutory amendments is overcome where an 

amendment is clearly curative, i.e., it technically corrects a statute or clarifies an ambiguity, and 

does not contravene judicial construction of a statute.  Harbor Steps Ltd. P'ship v. Seattle 

Technical Finishing, Inc., 93 Wn. App. 792, 799-800, 970 P.2d 797, review denied, 138 Wn.2d 

1005 (1999).  Here, the 2003 amendment clarified that the pattern of conduct or inaction must 

relate to a failure to provide "the goods and services that maintain physical or mental health of a 

vulnerable adult."  Former  RCW 74.34.020(9)(a) (2003).  Thus, the amendment reasonably 

limited the patterns of conduct or inaction that could amount to neglect to those which did not

maintain the physical or mental health of a vulnerable adult.  The clarifying language did not 

substantively change the reviewing judge's analysis; it merely expressly stated the most reasonable 

reading of the ambiguous statute.  Accordingly, Stroud's claim that the reviewing judge erred in 

retroactively applying the 2003 amendment to former RCW 74.34.020(9) (1999) fails.  

       Next, Stroud argues that the reviewing judge erred in applying a preponderance of the 

evidence standard rather than the substantial evidence standard required under former WAC 388-

02-0600(2).  The preponderance of the evidence standard requires that the evidence establish the 

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No. 40391-9-II

proposition at issue is more probably true than not true.  In re Dependency of H.W., 92 Wn. App. 

420, 425, 961 P.2d 963, 969 P.2d 1082 (1998) (citing In re Sego, 82 Wn.2d 736, 739 n.2, 513 

P.2d 831 (1973)).  In contrast, substantial evidence is a sufficient quantity of evidence to persuade 

a fair-minded person of the truth or correctness of the proposition at issue.  Brighton, 109 Wn. 

App. at 862 (citing City of Redmond, 136 Wn.2d at 46).  

       Here, the record shows that the reviewing judge conducted a fact-specific detailed analysis 

satisfying the substantial evidence standard.  In the December 30, 2004 final order, the reviewing 

judge conducted a lengthy factual analysis before determining that substantial evidence supported 

DSHS's 24-hour care requirement as necessary.  The reviewing judge then conducted a thorough 

analysis to determine that substantial evidence supported a finding that Stroud left John alone or,

in other words, that Stroud was knowingly noncompliant with DSHS's 24-hour care directive and 

her conduct amounted to neglect under former RCW 74.34.020(9) (1999).  Thus, although 

Stroud is correct that the reviewing judge should have applied the substantial evidence standard

on review,  her argument fails because the record reveals that the reviewing judge, despite 

purporting to find that a preponderance of the evidence supported the neglect finding, actually 

reviewed the record for substantial evidence. Former WAC 388-02-0600(2)(b), (e); see Hardee, 

172 Wn.2d at 19-20.

       Last, Stroud asserts that the reviewing judge erred by failing to defer to the ALJ's 

credibility determination regarding Kendall's testimony.  Costanich, 138 Wn. App. at 556.  

Specifically, Stroud argues that the reviewing judge improperly applied the preponderance of the 

evidence standard to escape the required deference given to the ALJ who had the opportunity to 

observe witnesses.  We disagree.  

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       First, as discussed above, the reviewing judge's analysis in the December 30, 2004 final 

order satisfies the substantial evidence standard of review.  Second, Stroud's reliance on 

Costanich  is misguided.  In Costanich, the reviewing judge erroneously relied on hearsay 

evidence that the ALJ had rejected as wholly incredible.  138 Wn. App. 558-59.  The reviewing 

judge then reweighed the evidence and substituted his own unsupported judgment for that of the 

ALJ.  Costanich, 138 Wn. App. 558-59. Division One of this court held that the reviewing judge 

erred under former WAC 388-02-0600(2) because he "not only ignored the ALJ's credibility 

determinations, he also chose to base his decision on the very evidence the ALJ rejected as 

lacking credibility."  Costanich, 138 Wn. App. 558-59.  

       By contrast, here, the reviewing judge did not rely on evidence that the ALJ expressly 

rejected as incredible.  The ALJ had  simply weighed the evidence differently in light of his 

erroneous legal assumptions.  RCW 34.05.570(3)(d).  In addition, here the reviewing judge did 

not supplant the ALJ's findings with inconsistent or unsupported additional essential findings.  

The reviewing judge properly found that the ALJ relied on erroneous legal assumptions.  The 

reviewing judge then reviewed the evidence in light of the correct law.  RCW 34.05.570(3)(d).  

Accordingly, we do not agree that the reviewing judge improperly applied a lower evidentiary 

persuasion burden to substitute his own judgment.  

       Moreover, the reviewing judge in this case explained five primary reasons it found 

Kendall's testimony unpersuasive.  First, Kendall's testimony lacked a precise standard or 

measurement to explain the brief periods of time she felt John could be alone.  Second, the facts in 

this case revealed unmet qualifications to Kendall's opinion, i.e., that John have use of a 

wheelchair and a Lifeline device.  Third, Kendall's recommendation was inconsistent with the plan 

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and recommendations by all the other medical professionals.  Fourth, Kendall's testimony was 

illogical because it suggested that 24-hour care was unnecessary because John's choking and 

falling risks would be present regardless of whether a caretaker was present; but the purpose of a 

caretaker would be to mitigate those risks.  Fifth, Kendall did not challenge DSHS's assertion that 

John was at risk without a 24-hour caregiver.  We hold that the reviewing judge's stated reasons, 

viewed in light of the entire record and under the correct law, are reasonable and supported by 

substantial evidence.  Costanich, 138 Wn. App. at 556.  

       Because the reviewing judge correctly determined that the ALJ's initial decision rested on 

two errors of law and that the ALJ necessarily weighed the evidence in light of those two errors, 

we hold that the reviewing judge was justified in discounting Kendall's vague and qualified 

testimony in light of the other competing fact-specific evidence.  Hardee, 172 Wn.2d at 19 n.11.  

The reviewing judge did not err in finding that substantial evidence supported DSHS's conclusion 

that John required 24-hour care and that Stroud failed to provide such care.  The reviewing judge 

engaged in a thorough, fact-specific review of the initial order and modified the factual findings to 

include essential findings supported by substantial evidence necessary to resolve the APS neglect 

finding and contract termination issues as the superior court directed.  The findings of fact as 

modified are consistent with the ALJ's initial findings and we affirm.

Judicial Review

       A.     Additional Evidence on Review

       Stroud  next  avers that the superior court erred in admitting the Sloan declaration as 

potentially prejudicial.  Generally, a superior court conducts judicial review of disputed issues of 

fact without a jury and is confined to the agency record as defined by the APA.  RCW 34.05.476, 

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No. 40391-9-II

.558.  A reviewing court may receive evidence in addition to that contained in the agency record 

only if it relates to the validity of the agency action at the time it was taken and is needed to 

decide disputed issues regarding (1) improper constitution as a decision-making body or grounds 

for disqualification of those taking the agency action; (2) unlawfulness of procedure or of decision-

making process; or (3) material facts in rule making, brief adjudications, or other proceedings not 

required to be determined on the agency record.  RCW 34.05.562.  

       Here, the superior court admitted the Sloan declaration only for purposes of DSHS's 

motion to dismiss.  Specifically, the record shows that the superior court admitted the declaration 

to better understand Stroud's argument that DSHS had wrongfully placed her name on its abuse 

registry in connection with the present case but that she conceded her name was properly listed on 

the registry in connection to a different abuse and neglect finding that occurred in 2006.  The 

superior  court subsequently denied DSHS's motion to dismiss.  The superior court did not 

consider Sloan's declaration in reviewing Stroud's petition for judicial review of the 2003 neglect 

finding.  We hold that, even if the declaration was potentially prejudicial in the review of the 2003

neglect finding, it was not admitted in that action.  Moreover, because the reviewing court did not 

consider it in reviewing Stroud's petition, she suffered no harm.  RAP 3.1.  

       B.     Back Pay

       Stroud further asserts that because the APS neglect finding was erroneous and DSHS 

wrongfully terminated her IP contract, she is entitled to "back pay" for the care she provided John 

from July 16, 2003, when DSHS ceased payments following the Board's first final order, until his 

death on October 18, 2004.  The superior court did not reach this issue and Stroud has not 

included a copy of her IP contract in the record for our review.  RAP 9.2(b).  Assuming without 

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No. 40391-9-II

deciding that Stroud would be entitled to "back pay" if she prevailed, because we hold that 

substantial evidence supports the APS neglect finding, she has not prevailed.  Stroud is not 

entitled to "back pay" for this time period.  

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No. 40391-9-II

       C.     Attorney Fees for Previous Reversal of DSHS Final Order

       Stroud also contends that she is entitled to attorney fees pursuant to RCW 74.08.080(3)

and RCW 4.84.35011 for what she characterizes as her successful reversal of the May 23, 2006 

final order.  As an initial matter, we note that RCW 74.08.080(3) concerns public assistance 

recipients and does not apply to Stroud, a contractor hired to work in the service of a recipient of 

public assistance.  Next, RCW 4.84.350(1) requires that Stroud, an uncontested qualified party, 

"obtain[] relief on a significant issue that achieves some benefit."  

       On February 27, 2006, the ALJ dismissed Stroud's appeal as untimely.  On May 23, the 

Board affirmed on the same ground.  On June 20, Stroud petitioned for judicial review of the 

December 30, 2004 final order.  The superior court denied the petition on December 11, 2009.  

       Nothing in the record supports Stroud's assertion that she successfully "reversed" the May 

23, 2006 final order.  Rather, it appears that although the Board dismissed as untimely Stroud's 

appeal on May 23, 2006, the superior court conducted a limited review of the December 30, 2004 

final order in 2009.  We ordered supplemental briefing from the parties in an attempt to clarify the 

confusing procedural history of this case to determine whether the superior court had, and 

whether this court has, jurisdiction to review a final order entered in John's appeal in Stroud's

appeal.  The events between 2006 and 2009 during which the parties apparently agreed Stroud 

could continue a limited appeal of a final order issued in her father's case remain unclear to us 

11 RCW 4.84.350(1) provides,
       [A] court shall award a qualified party that prevails in a judicial review of an 
       agency action fees and other expenses, including reasonable attorneys' fees, unless 
       the court finds that the agency action was substantially justified or that 
       circumstances make an award unjust.  A qualified party shall be considered to have 
       prevailed if the qualified party obtained relief on a significant issue that achieves 
       some benefit that the qualified party sought.
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even after reviewing the parties' supplemental briefs.  Nevertheless, as discussed above, because 

the parties have agreed that the December 30, 2004 final order is the order presented for our 

review, at their request we have reviewed the merits of the parties' arguments with respect to that 

order.  As to the May 23, 2006 final order that Stroud asserts she successfully "reversed,"

however, Stroud has failed to include in the record before us evidence of an order or ruling 

expressly reversing the May 23, 2006 dismissal of her appeal.  Stroud is not entitled to an award 

of attorney fees in connection with the May 2006 order.

Attorney Fees and Costs

       Last, Stroud argues that she is entitled to attorney fees and costs on appeal pursuant to 

RCW 74.08.080(3) and RCW 4.84.350.  As discussed above, RCW 74.08.080(3) does not apply.  

Moreover, because we affirm the December 30, 2004 final order, Stroud is not a prevailing party 

entitled to attorney fees and we also deny her request for attorney fees on appeal.  

       A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, it 

is so ordered.

                                                 QUINN-BRINTNALL, J.
We concur:

ARMSTRONG, P.J.

JOHANSON, J.

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